一、一般现在时
一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如often, usually, always, sometimes, never, seldom, every week/day/year/month..., once a week, on Sundays等。动词用原形。当主语为第三人称单数时（he, she, it, 一个人名） ，动词变为三单形式。 Be动词 肯定句 主语+am/is/are+其它 I am a boy. 否定句 主语+am/is/are not+其它 I am not a boy. 行为动第一人二人称复数 主语+动词原形(+主语+ don't+动词原形(+其称I、第其它)。We play 一般疑问句 Am/is/are+主语+其它 Are you a boy? Yes, I am. No, I am not. Do +主语+动词原形+其它? basketball after school Yes, we do. / No, we don't. 第三人主语+动词三单式He swims well. 主语+ doesn’Does +主语+动词原t+动词原形(+其它)。 He doesn’t swim well. 第三人称单数的动词变化规则：
（只有在第三人称(he, she, it, 一个人名)为主语的肯定句中，动词才用三单式） (1)一般情况下，直接加s：runs gets likes
(2)结尾是s, x, sh, ch, o,前为辅音字母，结尾加es：watches, goes, washes, crosses, mixes, does (3)动词末尾y，前为辅音，将y改为i加es：study→studies fly→flies
但在y前如果为元音则直接加s：buys says plays (4)不规则变形： have—has
二、一般将来时
一般将来时表示将来发生的事。常与tomorrow, next day/week/month/year..., soon, in a few minutes, the day after tomorrow, in the future等时间状语连用。
Will/shall +动词原形；（shall用语第一人称） be(am/is/are) going to+ 动词原形
形+其它。 疑问词+ does +主语+动词原形+其它。 称单数 (+其它)。 疑问词+ do +主语+动词原形+其它? What do you do after school everyday? 特殊疑问句 疑问词（where/what/ when/who/why/how）+am/is/are+主语+其它 Where are you? basketball after 它)。we don’Do you play school everyday. t play basketball everyday. 词 you、 after school everyday? Does he swim well ? How does your father go Yes, he does. / No, to work? he doesn't. 1
Will/shall+动词原形 肯定句 主语+will/shall+动词原形+其它成份 she will write to him next week. 否定句 主语 + will /shall+ not + 动词原形 +其它成份 She will not write to him next week. Be going to +动词原形 主语+ be(am ,is,are) going to +动词原形+其它成份 My sister is going to learn English next year.
三、一般过去时
一般过去时表示过去某一时候或某一段时间所发生了的事情或存在的状态。常与过去时间yesterday，ago, this morning，just now，a moment ago，last night / year / week/month，once upon a time，the other day，before，the day before yesterday, in 1989, at the age of five, one day, then(那时), on that day, in the past连用。 常见动词不规则变化 am、is -----was are -----were begin-----began bring-----brought buy----bought can----could come----came do---did draw----drew drink----drank drive----drove eat----ate feel---felt fly---flew find----found take---took get----got give---gave go----went have----had leave----left make----made pay---paid put---put read---read run----ran say---said see----saw sit----sat sleep----slept spend----spent stand----stood swim----swam write----wrote 动词过去式规则变化表 一般情况 以字母e结尾 以辅音字母加y结尾 以一个辅音字母结尾 的重读闭音节 辅元辅形式 Be动词 肯定句 主语+was/were+其他 I\\he\\she\\it+was we\\you\hey + were 否定句 一般疑问句 特殊疑问句 主语+was/were+ Was/were + 主语+其它 疑问词+was/were not+其他 +主语+其它 Was she a baby ten 加ed 加d 变y为i再加ed 双写辅音字母再加ed walk----walked live----lived hurry----hurried stop----stopped 主语+be（am，is，Be (am / is / are)+are）not＋going 主语+going to+动to +动词原形+其它成份 My sister is not going to learn English next year. 词原型+其它成份…? Is your sister going to learn English next year? 疑问词+ be (am / is / are)+主语+going to+动词原型+其它成份…? What is your sister going to do next year? 一般疑问句 will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份 him next week? 特殊疑问句 疑问词+will/shall+主语 +动词原形+其它成份 week? Will she write to what will she do next 2
She was not a baby years ago? She was a baby ten years ten years ago. ago. 行为动词 主语+动词过去式+其它 He went to school yesterday. 主语+ didn’t + 动词原形+其它 He didn’t go to school yesterday. Did + 主语+动词原形+其它？ Did he go to school yesterday? Who was a baby ten years ago? 疑问词+did+主语+动词原形+其它？ What did he do yesterday?
四、现在进行时
现在进行时表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。常与now, at this time, these days, Listen! Look! at this moment/time等词连用。 肯定句 否定句 现在进行时 主语+be（am/is/are）+v-ing+其它 She is playing in the garden. 主语+be（am/is/are）+not+ v-ing+其它 She is not playing in the garden 一般疑问句 Be（is/am/are）+主语+v-ing+其它？ Is she playing in the garden? 特殊疑问句 疑问词+ be（am/is/are）+v-ing+其它？ What is she doing in the garden? 动词加ing规则
(1)直接在be动词后加ing. going, starting, working.
(2)去掉词尾不发音的e，再加ing. leave--leaving, make---making.
注意：如果单词结尾的e发音，则不能去掉，也直接加ing. see –seeing agree - agreeing . 另外，有少数动词比较特殊，请用心记住：lie – lying die – dying tie – tying picnic
- picnicking.
(3) 对于动词只有一个元音，而其后跟了一个辅音字母时，双写末尾辅音字母再加ing.
sitting, beginning run – running stop – stopping cut – cutting control – controlling
一般现在时、现在进行时、一般将来时、一般过去时专项练习 一 单项选择题
1. _____ he _____ to the park at 6:30 in the morning? No, he ____. A. Does; goes; does B. Does; go; doesn’t C. Does; go; does 2. What colour _____ you _____ this bookcase? I _____ it pink.
A. are; going to paint; am going to paint B. do; paint; paint C. did; paint; painted 3. Tim always _____ a picture at home. He _____ a car now. A. draws; is drawing B. draw; draw C. draws; draw 4. She usually _____ her friends. They often _____ tea. A. see; drink B. sees; drinks C. sees; drink
5. He usually _____ the dishes at night, but tonight he _____ clothes. A. wash; wash B. washes; is going to wash C. is washing; washes
6. Mr. Green usually _____ his newspaper in the evening, but he and his wife _____ television yesterday evening.
A. reads; watches B. reads; is going to watch C. reads; watched 7. Where are the man and the woman? They _____ near the tree. A. sit B. sat C. are sitting
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8. _____ your pen pal _____ diving? No, he _____ .He ______ writing stories.
A. Does; like; doesn’t; likes B. Does; likes; doesn’t; like C. Do; like; don’t; likes 9. _____ you _____ fishing yesterday? No, we _____ .A. Does; go; doesn’t B. Did; go; didn’t C. Do; go; don’t
10. Open the window, please. Look! He _____ it A. opens B. is openning C. is opening 11. I usually _____ some milk every day. But I _____ coffee yesterday. A. drink; drank B. is drinking; drink C. drank; am drinking
12. Mr. Green often _____ his newspapers at night. But he _____ an interesting book tonight. A. reads; reads B. reads; read C. reads; is going to read
13. The old man _____ playing sports in the park. He _____ morning exercise now. A. likes; is doing B. likes; does C. like; doing
14. What _____ you usually _____ in the evening? I ______ computer games. What _____ you _____ last night? I _____ a book.
A. do; do; play B. did; do; played C. does; do; plays did; do; read do; do; read do; do; am reading 15. Where ______ the boy _____? He _____ across the river now.
A. does; swim; swims B. is; swimming; is swimming C. is; swimming; is swimming
16. _____ you _____ to music now? Yes, we _____. A. Do; listen; do B. Did; listen; did C. Are; listening; are
17. Put on you coat, please. OK. I ______ it on. A. am putting B. am going to put C. put
18. _____ you ______ coffee? Yes, I ______. A. Do; like; do B. Did; like; did C. Are; like; am
19. Look! Two cats ______ across the wall. A. run B. runs C. are running
20. She _____ tea, but he _____. A. likes; doesn’t B; like; don’t C. like; doesn’t 21. If it ________ tomorrow, we’ll go roller-skating. A. isn’t rain B. won’t rain C. doesn’t rain D. doesn’t fine
22. Jenny ____ in an office. Her parents ____in a hospital
A work; works B works; work C work; are working D is working; work
23. ----I don’t know if his uncle _____. ---- I think he _____ if it doesn’t rain.
A will come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will come 24. There _____ a meeting tomorrow afternoon. A. will be going to B. will going to be C. is going to be
二 用动词的正确形式填空按要求变换句型。 1. Father bought me a new bike.（同义句
Father bought _______ _______ ________ ________ me.
2. Frank read an interesting book about history.一般疑问句 _______ Frank _______ an interesting book about history? 1. He’s cleaning his rooms.（划线提问） ________ he _______?
4. Why not go out for a walk? （同义句） _______ ________ ________ out for a walk?
5. Thomas spent RMB 10 on this book. （否定句） Thomas _______ _______ RMB 10 on this book.
6. My family went to the beach last week. （划线提问） ________ ________ ________ family _______ last week? 7. I had some friends. （一般疑问句） ________ _______ have _______ friends?
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8. I think she is Lily’s sister. （否定句） ___________________________________________
9. Sally often does some reading in the morning.否定句 Sally _______ often ______ some reading in the morning. 10. He is a tall, thin boy. （划线提问） _______ _______ he _______ ________?
11.That shirt cost 15 dollars. (就划线部分提问) ______ __________ ________ that shirt cost?
12.He forgot when the meeting began. (对划线部分提问) _______ ________ he _______?
13. Mary doesn’t often watch football matches（肯定句） ___________________________________________________
M2-M4形容词副词的比较级和最高级
一、形容词的比较等级和最高等级： （一）形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 规则变化：
1．单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成 2． 多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如：
情况 一般情况 以e 结尾的词 构成方式 加-er或-est 加-r或-st 原级 new long fine late early happy hot thin fat 比较级 newer longer finer later earlier happier hotter thinner fatter 最高级 newest longest finest latest earliest happiest hottest thinnest fattest 以“辅音+y” 结尾的 变y为i再加-er或词 -est 重读闭音节的词末尾先 双写辅音字母，再加只有 -er或-est 一个辅音字母 原级 比较级 最高级 useful more useful most useful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious 【重点】
3．有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化： 原级 good / well bad / ill many / much little old 比较级 better worse more less older（新旧或年龄）/ elder（兄弟姐妹的长幼关系） 最高级 best worst most least oldest/ eldest 5
far farther（表示距离，译为“更远”）/ farthest/ furthest further（表示程度，译为“进一步的”） （二） 形容词比较级的用法
1．形容词的比较级可以单独使用：
Be more careful next time. 下次小心点。 Which book is better? 哪本书更好？ 2．也可以和than连用，表示两者相比，than后可以跟：
a. 名词或代词： He is older than me / I . 他年龄比我大。
b. 动名词：Skiing is more exciting than skating. 滑雪比滑冰更刺激。 c. 从句： I was a better singer than he was. 我唱歌比他好。 （三） 形容词比较级的修饰语
修饰形容词,副词比较级的常用修饰词有:no, a little, a bit, much, even, still, a lot, a great deal, far, by far, rather, any等. 1) 只用于修饰比较级的： much;still;even
2) 既可以修饰比较级又可以修饰原级的：a little; a bit; rather 等 。
3) 在这些词中,其中no在修饰比较级时,在意义上否定两者,表示前者在某方面不比后者强多少. He is no richer than Peter. 他不比彼得富裕多少.=He is as poor as Peter. 他和彼得一样穷.表示前者比后者强一点时,通常采用a little,a bit等. The room is a bit larger than that one.这个房间比那个稍大一点.
4) 表示前者比后者强很多时,通常采用much,even,still等.(still修饰形容词,副词的比较级时,可以位于比较级之前或之后.)
He works still harder than ever. =He works harder still than ever. 他比以往更加努力学习了.
5) 表示前者在某方面远远地超过对方时,通常采用far,by far,a lot,a great deal等. Matters are a lot better than ever before. 情况远远比以往好.
6) 在否定句,疑问句或条件状语从句中,修饰形容词,副词的比较级,只能用any来修饰. He can't jump any higher. 他不能跳得更高了. Can he jump any higher? 他能跳得更高一些吗?
Do you feel any better today? 你今天感觉好一点了吗？
If you can jump any higher, I will give you a prize.如果你能跳得更高些,我就奖励你. 7) 比较级前还可加其他表示数量的词：
My sister is ten years younger than me. 我妹妹比我小十岁。 【难点】
（四）形容词比较级的特殊用法 1．和more有关的词组 ：
1) the more…the more… 越……就越……。例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress you'll make. 越努力，进步越大。 2) no more than 与…一样。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
3） more than 超过，不只是。例如：
There are more than two thousand people in the hall. 2．和less有关的词组
1) less than 不到… 不太：
It was ready in less than a week. 2) no less than 多达 不少于
No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。
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3) more or less 基本上 大体上 大约
The work is more or less finished. 这项工作基本上完成了。 3．还有as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1) A be as...as B和...一样
2) A be not …so/as…as B。A和B不一样，A比不上B He cannot run so/as fast as you. 他没你跑得快。 3) 当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式： ①as +形容词+ a +单数名词/；
This is as good an example as the other is. 这个例子和另外一个一样好。 ②as + many/much +可数名词/不可数名词。
I can carry as much paper as you can. 你能搬多少纸，我也能。 3)表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。例如： This room is twice as big as that one. =This room is two time big as that one.
=This room is two times bigger than that one. 这房间的面积是那间的两倍。 Your room is the same size as mine. 你的房间和我的一样大。 （五） 形容词最高级用法
1．the + 最高级 + 比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. 撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。 [说明] 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示\"非常\"。例如：
It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 这是个很重要的问题。 ◎ 注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。 （错） Tom is the tallest of his three brothers. （对） Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2） 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。例如： This hat is nearly / almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。 ◎ 注意：序数词通常只修饰最高级。例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。 3） 最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class. 或者：
=Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class. （六）形容词最高级的特殊用法
1. 形容词最高级可用作表语，这时定冠词the 可以省略。 例句：I think her plan is best. 我认为她的计划最好。
2.形容词最高级还可和at 构成许多短语作状语，如 at best, at least, at most等。 例句：I’ll be with you at latest by ten. 我最迟十点钟就来陪你。
【基础练习】
( ) 1 Your room is _______ than mine.
A. three time big B. three times big C. three times bigger D. bigger three times ( ) 2 When spring comes, it gets_______.
A. warm and warm B. colder and colder C. warmer and warmer D. shorter and shorter
( )3 ______ he read the book, _______ he got in it.
A. The more; the more interesting B. The less; the more interesting C. The more; the more interested D. More; more interested
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( )4 I like______ one of the two books.
A. the older B. oldest C. the oldest D. older ( ) 5 Which do you like _______, tea or coffee? A. well B. better C. best D. most ( ) 6 This work is _______ for me than for you.
A. difficult B. most difficult C. much difficult D. more difficult ( ) 7 Who jumped_______of all?
A. far B. farther C. farthest D. the most far ( ) 8 Li Lei is_______ student in our class.
A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest ( ) 9 Tom is one of _______ boys in our class.
A. tallest B. taller C. the tallest B. the tall ( ) 10 English is one of_______ spoken in the world.
A. the important languages B. the most important languages C. most important language D. the most important language ( )12 I'm not ________ to lift the heavy box.
A. short enough B. enough tall C. health enough D. strong enough ( )13 Which is_______, Li Lei or Wu Tong?
A. strong B. strongest C. stronger D. the strongest ( )14 Do you have _______ to tell us?
A. something new B. new something C. anything new D. new anything ( ) 15. Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ______. A. more and rich B. more rich and more rich C. richer and richer D. rich and rich 二、副词的比较等级和最高等级：
(一)概念：副词和形容词一样，也有原级、比较级和最高级三个等级。其构成方式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况。规则变化的一般规律是：单音节词的比较级和最高级在词尾加-er或-est; 多音节词以及-ly结尾的副词（early除外），前面加more或most.。不规则的变化式只能采用“各个击破”的办法去记忆。 1）规则变化
原级 soon loud fast wide early happily carefully 2）不规则变化 原级 well badly little much far （二）副词的比较级的用法
比较级 better worse less more farther（距离） further（程度） 最高级 best worst least most farthest furthest 比较级 sooner louder faster wider earlier more happily more carefully 最高级 soonest loudest fastest widest earliest most happily most carefully 8
1、单独使用：
Try to do better next time. 下次争取干好一点。
He’ll come back sooner or later. 他迟早会回来的。 Please speak more slowly. 请讲慢一点。 2、和than一起使用：
He swims better than I do. 他游泳游得比我好。
Can you do any better than that? 你能不能干的好一些？ He arrived earlier than usual. 他到的比平时早。 3、比较级前可有状语修饰：
You must work much faster. 你必须大大加快干活的速度。
Can you come over a bit more quickly? 你能稍稍快点来吗？ 4. as…as和not so…as结构 这两个结构也可结合副词使用：
1） as…as 可用在肯定句中，表示 “像…一样”，后面的副词要用原级： She can run as fast as a deer. 她能跑的像鹿一样快。 2）在否定句中，as…as和so…as都可以用：
I don’t go there as much as I used. 我现在到那里不象过去那么多了。 I didn’t do as(so) well as I should. 我做的不如我应做的那么好。 3）这种句子中也可以有一个表示程度的状语：
She can read twice as fast as he does. 她阅读的速度比他快一倍。
（三）副词最高级的用法：副词最高级可修饰动词，前面多数不带定冠词the: He laughs best who laughs last. (谚语) 谁笑在最后谁笑的最好。 Of the four of us, I sang (the) worst. 我们四人中我唱的最差。
（四）副词比较级和最高级的一些特殊用法：副词比较级和最高级还可用在一些特别结构或短语中。 1）more and more 越来越…:
It rained more and more heavily. 雨下得越来越大了。 She went farther and farther away. 她越走越远了。 2）the more…the more 越…，越…：
The more I work, the more I accomplish. 我干得越多，完成的就越多。 3）had better (not) do sth最好(不要)做某事：
We’d better not disturb him. 我们最好不要打扰他。 What had we better do? 我们最好怎么办？
三、英语中考考纲基础知识练习（形容词和副词+及其比较级和最高级）
1.I’m shortsighted and I can’t see the words on the notice board ____. A, clear B, clearly C, carefully D, good
2.Jean works hard but she doesn’t work ____ Mary.
A, as harder than B, as hard than C, as harder as D, as hard as 3.This is ____ book in our library.
A, the most interesting B, most interesting C, the more interesting D, more interesting 4.Do you think maths is ____ important than English? A, very B, as C, more D, quite
5.They got a Christmas tree and it was ____ ours.
A, so tall as B, so taller as C, as tall as D, as taller as 6.Tom failed in the exam. He looked ____. A, happy B, sadly C, upset D, lovely
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7.A taxi doesn’t run as ____ as an underground train. A, fast B, faster C, fastest D, more fast 8.Yangpu Bridge is one of ____ in the world.
A, bigger bridge B, the biggest bridge C, the biggest bridges D, bigger bridges 9.”I’ve got an A for my history,” Judy said ____. A, sadly B, sad C, happily D, happy
10.I think the song in the film “Titanic” is ____ one of all the movie songs. A, the most beautiful B, most beautiful C, a beautiful D, much more beautiful 11.The little baby looks ____.
A, lovely B, carefully C, heavily D, sadly 12.Her cousin can draw ____ an artist.
A, as well as B, not so well as C, as better as D, as good as 13.Jinmao Tower is ____ building in Shanghai. A, high B, tall C, highest D, the tallest
14.30,000 dollars is a large amount of money, but it’s ____ than we need. A, far more B, very much C, far less D, very little
15.Mr Smith thought the Century Park was the second ____ in Shanghai. A, large B, larger C, largest D, very large
16.I think Yao Ming, the famous basketball player, will be ____ new star in NBA. A, hot B, hotter C, hottest D, the hottest
17.Shanghai Waihuan Tunnel is already open to traffic, so it will take us ____ time to go to Pudong International Airport.
A, a few B, fewer C, a little D, less
18.A: What delicious cakes! B: They would taste ____ with butter. A, good B, better C, bad D, worse
19.Among all the teachers in this school, Miss Tao is one of ____. A, young B, younger C, the youngest D, the most young
20.Thanks to Mrs Lin! With her help, we finished our work an hour ____. A, late B, later C, early D, earlier
21.The light music sounded very ____. I enjoyed every minute of it. A, well B, beautiful C, wonderfully D, boring
22.A: In our English study reading is more important than speaking, I think. B: I don’t agree. Speaking is ____ reading.
A, as important B, so important as C, the most important D, the same as 23.A: Mum, the Chinese medicine tastes so ____. I don’t want to take it. B: But, dear, it is good for you.
A, good B, terribly C, terrible D, well
24.Where is today’s newspaper? Is there ____ in today’s newspaper? A, important something B, something important C, important anything D, anything important
25.Simon looks ____ today and smiles ____ all the time.
A, happy, happy B, happily, happily C, happy, happily D, happily, happy 26.It’s ____ to send an e-mail than a regular mail.
A, much more quickly B, quick C, more quickly D, much quicker 27.The price of these dictionaries is ____ than before.
A, much cheaper B, more expensive C, much higher D, more higher 28.Bob has ____ to tell you.
A, something important B, anything important
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C, important something D, important nothing 29. She is looking ____ at her lovely son.
A, happy B, happily C, happiness D, happier
30.The old soldier lived all by himself. Even though he was ____, he was not ____ at all. A, alone, lonely B, alone, alone C, lonely, alone D, lonely, lonely
练习与巩固
一、写出以下各形容词的比较级和最高级：
1. nice ______________________ 2. fat ____________________3. slow _____________________ 4. dry ____________________5. happy ____________________ 6. wet ____________________
7. much ____________________ 8. ill _____________________9. little _____________________ 10. bad ___________________11. thin ______________________ 12. far ____________________ 13. early _____________________ 14. careful_________________ 15. exciting ___________________ 16. busy __________________ 二、根据句意，用所括号内所级形容词的比较等级形式填空：
1. Bob is _________ ( young ) than Fred but ___________ (tall) than Fred. 2. Yingtian is not as ___________ (tall) as Yongxian. 3. Almost all the students' faces are the same but Li Deming looks _______(fat) than before . 4.Which is _________ (heavy), a hen or a chicken? 5.-- How _________ (tall) is Sally?
-- She' s 1.55 metres ________ (tall). What about Xiaoling? -- She' s only 1.40 metres ________(tall). She is much _______(short) than Sally.
She is also the _______ (short) girl in the class. 6. He is ______ (bad) at learning maths. He is much _______ (bad) at Chinese and he is the _________ (bad) at English.
7. Annie says Sally is the ________ (kind) person in the world. 8.He is one of the_______ __(friendly) people in the class, I think. 9. A dictionary is much (expensive) than a story-book.
10. An orange ia a little ______ (big) than an apple, but much ________ (small) than a watermelon.
11. The Changjiang River is the _______ (long) river in China.
12. Sue is a little _________ __ (beautiful) than her sister. 13.My room is not as _________ (big) as my brother' s. 14.--How difficult is physics? --I' m not sure.
-- Is it ________ (difficult) than maths? -- I don' t think so. 15.-- Annie plays the piano very ___________ (well).
-- Sue plays it _____ (well) than Annie. And Sally plays it the _______(well). 16. Saturday is my _________ (busy) day in a week.
17. Her mother is getting ____________(fat) and ________ (fat).
18. I think it' s too expensive. I' d like a _____________ (cheap) one.
19. He comes to school much ____________ (early) than I. 20.This book is not as _____________ (interesting) as that one. 21. Your classroom is __________(wide) and ___________(bright) than ours. 22. Practise as __________ (much) as you can.
23. The ________ (much), the ____________ (good).
24. Nowadays(现在) English is ________ ( important ) than any other subject. 25. Most of the students think a lion is much _____ ___(dangerous) than a bear and it is the _______ ___ (dangerous) animal in the world. 26. Mr. Smith is _________ man in this office. (rich) 27. Winter is _________ season of the years. (cold) 28.This radio is not so ________ as that one. (cheap) 29. It is much _______ today than yesterday. (hot)
30. She is a little ____ ____ than her classmates. (careful) 31. ________ people came to the meeting than last time. (many)
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32. Which book is ________, this one or that one? (easy) 33. My room is _______ than yours. (small)
34. Hainan is _______ from Beijing than Hunan. (far)
35. Skating is ____ ___ than swimming. (exciting) 36. Jim is ____ ___ than all the others. (honest) 37. Things are getting _______ and _______. (bad)
38. The higher you climb, the _______ it will be. (cold)
39. Now his life is becoming ________ and _____ __. (difficult) 40. There are _______ boys than girls in our class. (few) 选择最佳答案填空：
1 Don't worry, sir. I'm sure I can run _________ to catch up with them. A. slowly enough B. enough slowly C. fast enough D. enough fast 2. The text is very easy for you. There are ________ new words in it. A. a few B. a little C. few D. little
3. It's such an ________ film that all the students are ______ in it. A. interesting; interested B. interested; interesting
C. interesting; interesting D. interested; interested; interested 4. Mingming got up very _______,so he came to school half an hour ______. A. late; lately B. lately; late C. lately; lately D. late; late 5. I am ________ worried about y parents' healthy conditions. A. some times B. sometime C. sometimes D. some times 6. We don't have ________ every day.
A. a lot of school works B. many school work
C. any school works D. much school work
7. -Look! How fast the two horses are running! --Oh, yes! They are nearly _______.
A. up and down B. slower and slower C. more or less D. neck and neck 8. ______ children there are in family,_______ their life will be.
A. The less; the better B. The fewer; the better C. Fewer; richer D. More; poorer 9. Most of the people in Guangdong are getting ________. A. more and more rich B. more rich and more rich
C. richer and richer D. richer and richest 10. Which lesson is _______, this one or that one?
A. difficult B. much difficult C. more difficult D. the most difficult 11. \"A ______ accident happened at 7:30 a.m.\" said the policeman _______.
A. serious, serious B. seriously, seriously C. seriously, serious D. serious, seriously 12. ________ is it from our school to Lupu Bridge?
A. How long B. How often C. How far D. How much
13. In our city, it is ______ in July, but it is even _______ in August. A. hotter; hottest B. hot; hot C. hotter; hot D. hot; hotter 14. This pencil is ______ that one.
A. so long as B. as longer as C. longer than D. not as longest as 15. The station is two kilometers _______ the hospital. A. away to B. far away C. far from D. away from
16. Beijing has ______ many buses that there is often a traffic jam in rush hours. A. so B. very C. too D. much
17. This box is ______ heavy ________ I can't carry it.
A. too, to B. so, that C. very, that D. too, that 18. India has the second _______ population in the world. A. larger B. most C. smallest D. largest 19. Mary received ________ many postcards at Christmas. A. so B. such C. too D. even
20. The cake smells ______. Please throw it away. A. good B. badly C. bad D. well
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21. --- What was the weather like yesterday?
--- It was terrible. It rained so ________ that people could _______ go out.
A. hardly…hard B. hardly… hardly C. hard… hardly D. hard… hard 22. The meeting will be held in half an hour, but they haven't got everything ready_____. A. ever B. already C. yet D. still
M5动词不定式
1. start/begin to do 开始做某事 2. try to do 尽力做某事 3. plan to do 计划做某事
4. want to do 想要做某事（=would like to do） 5. advise sb. to do 建议某人做某事 6. let/make sb. do 让某人做某事 7. modern China 当代中国 8. learn about 学习到
9. be right for 对...合适
10. first half of the twentieth century 20世纪上半叶 11. at the same time 同时 12. take place 发生
语法--- 动词不定式的用法（1）及双宾语结构
一、动词不定式作宾语
生活当中我们常遇到“努力去解决”“决定留下来”等表达方式，这两个短语中连续出现了两个动词，在这种情况下用英语应该如何表达呢？首先请看下面的例句： We decided to stay for a cup of tea. 我们决定留下来喝杯茶。
I tried to understand the words. 我努力理解这些话。
I want to go to the teahouse. 我想去茶馆。
动词不定式置于谓语动词之后，作动词的宾语，表明意图、希望或决定的内容。
在英语中，并不是所有的两个动词连用的情况都是采用“动词+不定式”的形式，一般来说，用不定式时所表示的多为将来的行为。但是在具体使用中还要注意记忆，因为动词不同，对其后动词形式的要求也就不同。 常见的后面接“to +动词原形”作宾语的动词有：plan, decide, hope, want, agree, offer, try, like, love等。
2. 双宾语
当我们表达“给某人某物”时就出现了一个动词的两个承受者，一是物，二是人，那么在英语中该如何排列呢？首先请看下面的例句：
（1）The play shows the audience life in China between 1898 and 1945. 该剧向观众展示了1898年至1945年期间中国的生活状况。 （2）Waiters bring tea to the customers . 服务员把茶端到顾客面前。
以上两个例子，例（1）采用了“动词+人+物”的表达方式，例（2）采用了“动词+物+人”的方式。句中动词后面所接的是双宾语，其中人（第一句中的the audience与第二句中的everyone）为间接宾语，物（第一句中的life和第二句中的tea）为直接宾语。
可以接双宾语的动词很多，常见的有: give, bring, lend, pass, send, show, leave, buy, tell, teach, sell等。例如：
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My brother bought me some storybooks.我哥哥给我买了一些故事书。
My uncle gave me a pretty birthday present.我叔叔给了我一个漂亮的生日礼物。 Can you pass me that pencil?你能把那支铅笔递给我吗？ Who teaches you English? 谁教你（们）英语？
请注意：双宾语结构为“动词+物+人”时，间接宾语（人）前要加入适当的介词。根据动词的不同，有时用to，有时用for. 例如：
My brother bought some storybooks for me.我哥哥给我买了一些故事书。 Waiters bring tea to the customers.服务员给顾客上茶。 其他常用的结构包括：
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give sb. sth.= give sth. to sb. lend sb. sth.= lend sth. to sb. make sb. sth.= make sth. to sb. send sb. sth.= send sth. to sb. show sb. sth.= show sth. to sb. teach sb. sth.= teach sth. to sb. get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb. cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb. buy sb. sth.= buy sth. for sb. 【语法专练】
一、用动词的适当形式填空
1. I hope (see) her soon.
2. Sports help (keep) people healthy.
3. I expect (enter) graduate school in fall. 4. He can’t decide when (start).
5. I found it difficult (work) out the math problem. 6. I asked him (show) me the new dictionary. 7. He promised (not tell) anyone about it. 二、句型转换
1. I’ll lend you something to read.(改为同义句) I’ll lend something to read .
2. I’ll return the book to you tomorrow.(改为同义句) I’ll return tomorrow. 3. Get me a chair, will you?(改为同义句) Get a chair , will you? 4. Mom bought me a new bike.(改为同义句) Mom bought a new bike . 5. I’ll send you an e-mail.(改为同义句) I’ll send an e-mail . 【能力提升】 三、单项选择
1. I think people here are friendly. Do you agree me? A.with B.to C.on D.from
2. We saw him the building and go upstairs. A.to enter B.enter C.enters D.entered
3. The Chinese ping-pong players will join in the match. Let’s them success. A.wish B.to with C.hope D.to hope 4. --- Jack seems like a good student.
--- He is always the first his homework.
A.finishes B.finishing C.finished D.to finish
5. I’m going to a field trip but I haven’t decided . A.what to do B.to do what C.where to go D.to go where
6. He coughed(咳嗽) day and night. His wife asked him smoking. A.giving up B.going on C.to give up D.to go on
7. My mother makes me at the stadium every Sunday afternoon. A.dance B.danced C.to dance D.dancing
8. The teacher told the students football on the street. A.played B.to play C.not play D.not to play
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四、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. His greatest wish is (see) an end to wars. 2. I asked him (show) me the new dictionary. 3. He promised (not tell) anyone about it. 4. Have you finished (write) the letter?
5. You should remember (bring) your homework to school. 6. David hopes (pass) the English exam. 7. David had fun (play) in the water. 8. Daming enjoys (listen) to music. 9. Lisa plans (watch) the magic show.
10. I’d like (borrow) some books from the library.
模 块 综 合 练 习
一、单项选择
1. --- How did your parents like your idea?
--- They always let me what I think is right. A.to do B. do C.doing D.to doing 2. My friend gave .
A.my a ticket B.me a ticket C.a ticket for me D.a ticket with me 3. Could you me the cheese, please? A.pass B.take C.get to D.have 4. My mother me to be a teacher. A.enjoys B.wishes C.hopes D.lets
5. He tried his best and he succeeded in working out the plan . A.at the end B.by the end C.in the end D.at the last 6. Thank you for delicious food me. A.cook; for B.cooking;for C.cooking; to D.cook;to
7. (2012.成都) Parents often ask their kids their Internet friends because the kids may be in danger.
A.to meet B.not to meet C.meeting D.not to meeting
8. Teachers often tell us in the river after school. A.don’t swim B.not swim C.not to swim D. to swim 9. --- Don’t forget your history and politics books tomorrow morning. --- Thanks, I won’t.
A.bring B.to bring C.bringing D.to bringing
10. Sally always wants around the world because she enjoys different places.
A.to travel; to see B.travelling; to see C.to travel; seeing D.travelling; seeing
M6【语法课堂】：动词不定式
1．不定式的基本形式与结构
动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形 (如to write) 所构成的一种非限定性动词形式，但在有些情况下to可以省略。动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing，to have written)，也有被动态(如to be written)，所有的主动词，不论是及物动词还是不及物动词，也不论是动作动词还是
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状态动词，都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外， 没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 2．不定式的用法 1)不定式结构作主语
①Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago．
②To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge．
在上述情况下，如果不定式较长，显得头重脚轻，则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替)，而将不定式放到后面。如：
It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago．
John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time．
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过for sb. to do sth. 结构表达：
It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review． It is not difficult for those talented students to pass the exam.
在某些形容词(如careless，clever，considerate，foolish，good，impolite，kind， naughty，nice，silly，stupid等)作表语时，不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语：It is very kind of you to tell me the truth．
It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing． 2)不定式作宾语
不定式作宾语有两种：一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式， 另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。
及物动词+带to的不定式结构:
只能跟动词不定式的动词，常见的有: afford， agree， aim， appear， ask， believe， care，claim，decide demand， desire， determine， expect， fail， happen， hesitate， hope， intend， learn， long， manage， offer， pretend， promise， prepare， refuse， seek， swear， undertake，want， wish等。
1. He managed to solve the complicated problem. 2. The stranger offered to show me the way.
3. Mr. Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa. 动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式：
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这类动词常见的有advise， decide， find out， forget， inquire， know， learn， see， regard初中英语语法总结， remember， teach， tell， understand， wonder等。常见的疑问代(副)词有: what， when， where， which， how， whether等。 1. He does not know when to start.
2. You can decide whether to continue or to stop. 3.I will show you how to deal with it.
有时，不定式可由it代替，而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达：动词(如find， think，consider，feel等)+it+ 形容词+不定式。
1. She considers it necessary to make friends with him.
2. We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock. 3)不定式做表语
一种情况为主语是不定式(表示条件)；表语也是不定式(表示结果)： 1. To see is to believe.
2.To work means to earn a living．
另一种情况为主语是以aim，duty，hope， idea，job， plan，problem， purpose，thing，wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式表语对主语起补充说明作用：；例如： 1.His aim is to study abroad in the near future．
2.The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the price． 3.What I want to say is to forget all the unhappy experience． 4)不定式作定语
不定式结构作名词词组修饰语主要有三种类型： 第一种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语。例如： 1.There was really nothing to fear． 2.He gave me an interesting book to read．
如果不定式是不及物动词，后面就得加相应的介词。例如： 1.Mary needs a friend to play with． 2.That girl has nothing to worry about． 3.They have a strict teacher to listen to．
4.Although the film had been on for ten minutes， I still was not able to find a chair to sit on．
第二种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语；例如： 1.Have you got a key to unlock the door?
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2.The action to be taken is correct．
3.There is nothing to be gained by pretending．
第三种，被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位结构。这类名词通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、is算、能力、意向等意义的名词：ability， attempt， effort， impulse， inclination，wish等。例如：
1.Her daughter will make an even bigger effort to please her． 2.I have no mind to quarrel with you．
3. Neither of them had any inclination to do business with Mary. 5)不定式作状语
不定式结构在句中作状语通常都能转换为限制性状语从句。例如作原因状语：
1.They are quite surprised to see the great changes taking place in the area．
2.They are quite surprised because they see the great changes taking place in the area． 3.He was lucky to arrive before dark．
4.He was lucky because he arrived before dark． 作目的状语：
1.She raised her voice to be heard better．
2.She raised her voice so that she could heard better． 3.We went via Heidelberg to miss the traffic jam．
4.We went via Heidelberg so that we could miss the traffic jam． 作结果状语：
1.The French football team played so successfully as to defeat the Brazilians．
2.The French football team played so successfully that they even defeated the Brazilians． 3.He got to the station only to be told the train had gone． 4.He got to the station and was told that the train had gone． 不带to的不定式的使用
动词不定式通常带to，但在有些搭配中不带to，在另一些搭配中可带to可不带to。归纳起来，以下情况下使用不带to不定式：
1) 在can／could， /may／might，will／would，shall／should，must， need，dare等情态动词之后，动词不定式不带to。
2)在表示感觉意义的动词，如see初中英语语法总结，feel，watch，notice，smell，hear，observe等后，或是表示“致使”意义的动词，如have，let，make等后，动词不定式不带to。例如：1.I often heard him say that he would study hard．
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2.I must have him see his own mistakes．
但是，当这类结构转换为被动语态时，后面的不带to不定式一般转换为带to不定式。 例如：
1.He was often heard to say that he would study hard．
2.After he had finished speaking，he was made to answer innumerable questions． 3)在动词help之后可用不带to的不定式，也可用带to的不定式。例如： 1.Help the old lady (to) carry the heavy box.
4) 在had better，would rather，may／might as well，rather than，can not but等搭配之后初中英语语法总结，动词不定式也不带to。例如：
1.Unless you feel too ill to go out，I would rather not stay at home tonight． 2.She could not but criticize his foolish behaviour.
5) 在make do，make believe，let drop，1et fall，1et fly，let slip，let drive，let go off，hear say，hear tell，leave go of等固定搭配中，用不带to的动词不定式。例如： 1.They let go of the rope．他们松开了绳子。
2.John let fly a torrent of abuse at me．约翰朝我痛骂了一顿。 3.I've heard tell of him．我听说过他。
4.Some of the faculty were let go for lack of the students．由于生源不足，一些教职员工被解雇了。
6)在介词but初中英语语法总结初中英语语法总结，except之后，如果其前有动词do的某种形式，其后不定式一般不带to，反之则必须带to，表示“不得不初中英语语法总结，只能”。例如： 1.He will do anything except work on the farm．
2.There was nothing left for the enemy to do but surrender．
3.The spy was both hungry and cold；there was nothing left for him but to give in． 4.I had no choice but to wait till it stopped raining． 下面一些短语是固定搭配，不带to：
can not help but，can not choose but，can not but，do nothing but，have nothing to do but。例如：I can not but admire his courage.
如果上述句中有do，to省略：I did nothing but watch TV last night． 如果是下面一个固定搭配，就带to： I have no choice but to give up my idea.
7)紧跟在why或why not之后的动词不定式总是不带to。但是，紧跟在who，what，which，whether等连接词后的不定式带to。例如：
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Why stand up if you can sit down?
Why not ask your teacher when you don't understand the meaning? You needn't decide yet whether to study arts or science． 4．不定式的完成式和进行式 1)构成
完成式：to+ have done 进行式：to+ be doing 2)用法
完成式：如果不定式所表示的动作(状态)发生在主要谓语动作之前初中英语语法总结，那么不定式就要用其完成式。
进行式：如果主要谓语动作(情况)发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在发生，那么不定式就要用其进行式。例如：
1.She feels relaxed to have finished writing her thesis before the deadline． 2.The Vikings are believed to have discovered America．
3.When you called me last night， I happened to be working on the computer． 5．不定式的被动形式
当不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动形式，包括它的一般式和完成式。例如：1.For twelve years， Spanish censorship did not allow Lorca's name to be mentioned and his work to be published．
2.The snow was supposed to have been blown off the mountain． 6．不定式的否定形式
否定形式是在不定式的标志to前加not。例如：1.I decided not to ask him again． 2.Please remember not to leave the lights on when you are out．
不定式作宾补和目的状语用法专练
单项选择
1. Hey, Mum asked you _______the house before dinner. A. cleans
B. clean
C. cleaned
D. to clean
2. Every day Mrs Brown stays in the club and teaches her students _______ playing chess. A. to practice
B. practice
C. practicing
D. practiced
3. Mike’s family _______him to be an actor when he grows up. A. make
B. wish
C. hope
D. let
4. The worker told him _______the violin near the hospital. A. not to play
B. not play
C. not playing
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D. don’t play
5. His parents often encourage him ____ hard. A. work
B. working C. to work
D. works
6. Last weekend I went to the library ____ some books on how to protect environment. A. to borrow
B. borrow
C. borrowed
D. borrowing
7. My father used to drive to work, but he is used to ______ now. A. walking
B. walked C. walks
D. walk
8. —Why did you buy a radio? —____ English. A. Learns
M7-M8过去进行时
一．定义
1. 表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。
He was having breakfast at six o’clock yesterday morning. 2. 表示过去某个时间段正在进行的动作。 He was writing stories the whole morning. 二．结构
1. 肯定结构：主语+was/were +doing+其它. I was watching TV at eight last night.
He was having breakfast at seven this morning. 2. 否定结构：主语+was/were +not +doing+其它. I was not watching TV at eight last night. He was not having breakfast at seven this morning. 3. 一般疑问句：Was/Were+主语+doing+其它? (1)Were you watching TV at eight last night? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
(2)Was he having breakfast at seven this morning? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
4. 特殊疑问句：疑问词+was/were+主语+doing+其它？ 三．时间标志词
1. at+具体时刻+过去时间(at five last Saturday) 2. at this time+过去时间(at this time yesterday)
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B. Learning C. To learn D. Be learning
3. 过去时间段(from nine to ten last evening) 4. at that time/moment
5. when &while引导的过去时间状语从句 四．现在分词复习 动词 ing 的基本变化规则 1. __________________, 如 do—doing 2.___________________, 如 have—having, come—coming 3. __________________________________________________ 如: shop—shopping, skip—skipping, run--- running 口诀： 停止游泳， ___________ _____________ 开始跑步和跳绳， ___________ _____________ ___________ 到达商店购物， ___________ _____________ 忘记坐下切蛋糕。 __________ _____________ ___________ 口诀：
现在分词ing, 变法有三般。 一般直接加，见e去e加。 重读辅元辅，双写尾字母。
一．特殊句型——when &while引导的过去时间状语从句 短：短暂性动作(用一般过去时)
长：持续性动作(用过去进行时)
1. 口诀：when后可长亦可短，while后只可长 When the thief came in, I was sleeping. The thief came in, when I was sleeping.
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The thief came in, while I was sleeping. 2. 口诀：若是两个都为长，while 来把纽带当
While the thief was carrying the TV out, I was sleeping. The thief was carrying the TV out, while I was sleeping.
Tips:一般过去时和过去进行时时间标志词的区别： 一般过去时：过去的不精确时间 过去将来时：过去的精确时间
Exercise:
一、请写出下列动词的 ing 形式。 paint ___________ give ____________ sit_____________
draw ___________
play ___________ make____________ put____________
drive___________ run______________ swim___________
get_____________
二、选择题。
forget____________
( ) 1. My parents __________ TV in the living room at 9 p.m. yesterday. A. is watching B. watched
C. would watch
D. were watching
( ) 2. Ben __________ at this time yesterday. A. are sleeping
B. sleeping
C. was sleeping
D. slept
( ) 3. I __________ breakfast when the morning post came. A. had
D. was having
B. been having C. am having
( ) 4.She the guitar from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. yesterday afternoon. A. was playing B. played
C. is playing
D. plays
( ) 5. My brother __________ while he __________ his bicycle. A. fell, was riding riding
( ) 6. I __________ my breakfast when the morning post came. A. had
B. am having
C. have had
D. was having
B. fell, were riding
C. had fallen, rode
D. falls, was
( ) 7. Jack __________ football at the moment.
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A. was playing B. is playing C. plays D. played
( ) 8. ---What were they doing in the living room?--- They__________ TV. A. are watching B. was watching C. were watching
D. watch
( ) 9.She __________ the guitar from 2 p.m. to 4 p.m. yesterday afternoon. A. was playing B. played
C. is playing
D. plays
( ) 10.My brother __________ while he __________ his bicycle.
A. fell, was riding B. fell, were riding C. had fallen, rode D. falls, was riding
( )11. Jack __________ football at the moment. A. was playing
B. is playing
C. plays
D. played
( )12. The dogs __________ computer games when I __________ in. A. were playing, were coming C. were playing, came
B. were playing, come D. played, was coming
三、用所给的词适当形式填空。
1. Were you _____________ (play) games with your father at that moment? 2. Amy _____________ (do) housework at five yesterday.
3. Jessica ____________ (not make) model planes when I came in.
4. We _____________ (have) class while my mother _____________ (cook) dinner. 5. My mother ___________ (work) from nine to ten last night.
6. He ___________ (listen) to music at this time the day before yesterday. 7. What ___________ you ___________ (do) at six yesterday morning. 8. ___________ he ___________ (watch) TV when you came back?
9. ___________ ___________ he ___________ (wait) for you at noon yesterday? 10. He ___________ ___________ (do) his homework when I left.
11. While they ___________ ___________ (clean) the floor, the teacher came in. 12. At seven last night, I __________ (watch) the football game. 13. Jane __________ (wait) for me when I ______ (arrive). 14. When I saw her, she _________ (eat).
15. My brother came into the bedroom while I ____________ (dance).
16. Mike and I _____________ (play) basketball at that time yesterday afternoon. 17. My brother ______ (fall) while he __________ (ride) his bicycle and hurt himself. 18. When I arrived at his office, he ____________ (speak) on the phone.
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19. While we ________________ (watch)TV, the door bell rang.
20. I ________________ (have) dinner when you ________________ (call) me last night. 四、按要求完成句子。
1. He was running at five yesterday afternoon.
否定句：He __________ __________ at five yesterday afternoon. 疑问句：__________ he __________ at five yesterday afternoon? 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
2. The boys were playing computer games from six to eight last Friday.
否定句：The boys __________ __________ computer games from six to eight last Friday. 疑问句：__________ the boys __________ computer games from six to eight last Friday? 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
3. While she was watching TV, she heard a sound outside the room.
否定句：While she was watching TV, she __________ __________ a sound outside the room. 疑问句：__________ she __________ any sound outside the room While she was watching TV? 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
4. They were watching a football game from seven to night yesterday.
否定句：They __________ __________ a football game from seven to night yesterday. 疑问句：__________ they__________ a football game from seven to night yesterday？ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________ 5. The girl was dancing at this time.
否定句：The girl __________ __________ at this time. 疑问句：__________ the girl __________ at this time？ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
6. The boys were playing basketball from three to four last Friday afternoon. 否定句：The boys __________ __________ basketball from three to four last Friday afternoon.
疑问句：__________ the boys __________ basketball from three to four last Friday
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afternoon？
肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
7. Ben was closing the door when teacher came in.
否定句：Ben __________ __________ the door when teacher came in. 疑问句：__________Ben __________ the door when teacher came in？ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________ 8. I was doing my homework at that moment.
否定句：I __________ __________ my homework at that moment. 疑问句：_____________________________ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________
9. Amy was cleaning the toilet at five yesterday.
否定句：Amy __________ __________ the toilet at five yesterday. 疑问句：__________Amy __________ the toilet at five yesterday？ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________ 10. When the thief came in, he was sleeping.
否定句：When the thief came in, he __________ __________. 疑问句：__________ he __________ when the thief came in？ 肯定回答：______________________
否定回答：______________________
就划线部分提问：______________________ 一、
英汉互译。
1. 昨天这个时候你们英语老师在做什么？
_________________________________________________ 她在和一些家长谈话。
_________________________________________________ 2. 当我离开的时候，他正在画一幅世界地图。 _________________________________________________ 3. 当你看到他们的时候，他们正在干什么？
_________________________________________________
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他们正在打扫课室。
_________________________________________________ 4. 妈妈进来的时候，约翰在写信给朋友。
_________________________________________________ 5. 昨天这个时候，一些学生在植树，一些学生在给小树浇水。 _________________________________________________ 6. 老师走进教室的时候，同学们正在谈论当天的新闻。 _________________________________________________ 7. 昨天下午五点，我在写作业。
_________________________________________________ 8. 昨天晚上八点你和你爸爸妈妈去看电影了吗？ _________________________________________________ 9. 前天下午四点，我在音乐室唱歌。
_________________________________________________ 10. 当我奶奶和我爷爷说话时，我爷爷在看报纸。 _________________________________________________
M9英语语法之冠词和数词
1.不定冠词a与an的用法 2.定冠词the的用法 3.\"零\"冠词 4.基数词的用法 5.序数词的用法 一. 冠词的用法
冠词是虚词，放在名词之前，用来说明名词指的人或事物。冠词有两种。 a(an)叫不定冠词，the叫定冠词。a用在辅音之前，an用在元音之前。 1. 不定冠词的用法
(1) a和an均用在单数名词之前，表示某一类人或事物。例如： John is a student.
Mary is an English teacher.
(2) 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。例如:
A steel worker makes steel. Pass me an apple, please. (3) 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。例如： A student wants to see you.
A girl is waiting for you outside.
(4) 表示“每一”的意思，相当于every。例如： Take the medicine three times a day.
They go to see their parents once a week. 2. 定冠词用法
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(1)特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。例如：
The book on the desk is an English dictionary.
Beijing is the capital of China. (2)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或事物。
例如：Open the door, please.
Jack is in the library. (3)上文提到过的人或事物。
(4)例如：Yesterday，John’s father bought him a new bike.
The bike cost him 200 yuan. (4)表示世界上独一无二的事物。例如：
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级之前。
例如：Shanghai is the biggest city in China.
January is the first month of the year. (6)用在某些形容词之前，表示某一类人或事物。 例如：The nurse is kind to the sick.
We should take good care of the old.
the old 老人 the young 年轻人 the rich 富人 the poor 穷人 the sick 病人 the dead 死人
(7)用在某些专有名词之前和某些习惯用语中。例如：
the Great Wall, the Summer palace, in the morning,
in the open air等。
(8)用在姓氏复数之前，表示“某某一家人”，“某某夫妇”。 例如：the Browns, the whites等。
3. 不用冠词（零\"冠词）的情况
(1) 某些专有名词，抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词。
例如：China, Canada, Japanese, glass, water, love等。
（2）名词前已有作定语用的词，如：this, that, my, your, whose, some,
any, no, each, every等代词时，不用冠词。
例如：That is my cap. I have some questions.
Go down this street.
(3) 复数名词表示一类人或事物时，不用冠词。
They are workers. We are students.
(4) 称呼语前不用冠词，表示头衔和职务的名词前也不加冠词。例如：
Good morning，sir！ （√）
(5) 三餐饭的名称前，球类活动，学科和节目名词前，常不用冠词。 例如：I have lunch at home.
He often plays football after class. We have English and maths every day. (6) 在某些固定词组里，名词之前常不用冠词。例如：
By air, at night, at home, go to bed, go to school, on foot, from morning till night 等。
二. 数词的用法
数词分基数词和序数词。基数词表示数目，序数词表示顺序。 1. 基数词的用法
(1) 基数词在句中主要用作主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语，例如：
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Thirty of them are Party members.（主语） --- How many would you like？ --- Three ，please．（作宾语） The nine boys are from Tianjing.（定语）
Six plus four is ten.（表语）
We four will go with you.（同位语）
(2) 表示一个具体数字时，hundred, thousand, million一律不用复数；在表示一个不确定数字时则用复数。例如：
Our country has a population of 1,300 million people.
There are three thousand students in our school. After the war, thousands of people became homeless.
Maize is the most important food crop for millions of people in the world.
They arrived in twos and threes．
(3) 表示“„„十”的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数或年代，例如：
He is in his early thirties． He died still in his forties． This took place in 1930s． (4) 表示时刻用基数词。例如：
We get up at six.
The workers begin work at eight. 表示“几点过几分”，用介词past,但须在半小时以内。例如：
ten past ten, a quarter past nine, half past twelve 表示“几点差几分”用介词to, 但分数须在半小时以上。例如：
twenty to nine, five to eight, a quarter to ten 表示“几点几分”还可直接用基数词。例如：
seven fifteen, eleven thirty, nine twenty 2 序数词
1．英语中表示第一、第二、第三的序数词属特殊形式，要注意它们的拼写。 2．表示“几十”的序数词通常是将基数词词尾y变成i再加上后缀-eth。
3．其余的二位数序数词是以相应的整十基数词加个位序数词。如：fifty-first（第五十一）。 4．少数序数词拼法不规则，如：fifth（第五），eighth（第八），ninth（第九），twelfth（第十二）等。
注意： 编了号的事物要用基数词表示顺序，但是基数词要后置。
例如： 第一课：Lesson One 第三十二页：Page 32 第305房间：Room 305
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第12路公共汽车：Bus No.12
3序数词的用法
1、年份用基数词表达，分两位一读，年份前用介词in。
如： 1999 nineteen ninety-nine 2000 two thousand 2001 two thousand and one
2．日期的表达要用序数词，读时前面要加定冠词the,介词要使用on。 例如：
在6月1日：on June 1 st 读作：on June the first. 3.年、月、日同时表达时，一般应先写月、日、后写年。 例如： 在2001年5月4日：on May 4 th, 2001。 4．年代用基数词的复数表示。
例如： 20世纪90年代：nineteen nineties 21世纪20年代：twenty twenties 5．时间表达法：时间可用顺读法或倒读法两种方式表达。 5：00 five (o’clock)
6：18 six eighteen eighteen past six
12：15 twelve fifteen fifteen (a quarter) past twelve 4：30 four thirty half past four 5：50 five fifty ten to six
6：45 six forty-five a quarter to seven 注意：
1）表示整点时间，直接用基数词表达，后边可接o’clock (也可不加)。表达“几点几分”时，绝不能用o’clock。
2）表达“15分”或“45分”时，常用quarter（刻）。
3）在倒读法中，如果钟点不过半，须用“分钟数+past+钟点数”的形式；如果钟点过半，则用“差多少分钟数+to+全钟点（下个钟点数）”的形式。
例如： 8:20 twenty past eight 8:40 twenty to nine 6．分数的表达法
1）分子用基数词，分母用序数词。分子大于1时，分母用复数。 2）小数的读法：小数点前面的数按照基数词的读法，小数点后面的数按照数本身读，小数点读point。 例如： 0.38 zero point three eight
96.89 ninety-six point eight nine
3)百分数，在数词后加percent。
例如：15%读作：fifteen percent
60%读作：sixty percent 7．表示语数
1）„几倍大小（长短，数量）=„几倍（或分数）+the size(length, amount)。 例如： The earth is forty-nine times the size of the moon.
地球是月球的49倍。
2）„比„几倍=„倍数（或分数）+形容词（副词）比较级+than+被比部分。 例如： His house is three times bigger than mine.
他的房子比我的房子大三倍。
3）„是„倍=„倍数（或分数）+as +形容词+as +被比部分。
例如： This factory is four times as big as that one.
这个工厂是那个工厂的四倍。
8．表示约数 1）“多于”用more than或over。
例如： The street is over(more than) 500 metres long.
这条街有500多米长。
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2）“小于”用less than。
例如： Three are less than 30 people in the classroom.
教室里不到三十人。
3）“大约”用about, around, nearly等。
例如： The box weighs about 50 pounds. 这箱子重约50镑。
练习
把下列短语译成英语：
1. 第12课 ____________________ 2. 304号房间 _______________________ 3. 半小时 _______________________ 4. 每日三次 _______________________ 5. 第25页 ______________________ 6. 20世纪90年代 ___________________ 7. 第三册第十三课 _____________________8. 三分之一 __________________ 9. 三百英镑__________________ 10. 1994年3月22日 __________________
一 .单项填空
1. ---What’s the matter with you?
---I caught ________ bad cold and had to stay in ________. A. a;/ B. a; the C. a; a D. the; the
2. ---Have you seen _______ pen? I left it here this morning. ---Is it ________ black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. the; a D. a; a 4. There is _______ “h” in the word hour. A. a B. the C. an D./
6. ______ sun is bigger than _______ earth.
A. A; the B. A; an C. The; an D. The; the
7. I’m reading _______ novel. It is _______ interesting story. A. a; an B. a; a C. the; the D. /; an
8. It is said that SARS has killed more than ________ people worldwide. A. three hundreds B. three hundreds’ C. three hundred’s D. three hundred 9. ---How many workers are there in your factory? ---There are two __________.
A. hundreds B. hundred C. hundred of D. hundreds of 10. ---Which is the smallest number of the four? ---_______________.
A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths 11. ---What do you think of a war, Li Ming? ---I’ve no idea. But it’s a fact that _______ people had to leave their hometown during
the War on Iraq.
A. three thousands B. thousand of
C. thousands of D. several thousands 12. We all think that the _______ century will bring us more hopes. A. twenty-first B. twentieth-first C. twenty-one D. twentieth-one
13. ---Can you write the number eighty-five thousand, six hundred and twenty-six? ---Yes, it is __________.
A. 856620 B. 85626 C. 58662 D. 58626
14. When was the PRC founded? It was founded on _________.
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A. July 1, 1921 B. October 1, 1949 C. August 1, 1927 D. May 1, 1922
15. _______ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics. A. Thousand B. Thousands C. Thousand of D. Thousands of 16. Both of the two rulers are broken. I want to buy a _______one. A. three B. third C. forth D. /
M0-M2情态动词must, can, could, may, might表推测的用法：
情态动词中的must, can, could, may, might都表推测。其中must的可能性最大，can / could次之，may / might最小。具体用法如下： 1. must的用法
（1）表示推测“可能性”时，意思是“一定、准是”，语气较肯定，较有把握。 He must be American. = It is certain that he is American. 他准是个美国人。
（2）must表推测只能用于肯定句。如果要表示“一定不、肯定不”的意思时，应用can`t,如询问某种可能时，应用can。
He must know my address. 他肯定知道我的地址。（一定） He can`t know my address. 他肯定不知道我的地址。（一定不） Can he know my address? 他知道我的地址吗？（询问可能性）
（3）must表示推测时，可以推测现在/正在发生的动作/过去发生的动作。 He must have a car now. （现在）他一定有辆小汽车。
He must be doing his exercises in the classroom.（正在进行）他一定在教室里做练习。 He must have finished the work.（过去发生）他一定已完成了工作。 注：must表示推测时很少用于将来的情况。一般不用He must come tomorrow.可用It`s certain / I`m sure that he will come tomorrow.
（4）在反意疑问句中，当附属部分含有表示推测意义的must时，疑问部分的助动词应与must后面的动词在非推测情况下的用法保持一致。
He must be a worker, isn`t he? （现在）他准时个工人，是吗？
It must have rained last night, didn`t it? （过去）昨晚一定下雨了，是不是？
You must have learned English for many years, haven`t you? （完成时）你一定学了好多年英语，是吗？
2. can / could的用法
（1）can表示推测“可能性”时，往往用于否定句或疑问句。Can`t“一定不”，语气很肯定。can在疑问句中意思是“会、可能”。
He can`t be at home. = It is impossible that he is at home. 他一定不在家。
（2）can /can`t后可接进行时/完成时，表示对现在发生的动作或过去发生的动作进行推测。 They can`t be reading in the library. 他们一定不在图书馆读书。 He can`t have gone to Shanghai for I saw him a minute ago. 他不可能去了上海，我刚才还看见他。
It`s so late. Where can she have gone? 天晚了，她可能去哪儿了呢？
（3）在反意疑问句中，当陈述部分含有表示推测意义的can`t时，疑问部分的助动词应与can`t后面的动词在非推测情况下的用法保持一致.
He can`t be a teacher, is he? 他不是教师，是吗？ She can`t have finished her homework, has she? 她一定没有完成家庭作业，是不是？
（4）could可用于表示某事有可能发生或可能是事实。
Don`t eat it. It could be poisonous. 不要吃它，可能有毒。 The plane could be delayed by fog. 飞机可能会因为雾晚点。
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（5）could还可以用于表示客气、委婉、礼貌的请求语气。 Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the bus station? Could you help me?
（6）couldn`t表示否定推测，表示某事不可能真实，或由于特定事实或环境某事肯定不会发生。 It couldn`t possibly be poison. 这不可能是毒药。
注：有时与形容词的比较级连用强调某人或某物不可能再更多地具有某种属性。 You couldn`t be more wrong. 你真是大错特错。 I couldn`t be happier. 我简直是幸福极了。 3. may和might的用法
（1） may, might表示推测“可能性”时，意思是“可能”、“也许”，语气没有 must肯定。 He may / might be American. = It is possible that he is American. 他可能是个美国人。
注：might不表示过去时态，只是语气上比may更委婉，表示的可能性更小。 （2）may, might表推测时，可以用于否定句，意思是“可能不、也许不”，但不用于疑问句。 He may / might not be at home. 他也许不在家。
（3）may, might可以推测现在正在发生的动作或过去发生的动作。 He may / might be sleeping now. （现在）他可能正在睡觉。 The boy may / might not be watching TV at home. （现在） 这个男孩可能没在家看电视
These students may / might have seen the film before.（过去） 这些学生以前可能看过这部电影。
（4）may, might还可以推测将来的情况。
I think we should take raincoat with us, it may rain. 我想我们应该带上雨衣，可能要下雨了。
She might not come this afternoon. 她今天下午可能不来了。 情态动词和虚拟语气练习
从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1.—Are you in a hurry？—No， in fact I’ve got plenty of time. I ___ wait. A.must B.need C.may D.should 2.—Someone is knocking at the door. ___ it be Venis？
—No， it ___ be her； she left for New York this morning.
A.Can； mustn’t B.Might； can’t C.May； doesn’t D.Can； can’t
3.He didn’t agree with me at first，but I ____ persuade him to sign the agreement later. A.could B.might C.should D.was able to 4.—Is there a movie on in the cinema tonight？
—There___ be. I will phone the cinema and find it out.
A.might B.should C.can D.could 5.You ___ be careful when you cross here — the traffic lights aren’t working.
A.can B.ought to C.might D.may 6.You ___ out last night. I called you several times， but nobody answered. A.must have been B.must be C.might have been D.could be
7.You ___ fail to pass the entrance examination if you don’t study harder.
A.shall B.could C.must D.should
8.When I was studying at Beijing University， I ___ take a walk along the lake every evening. A.will B.would C.could D.shall
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9.The party turned out to be a failure. I would rather ___ it.
A.not have attended B.not attend C.not to attend D.not to have attended 10.Sir， you ___ be sitting in this seat. It is for women or children only. A.can’t B.oughtn’t to C.won’t D.needn’t 11.—Shall I tell Li Ming about the matter？ —No， you ___ . He has known about it already.
A.oughtn’t to B.needn’t C.shouldn’t D.mustn’t 12.—Must I take a bus？
—No， you ___ . You can walk there.
A.must not B.don’t C.don’t have to D.had better not to 13.—Why do you make me do so？
—I am sorry that you ___ do such a thing.
A.would B.can C.should D.may
14.—Will you stay for lunch？—Sorry， I ___ . My brother is coming to see me. A.mustn’t B.can’t C.needn’t D.won’t 15.What would have happened ___ ， as far as the riverbank？ A.if Bob has walked farther B.if Bob should walk farther C.had Bob walked farther D.should Bob walk farther
16.Oh， Jane， you’ve broken another glass. You ought ___ when you washed it. A.be careful B.to care C.have cared D.to have been careful 17.It’s high time we ___ to the theater.
A.will go B.shall go C.are going to D.went 18.—Could I use your telephone？—Yes， of course you ___ . A.could B.will C.can D.might 19.It’s strange that they ___ nothing about this matter. A.should know B.would know C.had known D.knew
20.—Do you still remember the day when we went to the Great Wall？ —I can’t remember it well， but ___ sometime last autumn？
A.might it be B.could it have been C.could it be D.must it have been 21.—I can’t get through to the general manager’s office anyhow. —The line is busy. Someone ___ the telephone.
A.must use B.uses C.must have been using D.must be using
22.He suggests we ___ to the cinema at once， otherwise we will be late. A.must go B.go C.will go D.would go 23.If only he ___ me yesterday!
A.had seen B.would see C.should see D.saw 24.If you ___ wait a moment， I’ll go and find our manager.
A.can B.should C.will D.must 25.—It is rather cold here. Shall we light a fire？ —No， we ___ because things are easy to catch fire. A.won’t B.can’t C.mustn’t D.needn’t
26.If I ___ you， I ___ more attention to English idioms and phrases.
A.was； shall pay B.am； will pay C.would be； would pay D.were； would pay 27.—Would you have told him the answer had it been possible？ —I would have， but I ___ so busy then.
A.had been B.were C.was D.would be
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