Research on Smart Grid in China Jingjing Lu, Da Xie,
Member, IEEE
and Qian Ai,
Member, IEEE
Abstract
--The Smart Grid is the latest direction for the futurepower system development. In this paper, firstly the backgroundof Smart Grid, its meaning, as well as the concept and structurewere presented. Typical diagram of Smart Grid was illustrated.Then, the current development of Smart Grid in United States and Europe were described, development ideas and the future trends in these countries were summarized and compared as well.Besides, the driving force of Smart Grid in China was analyzed,with detailed introduction of current related projects in China. The relation between the UHV Power Grid and the Smart Grid was discussed. Finally, the potential role of Smart Grid in future power grids in China was prospected and a new direction for China’s Smart Grid development was charted.
Index Terms
—Smart Grid, UHV power grid, planning,operation, management
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
I. INTRODUCTION
With the promotion of world economy modernization, theprice of oil has been kept on a upward trend. What is also noticeable is the shortage of energy supply around the world, the increasing pressures on resources and environment pressure, and the enormous power losses in energy delivery due to the low efficiency of the current power grid. What’s more, owing to the growing electricity demands and the users’increasing requirements for reliability and quality, the power industry is now facing unprecedented challenges and opportunities. Therefore, a new sort of power system of environment friendly, economic, high performance, low investment, safety, reliability and flexibility has been a goal of engineers in power industry.Still, the emergence of advanced meter infrastructure and more extensive usage of the Internet accelerate the process [1]. Since 1990's, with the increasing use of distributed generation power, more demands and requirements have been proposed for power grid intensity [2], [3]. To find out a optimal solution for these problems, power companies should accept the idea of new technology adoption, potential mining of the existing power system and improvement of its application and utilization. Consensus has been reached by experts and scholars from different countries that future power gird must be able to meet various requirements of energy generating and the demands of highly market-oriented power transaction so that the needs of the self-selection from customers can be satisfied individually. All of these will become the future development direction of Smart Grid.This paper focuses on the status of the development of the Smart Grid, analyzing the driving force of the Smart Grid and introducing the current demonstration projects in China. It also discusses the relation between UHV power
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
grid and Smart Grid, and then prospect the significance of Smart Grid in the future. A new direction for Chinese Smart Grid development is charted as well, which might be the reference for the development of Smart Grid in China.
II. CONCEPT OF SMART GRID
Smart Grid is a gradual development process accompanied with the technology innovation, demands of energy saving and managements needs. People will have their own understanding for Smart Grid, no matter if they are facility suppliers, IT companies, consulting firms, public power companies or power generation companies. From the earlier smart intelligence metering to electrical intelligence, from transmission and distribution automation to a whole intelligent process, the concept of smart power grid has been enriched substantially [4]. In 2006, US IBM presented a \"Smart Grid\" solution. This is a relatively complete concept for current Smart Grid which indicates its official birth [5].As shown in Fig.1, a Smart Grid is basically overlaying the physical power system with an information system which links a variety of equipments and assets together with sensors to form a customer service platform. It allows the utility and consumers to constantly monitor and adjust electricity use. The management of operation will be more intelligent and scientific based on the dynamic analysis of needs both from user-side and demand side which can increase capital investment efficiency due to tighter design limits and optimized use of grid assets.In comparison with traditional grid, Smart Grid includes integrated communication systems, advanced Sensing,metering, measurement infrastructure, complete decision support and human interfaces.
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
III. CURRENT RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
A. Comparison of researches in Smart Grid area between European and the United states
In the United States, there were several large power outages in recent years. Because of which, electric power industry pays closer attention to power quality and reliability;customers draw out more requests for electricity supply. The ever-increasing demands of national security and environmental protection policy of the United States leads to the establishment of a higher standard for power grid construction and management [6]. At the same time, in recent years’ researches of basic materials, power and information technologies, breakthroughs have been achieved for implementation target which shows the significant improvement of reliability, efficiency in power network. Such as the emergence of superconducting cables, it assures Obama’s new government of United States has seen the daylights of the Smart Grid.Similarly, the European power users also raise higher requirements for electricity supply & power quality [7].Because of the extreme attention for environmental protection,compared with the construction of power grid in US,Europeans have more concerns about the construction of renewable
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
energy access, the impact on wildlife, as well as the actively research on real-time monitoring and remotecontrolling.All is about to realize the \"Plug & Play use\" idea,ensuring a more friendly, flexible access and interaction with the user. In both Europe and United States, the most common direction for grid development is to seek new and renewable sources for energy generation. However, Smart Grid is not a fixed, static project, according to their particular status and main problems, all countries need to simplify the Smart Grid and make it adjusted to fit their own features.
B. Driving force of the Smart Grid in China
The drivers for Smart Grid construction can be concluded into market, circumstances, safety and power quality. Chinese power industry is also facing the similar situation as in Europe and the United States.
At Market-oriented reforms level, the national network and unified national electricity market has not completely formed.In national wide, power exchanges are not effective; neither does the true meaning of the online bidding. From a long term view,China's transaction approaches of power markets and pricing structure is developing, market demand and supply sides will have more frequent interactions. In order to attract more users to join the market competition, power companies must improve their service, strengthen the interaction with users and provide more products for selection, so as to meet the demands of different types of users.
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
At the macro policy level, the power industry needs to meet the requirements of resource-saving and environment-friendly society’s construction, adapt to climate change and suitable for sustainable development.
Regarding the Chinese power grid itself, a strong backbone network has not been built yet, and it is still not strong enough to withstand multiple faults circumstances. The regional power grid backbone is also in a lower stability level, which results in a limited flexibility for system operation, etc. The snow storm weather in early 2008 which led to a blackout in major area of China vividly exposed the weakness of the current Chinese grid in safeguard of electricity supply aspect.Moreover, the lack of intelligent power distribution leads to a regional, seasonal shortage of electricity and coexistent in some areas with both surplus & shortages of electricity.
There still remain challenges that how to improve the efficiency of power investment and construction, how to ensure the security and reliability of power grid’s operation, to ensure power quality; how to improve the maintenance of power system; how to enhance the service quality to users, as well as how to improve the power grid management in China.For these issues, Smart Grid would be an ideal solution.
C. Current research activities in China
In the year of 2006, IBM published the guideline named ‘Establishing Smart Power Grid and Innovating Management Methods – A New Thought of the
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
Development of Electric in China’. Directed at the current opportunities and challenges of the power grid companies in China, the guideline suggests improving the efficiency of electrical investments and construction, the stability of power grid, and the companies’service and management level through the construction of smart power grid and the innovation of management methods.
Meanwhile, IBM proposed that it can provide a whole scheme - Solution Architecture for Energy (SAFT) for the power companies in China to use the smart power grid effectively. SAFT contains several parts: first is to improve the digital level by connecting the equipments with sensors;Second is to establish the data collecting and integrating system; Third is to analyze: SAFT optimize the operating progress and management based on the analyzing of the data[5]. This is the bud of smart power grid in Chin.
In October 2007, East China Power Grid Company embarked on the research area of the feasibility of smart power grid. The research project was not only correlated with the progress of those advanced companies and research facilities abroad, but also take the current situation and future needs of east china power grid into consideration. The result came out as, based on the high equipment level and strong technological innovation ability, the construction of smart power grid is feasible in east china power grid. East China Power Grid Company would follow the belief that‘Concerning the future and change fast with needs, and providing high quality service’, when building smart power grid. There is a three step strategy with an advanced power grid distributing center built by 2010, the construction of digital power grid with primary intelligence completed by 2020, and a smart
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
power grid with the ability of self-healing built by 2030 [8]. The construction plan is still under consideration.
On Feb. 28, 2009, as a part of the smart power grid of East China Power Grid Company, the three-state security defense and power generation monitoring system passed the acceptance check in Beijing, which stands for stable-state,transient-state and dynamic-state. The system integrated three single systems altogether for the first time, which includes power management system, power grid dynamic wan monitor system and online stability analysis and warning system. The operator has full access to the whole view of the power grid operating situation and the decision-making assistance without switching in systems or platforms. Besides, the system can effectively improve the management standardization and the level of flow of the related power plants through establishing the management checking platform and the assistance marketservice quality analyzing platform.
The development of smart power grid research in China is slow and far behind the west. So far, only East China Power Grid Company and North China Power Grid Company have carried out researches about the developing and implementation plan. It is a tradition for China to emphasize technology development, and in fact, the equipments in China are more advanced than those in developed countries. Thus,smart power grid has a bright prospect in China.
IV. PROSPECTS OF SMART GRID IN CHINA
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
In order to solve the problems of imbalance distribution for generation resources and power loads, the transmission capacity should be enhanced by building long-distance and large-capacity power transmission systems. And unity or united UHV power grids should be constructed under coordinated plan. The transmission of power on a large scale from west and north China to middle and east China can reduce the pressure of energy in the east China and the pressure of transmission and environmental protection.Furthermore, this can expedite the conversion from resource advantage to economy advantage and realize the coordinated development of nation economy. Chinese politics system,economic environment and management system also promotes UHV power grids in its development. At present, China is studying the future large power grids technology and has the ability to construct the national united power grids. On Jan, 16,2009, the first UHV power line in China was finished and put into operation.
Unity or united UHV power grid, distributed power generating or scattered interactive power supplying grid are the trends of development. China, as the delegate in unity or united UHV power grid development trend, is different from any western countries. In China, is it in contradiction to develop both UHV power grid and Smart Grid? Though the large power grid with linkage effect has the advantage of optimizing the resources, it has the potential risk of power outage in large area. The ability to control the large power grid and maintain its stability is required by the fast development of power grid. And the smart power gird with self-healing and high reliability matches such requirements.Thus, smart power grid is the direction of China power grid development while building UHV power grid and the grid of different level, as well as improving the operating and
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
management level of the grid.
According to the precondition and the background of UHV power grid development in current China, the aspects which should be paid more attention on are as follows:
Smart Planning: The power grid should become selfhealing and smart. The ability of power grid planning optimization should be enhanced. So should be the ability of receive-side power grid planning, on the premise of the UHV AC/ DC feed-in and differentvoltage level coordinated development. The most important thing is to change the concepts and methods of power planning, and to make the traditional power development concept such like regarding building new power stations as a wide-ranging concept of resources distribution.
Smart Operation: The dispatching pattern is developing towards a coordinated control direction, aiming at the enhancement of control and mastering of large power grid. The future Smart Grid should be coordinated with a matching control center equipped with more advanced power system management ability, for the purpose of improving the functions and performance of existing EMS, MOS, WAMMAP system in an integral manner, at the same time to track down the correlations between different power grid monitoring and controlling indexes,and to construct a logic structure based power system monitoring and controlling index system. Through the gradual process of implementation of dynamic security monitoring, power system pre-alarm processing and precontrol,much more accurate and comprehensive knowledge of
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
the operation state of the power system can be obtained, based on which, the most effective and timely measures and actions can be taken to fulfill the power system control and dispatching strategy, finally to improve the safeguard of the whole power system’s stability and security.
Smart Management: The management pattern of power system is undergoing an evolution from vertical mode to distributed mode, from function management to process management, from grid construction to both construction and operation modes.
V. CONCLUSION
Smart Grid is a hot spot in today's electric power system,also regarded as one of the vanes in 21st century for the major scientific and technological innovation and development in power system. Many countries in the world are involved in this big trend, and have set up a lot of Smart Grid demonstration projects and test platforms. Also, the theoretical and experimental research in Smart Grid has made some achievements. The international exchanges have greatly promoted the development of Smart Grid. Because of China's electricity distribution and extremely uneven distribution of electricity load, it is the right time to develop special highvoltage power grid. As the development of Smart Grid is still at the very beginning stage of our country, how to combine the special high-voltage power grids with intelligent power grid is the main problem confronted. The direction to development and the characteristics of smart power grids in China are still open for our experts and scholars for further study.
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
对中国智能电网的研究
摘要 -智能电网是电力系统的未来发展的新方向。在本文中，首先是智能电网的背景，意义，以及概念和结构。典型的智能电网图如下所示。然后，在美国和欧洲智能电网的发展现状进行了描述，并对这些国家未来发展思路的趋势进行了总结和比较及分析。此外，分析了中国智能电网发展的必要性，详细介绍了在目前与中国与有关项目，并对特高压电网和智能电网之间的的关系进行了讨论。最后，对智能电网在未来在中国电网的潜在作用进行了展望和并为中国的智能电网发展指明新方向。
索引词：智能电网，特高压电网，规划，经营，管理
一 导言
随着世界经济全球化的推广，石油价格一直维持在一个上升的趋势。还值得注意的是世界范围内的的能源供应短缺，对资源和环境的压力越来越大，同时，由于目前电网的低效率，在能源输送过程中损失了巨大的电力。此外，由于不断增长的电力需求和用户对电力可靠性和质量日益增长的要求，电力工业正面临着前所未有的挑战和机遇。因此，一个有环境友好，经济，高性能，低投资，安全性，可靠性和灵活性特点的的电力系统一直是电力工程师的目标。
尽管如此，基础设施和先进的仪表出现互联网更广泛地的使用加速了这个过程。自1990年以来随着分布式发电越来越多地使用，已经对对电网的强度提出更多的需求和要求。对于这些问题，为了找出最佳的解决方案，电力公司应接受新的思路，采用新技术，对现有的能源系统进行潜力挖掘，对技术和应用加以改进。来自不同国家的学者和专家已经达成共识：未来电网的必须能够满足不同的需求及能源发电，高度市场化的电力交易的
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
需求，由此可以满足客户的自我选择。所有这些都将成为未来智能电网的发展方向。
本文的重点是智能电网发展的现状，分析了智能电网的驱动力和也介绍中国当前的示范项目。它也讨论了特高压电网和智能电网关系，并展望了在将来智能电网的意义。智能电网中发展的一个新方向也被描绘，这可以为中国的智能电网的发展提供参考。
二 智能电网概念
智能电网是一个渐进发展的过程，伴随着随着技术创新，节约能源的需求和管理层的需要。每个人都会有自己对的智能电网的理解，不管他们是设施供应商，IT公司，咨询公司，公共权力公司或发电公司。从早先的智能电表到智能计量，从输电和配电自动化到全智能化过程中，智能电网的概念得到了极大程度的丰富。2006年，美国IBM公司提出了“智能电网”解决方案。这是一个目前相对完整的概念，表明了智能电网的正式诞生。如图1所示，智能电网基本上覆盖了与信息系统与物理电源系统链接的设备及多种资产连同传感器，形成一个客户服务平台。它允许公用事业及消费者不断监测和调整用电。公司经营管理将根据用户方和供应方能需求动态分析的基础上更加智能化和科学化，从而由于投资效率提高和更严格的设计标准优化电网资产的使用。
与传统电网相比，智能电网包括综合通信系统，先进的传感，计量，测量基础设施，
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
完全决策支持和人性化界面。
三 目前的研究活动
A 比较欧洲和美国智能电网领域的研究
在美国，近几年有几个大的电力中断事故，因此电力行业自付更加重视电力质量和可靠性;客户制定出电力供应更多的请求。不断增长的需求和国环保政策要求对电网的建设与管理提出更高标准。与此同时，近年来，对基础材料，电力和信息技术，对已取得突破，表现出了了显着改善的可靠性及在电力网络的效率。例如超导电缆的出现，让奥巴马对美国新政府已经看到了的智能电网的希望。
同样，欧洲也对电力供应与电能质量提出更高要求。由于对环境保护的极端重视，相对于美国的权力电网建设，欧洲人对建设更多的关注可再生能源的取得，对野生动物的影响，以及积极研究实时监测和终端控制。一切都即将以“即插即用使用“的理念，确保对电网更加友好，灵活的访问与用户互动。在欧洲和美国，为电网的发展寻求新能源和可再生来源发电是最常见的方向。然而，智能电网不是一个固定的，静态的项目，根据其特殊的地位和存在的主要问题，所有国家都需要简化智能电网，并使其调整到适合自己的特点。
B 中国的智能电网发展的驱动力
智能电网建设的推动力可以总结为市场，环境，安全和电能质量。中国的电力行业也面临着类似的情况在欧洲和美国：以市场为导向的改革层面上，国家级的网络和全国统一的电力市场尚未完全形成。从长远看来，中国的电力市场交易方式和价格结构都在发展，市场需求和供给双方将有更频繁的互动。为了吸引更多的用户加入市场竞争，电力公司要
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
改善服务，加强互动，用户和提供更多的产品供选择，以满足不同类型的用户的需求。在宏观政策层面，电力行业需求，满足资源节约型，要求环保社会的建设，适应气候变化，促进可持续发展。
中国电网没有建成一个强大后盾的网络，而且还不能够承受多种故障情况。区域骨干电网也是这样，稳定在一个较低的水平，在一个有限的系统操作中缺乏灵活性。2008年初雪沙尘暴天气，导致了中国生动地面积停电，暴露了目前中国电网的电力供应保障方面的弱点。此外，智能电源区域性分布缺乏，导致季节性电力短缺和既盈共存一些地区的电力。仍然存在挑战，如何提高效率的电力投资和建设，如何确保安全和电网的运行可靠性，保证电能质量，如何提高维护电力系统的能力，如何提高服务质量，以及如何改善中国电网管理，对于这些问题，智能电网将是一个理想的解决方案。
C 目前在中国的研究活动
2006年，IBM公司公布了建立“智能电网和创新管理方法-----对电力发展的新思路中国”命名的关于中国电力发展的新思路。当前的机遇和挑战下建议中国电网公司加强对智能电网的建设和管理方法的创新，提高投资效率和电网建设，电网的稳定性，公司的服务和管理水平。同时，IBM提出，它可以提供一个计划能源解决方案架构（SAFT理论）来帮助中国电力公司有效的使用智能电网。SAFT理论包含几个部分：第一是改善连接的设备与传感器数字水平;二是建立数据收集和整合系统;三是分析：SAFT在优化经营上改善的和数据分析基础上的管理。这是在中国智能电网的未来的希望。
2007年10月，华东电网公司进行了区域智能电网可行性的研究。这个研究项目，不仅相关这些先进企业和国外设施研究的进展，而且还需要考虑到华东电网采取的现状和未来。结果是，在装备水平和较强的高技术创新能力的基础上，在华东建设智能电网是可行
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的。华东电网公司在智能电网的建设上格将遵循“关于与未来的需求和变化速度快，提供优质的服务”的信念。目前有一个三步战略，2010年之前建立一个先进的电网输配中心，2020年前建设完成有一定智能的数字电网，到2030年一个具有自我修复能力的智能电网建成。项目建设计划仍在考虑中。
2月28日，2009年，作为华东智能电网的一部分，稳定状态，瞬态状态和动态状态作为安全防御的三态的和发电监控系统在北京通过了验收。该系统第一次同时将三个简单的系统统一，其中包括电源管理系统，电网动态监测系统和网络的稳定性分析和预警系统。系统可以获得电网整体观运营状况并在不改变系统或平台的情况下作出决策。此外，该系统通过建立检查的管理平台和市场服务质量分析平台，有效地提高了管理的规范化和相关电厂电流等级。
中国的智能电网发展缓慢，远远落后于西方。到目前为止，只有华东电网公司，南方电网公司和华北电网公司开展有关的研究开发和实施计划。
中国向来强调技术的发展，而事实上，在中国的设备制造先进于发达国家。因此，智能电网在中国有一个光明的前景。
四 发展展望中国智能电网
为了解决资源分配和电力负荷发电失衡问题的，通过建设长途和大容量电力传输系统，输电能力应该得到加强。整体或者联合的特高压电网建设应根据协调好的计划建设。从中国西部和北部向中国中部和东部地区可以大规模的电力传输，减少在中国东部的能源和环境保护压力。与此同时可以加速从资源优势向挥经济优势优势的转变，实现民族经济的协调发展。中国政治制度，经济环境和管理制度同样促进发展特高压电网。目前，中国在研
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
究未来的大电网的技术并具有构建全国统一电网能力。在2009年1月16日，在中国首个特高压电力线已经完成，并投入运行。
统一或联合特高压电网，分布式电源或分散供电电网的是发展的趋势。中国，作为统一或联合特高压电网发展的典范，不同于任何西方国家。在中国，同时发展特高压电网和智能电网是否存在矛盾？虽然大电网联动效应具有优化资源的优势，但它具有在大面积停电的潜在危险。能够控制大功率电网并保持保持稳定的能力，是电网快速发展的要求。而智能电网自我修复和高可靠性就满足这样的要求。因此，建设特高压电网和同时发展不同等级的电网，并改善经营和电网管理水平智能电网是中国电网的方向。
根据特高压前提和背景在当前中国电力电网的发展，这方面应更加重视对如下：
智能规划：电网应逐渐具有自愈和智能的能力。电网规划能力应该得到加强。所以在特高压交/直流馈入不同电压等级协调发展的前提下，增加电网接收端能力。最重要的是要转变观念和电力规划方法，并提出在传统基础上有所行长的概念，比如把建设新的变电站作为一个资源广泛的概念分布的资源分配端。
智能操作：调度模式
为了增强控制和掌控大功率电网，在向着协调控制方向发展。未来的智能电网为改善现有的在一个完整系统内的发动机管理系统，集成电力系统，定位系统功能和性能同时追查不同的电网监测和控制指标的相关关系，并建立一个逻辑结构为基础的电力系统监测和控制指标体系，应该与具有先进管理能力的控制中心相协调。通过渐进的过程的动态安全实施监测，电力系统预报警处理和预控，可以获取更精确和全面的数据，在此基础上，采取符合电力系统控制和调度最有效和及时措施和行动，最后，提高保障整个电力系统的稳
班级：10041221 学号：1004122128 姓名：初亮
定和安全。
智能管理：电源管理模式系统正在经历一个从垂直模式到分布式模式，从职能管理到流程管理，从电网建设大盘同时建设和运作模式的演变。
五 总结
智能电网是当今电力系统中的热点，也算是21世纪科技创新与发展的主要方面之一。世界上许多国家都参与了这个大趋势，并建立了大量的智能电网示范项目和测试平台。此外，理论研究也在智能电网和实验研究取得了一些成就。国际交流，极大地促进了智能电网的发展。由于中国的电力输送及分布极不均衡用电负荷，这是一个正确的时间来发展特别高电压电网。智能电网在我们国家仍然处于起步阶段的，如何结合特高压电网与智能电网是面临的主要问题。中国智能电网的发展和特点仍有待我们的专家学者进一步研究探索。
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