高考英语句子成分复习

高考英语句子成分复习

一、考点分析

句子成分是英语学习的语法基础，能正确判断识别句子成分，才能正确使用单词的形式。

更是学生语法体系建立的基础，可以说无成分，不句子。

二、专题详解

1）词类的认识

名称 名词 表示人或事物的名称 实 词 动词 表示动作或状态 v.(verb) interesting, injured n.(noun) 代词pron.(pronoun) 数词num.(numeral) boy, book, table, man 主、表、宾、补、定、同 用途 例词 句法作用 代替名词、形容词或数词 I, you, it, we, their 主、宾、表、补、定、同 表示数目或顺序 one, two, twenty, third, 主、表、宾、定、同 fifth work, study, 谓语动词：谓 非谓语动词：主、表、宾、补、定、状 形容词修饰名词，表示人、物的adj.(adjective) 性质或特征 副词 adv.(adverb) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作特征或性状特征 red, long, old, good 表、补、定、补 here, very, pretty, frequently often, 表、状 虚

冠词 表示名词的泛指或特指 a (an), the art.(article) 介词表示名词、代词等与其它in, after, under, on 1

用在名词前帮助说明该名词的含义 常与名词或与之相当的

词 prep.(preposition) 词的关系 连词连接词与词、短语和短词构成介词短语 连接词与词、短语与短语、或句与句的作用 conj.(conjunction) 语、句子和句子 感叹词表示说话时的感情或口and, if, but, because interj.(interjection) 气 oh, ah, um, ouch 表示说话时产生的情绪 2）句子成分 1. 本质

单词按一定的语法规律组成英语句子，组成句子的各种单词形式谓之句子成分。 2. 分类：

主要成分：主语，谓语；

次要成分：宾语，定语，状语，表语，同位语。

3. 详解：

主语 (subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后 面。

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 The sun rises in the east. (名词) He likes dancing. (代词)

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词) To see is to believe.(不定式) What he needs is a book.(主语从句)

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It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语) 自测：

指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. ② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

谓语：说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。 动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下： 1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。 He practices running every morning. 2.复合谓语：

(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。

You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。 We are students.

选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't

B. like

C. picture

D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get

B. longer C. days D. summer

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③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do

B. usually

C. go

D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be

B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did

表语： 表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。

它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem, sound, feel, smell, taste, remain等)之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

He is a teacher. (名词) Is it yours? (代词)

Five and five is ten. (数词) He is asleep. (形容词)

The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) The speech is exciting. (分词) His job is to teach English. (不定式) His hobby is playing football. (动名词) Time is up. The class is over. (副词)

The question is whether they will come. (表语从句) 自测：

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B. twins C. have D. breakfast

挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim? ③ The leaves have turned yellow.

④ Soon they all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.

宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。 They went to see an exhibition yesterday. (名词)

The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time. (代词) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. (数词)

They helped the old with their housework yesterday. (名词化形容词) He pretended not to see me. (不定式短语)

I am fond of listening to popular music. (动名词短语) I think (that)he is fit for his office. (宾语从句) 宾语种类：

(1)双宾语 (间接宾语+直接宾语)。 Lend me your dictionary, please. (2)复合宾语 (宾语+宾补)。 They elected him their monitor. 自测：

划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.

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② My father bought a new bike for me last week. ③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me? 自测：

挑出下列句中的宾语

① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② He teaches us English.

③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?

⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?

补足语：用来补充说明主语或宾语用的。

宾补：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词 (如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。 We elected him monitor. (名词) We will make them happy. (形容词) We found nobody in. ( 副词 )

Please make yourself at home. (介词短语) Don’t let him do that. (省to不定式)

His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (带to不定式)

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Don’t keep the lights burning. (现在分词) I’ll have my bike repaired. (过去分词)

We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句) 自测：

1.挑出下列句中的宾语补足语

① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. ② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.

⑤ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now? 2.翻译

1. 我觉得很难解出这道数学题。(work out)

2. 对电子产品一无所知，我发现自己落伍了。(find) 3. 家长嘱咐孩子别在河边嬉戏。(play)

4. 安全系统不会允许你进入大楼，除非你有正确的密码。(unless)

定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。 定语可由以下成分表示： Tom is a chemistry teacher.(名词) He is our friend. (代词)

We belong to the third world.(数词)

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He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.(形容词) The man over there is my old friend.(副词)

The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词) The boys playing football are in Class 2. (现在分词) The trees planted last year are growing well now. (过去分词) I have an idea to do it well.(不定式)

You should do everything that I do. (定语从句) 自测：

挑出下列句中的定语

① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?

③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. ④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

定语知识点应用： 写作技巧之：扩词

名词在写作中出现频率很高，为了让作文更加丰满，我们应该首先让名词丰满起来。一般名词的扩词方法有三种：

1) 用形容词、名词等修饰，置于所修饰名词前面。 比如，Jane is a girl.

我们可加入定语成分更确切地描述，并适当对修饰名词的词汇进行升级。

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修饰人或物的词汇可以有：attractive, amazing, breath-taking, fantastic等。 2) 用短语修饰名词，置于所修饰名词的后面。 比如，Jane is an amazing girl.

名词girl除了可以用形容词来修饰外，还可以用后置短语来修饰。我们可选用介词短语“with long hair”作为girl的后置定语。 Jane is an amazing girl with long hair. 3) 用定语从句修饰名词。

Jane, who impressed me a lot, is an amazing girl with long hair.

状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。 可由以下形式表示：

Light travels most quickly. (副词及副词性词组) He has lived in the city for ten years. (介词短语) Once you begin, you must continue. (状语从句) 自测：

指出下列划线部分的状语种类 1. I will go there tomorrow. 2. The meeting will be held in the meeting room. 3. The meat went bad because of the hot weather. 4. He studies hard to learn English well.

5. He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam. 6. I like some of you very much.

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7. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. 8. He goes to school by bike.

9. Though he is young, he can do it well. 10. She runs as fast as he does.

状语知识点应用： 1. 用适当的连词填空

1. John shut everybody out of the kitchen ______ ______he could prepare his grand surprise for the party.

2. ________ you try, you will never succeed.

3. I will tell him the news ______ ______ ______ he comes back 4. I was about to leave my house ________ the phone rang. 5. ________ we have tried our best, we lost the game. 2.翻译

1. 由于粗心大意，汤姆错过了这个机会。(miss)

2. 他在实验中多次失败，但他相信失败是成功之母。( fail) 3. 你一旦养成了坏习惯，改掉它是很难的。(once)

同位语：当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语(appositive)。

这两个句子成分多由名词(代词)担任，同位语通常皆放在其说明的名词(代词)之后。 1. 名词用作同位语是大量的。

We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。

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2. 代词用作同位语。

They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。 3. 数词用作同位语。

Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗？ 4. 不定式与动名词用作同位语。

The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。 5. 从句用同位语，即同位语从句

The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。 自测：

划出下列句中的同位语

1. We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 2. They each have an English-Chinese dictionary. 3. They two went, we three stayed behind.

4. Their latest suggestion, to focus on primary education, has met with some opposition. 5. We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy.

强化练习

分析句子成分。

判断下列各句中的定语、状语、补语和表语成分：定语( )，状语[ ]，表语和宾语补足语< >。 1) Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning.

2) When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. 3) You wouldn't believe the stuff people will buy.

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4) The variety of things put up for sale is really wonderful.

5) Health insurance that pays for modern medical miracles often costs Americans as much as $2,000 every year.

6) Yet these three reasons for not discussing insurance provide three excellent reasons why we should learn more about it.

7) With manners, the best rule is the one that works.

8) Given the amount of time that children watch television, it has become one of the most powerful models they want to follow.

9) The narrow range of most violence-related toys advertised on television jeopardizes the role of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world. 10) It is a good idea for parents to monitor the amount as well as the kind of television their preschool child watches. Keys:

1) Some people （who are very intelligent and successful in their fields）find it < difficult > to succeed [in language learning.]

2) When communication is < difficult >, they can accept information (that is inexact or incomplete. )

3) You wouldn't believe the stuff (people will buy ).

4) The variety of things (put up for sale ) is [really]< wonderful >.

5) Health insurance (that pays for modern medical miracles ) [often]costs Americans as much as $2,000 [every year].

6) Yet these three reasons (for not discussing insurance) provide three (excellent ) reasons (why we should learn more about it.)

7) [With manners], the best rule is < the one > (that works ).

8) [Given the amount of time that children watch television], it has become < (one of the most powerful ) models (they want to follow ) >.

9) The narrow range of most violence-related toys (advertised on television) jeopardizes the role (of play in helping children make better sense of their own feelings and interpret their world).

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10) It is < a good idea > for parents to monitor the amount [as well as the kind of television] (their preschool child watches.) 词性转换

1. The girl over there is the most _________ member in our school singing group. (act)

2. Today many Chinese children are having a happy life with their parents while thousands of _________ children in Iraq are having a hard life. (home)

3. We all like our class teacher because he is a man with a good _________. (person) 4. These _________ showed great interest in the history of China. (Egypt) 5. He always makes his car _________ clean so that it looks like a new one. (spot) 6. Today’s homework is to _________ these new words we have learnt. (memory) 7. The two ways are _________ very similar. (basic) 8. They looked _________ at the police at the station. (worry) 9. We often have _________ talks in our English class. (day)

10. It’s common _________ that the sun sets down in the west. (know)

11. The factory has received many _________ for letting out dirty water. (complain) 12. Mary says she wants to be a _________. (type)

13. She can play wonderful music and never has a _________(fail) in her performance. 14. Shanghai gave the world a successful and _________ World Expo. (forget) 15. The government will _________ the road in the following months. (wide)

Keys:1.active 2.homeless 3. personality 4.Egyptians 5.spotlessly 6.memorize 7.basically 8.worried 9.daily 10. known 11.complaints 12.typist 13.failure 14. unforgettable 15.widen

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