语音的基本常识
1. 关于语音的几个概念
1. 1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母 2) 音标：词的语音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有 4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。
48 音素。
ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
a, e, i(y), o, u,
5) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有 音。
6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有 28 辅音。
7) 开音节： a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 +e name bike home due; b) 辅音 +元音 he, go, hi 8) 闭音节： a) 辅音 +元音 +辅音 bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b) 元音 +辅音 it 9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。 2. 读音规则
1) 重读音节 (见元音和辅音的例句 )
2) 非重读音节 [ ] banana, student, today, after, [i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday 3. 特殊读音
1）音的连读：前面的词以元辅音结尾，后面的单词以元音开头，这样结尾的辅音要和开头的元音连读。例如： not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2）失去爆破：辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。例如： good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
20 元
3）音的同化： 两个特殊的音碰到一起， 会发出变异成特殊的音。 glad to meet you. Can't you see it? last year, this year,
例如： Would you do it? I am
4）浊化音
以 sp__, st___, sk___开头的单词清辅音
/p/ /t/ /k/ 分别要发浊辅音 /b/ /d/ /g/ 。
4. 重音 1)单词重音 A) 双音节词
a)一般在第一个音节重读。
letter, sorry
b)有 a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in-, im-, en-, em-, es-, ex-, con-, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-, trans- 等前缀的词，第二个音节是重音。 a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c) 有 de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节 上，其它的词性在第二个音节上。 'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d)有些复合词和带有前缀 re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。 'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war B) 多音节词
a)一般倒数第三个音节是重音。 'difficult, 'communist, 'family, e'conomy, oppor'tunity,de'mocracy.
b)有一些双音节词， 加了前缀和后缀成了多音节， 但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。 'carefully,
in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c)词尾有 -eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ience, ient, -ify, -ion, -ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前一个音节上。 cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation, re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d)词尾有 -ain, -ee, -eer, -ese, -ette 后缀的词， 重音在该后缀上， 而且有一个次重音。 enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette 2)句子重音
A) 英语 的节奏：（轻） -轻 -重 -轻 -（轻）或重 -轻 -（轻）（轻）重
B) 英语 句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C) 实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读 (冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词， 物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词
be
D) 实词不重读的特殊情况 a) 实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
I met her in the railway station.
b) 一个名词被第二个名词修饰
c) 代替词 Which book do you want? The small one.
d) 感叹词中的 what 和 how What a good day it is! How beautiful she is! e) street 在专有名词中 E)虚词重读的特殊情况
a) 情态动词，助动词和系动词
be 在句首，句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a
Wangfujing Street.
f)this 在这些短语中， this morning/afternoon/evening
doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can. I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b) 情态动词表示可能， 惊奇和肯定时。 They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c) 介词在句首和句尾。 In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with. d) 引导复合句的连词在句首。 If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him. e) 反身代词表示强调。 He couldn't come himself.
英语国际标准音标练习
单元音 12 个
前 后 中
元 音(4 个 ) 元 音(5 个 ) 元 音(3 个 )
[i:] [ɑ:] [?]
[i] [?:] [? :] [ ?u] [u ? ] [t] [d] [n]
[e] [?] [?] [ai] [??] [k] [g] [?]
[? ] [u:]
元音 (20 个 )
[u]
双元音 8 个 清
合口双元音 (5 个 ) [ei] 集中双元音 (3 个 ) [i ?] 辅
[au]
[?i]
辅音
音 (11 个 )
[p] [b] [m]
[f] [v] [j]
[s] [z] [w]
[ θ] [?] [e][?] [r]
[t ?] [d ?]
[tr] [dr]
[ts] [dz]
[h]
(28 个 )
浊
辅
音 (17 个 )
[l]
/i:/ bee/bi:/
feet/fi:t/ keep/ki:p/ key/ki:/ team/ti:m/ meet/mi:t/
/i/ it /it/ big/big/ city/ siti/ give/giv/ sick/sik/
/e/ get/get/ best/best/ text/tekst/ help/help/
/?/ fat/f?t/ have/h?v/ cat/k?t/ back/b?k/ hat/h?t/
/a:/ laugh/la:f/ glass/gla:s/ half/ha:f/ farm/fa:m/ park/pa:k/
/ ?:/ horse/h?: s/ saw/s?: / corn/k?:n/ course/k?:s/ salt/s?:t/
/ ? / dog/d?g/ pot/p?t/ cost/k?st/ what/w?t/ honest/′?nist/
/u:/ food/fu:d/
moon/mu:n/ rule/ru:l/
loose/lu:s/
noon/nu:n/
/u/ book/buk/ put/put/ good/gud/ would/wud/ could/kud/ / ? /
must/m?st/
does/d?z/ money/′m?ni/ ugly/′?gli/
come/k?m/
/?:/ nurse/n?:s/ bird/b?:d/ burn/b?:n/ turn/t?:n/ girl/g?:l/
/? / better/bet?/ never/nev?/ worker/w?:k?/ welcome/welk?m/
/ei/ may/mei/ name/neim/ game/geim/ eight/eit/ age/eid?/
/?u/ no/n?u/ home/h?um/ hope/h?up/ wrote/r?ut/ note/n?ut/ pose/p?uz/
/ai/ eye/ai/ time/taim/ buy/bai/ right/rait/ bike/baik/ kite/kait/
/au/ now/nau/ out/aut/ how/hau/ about/ ?′baut/ south/s auθ/ house/h aus/
/?i /
boy/b?i/ toy/t?i/ noise/n?iz/ voice/v?is/ point/p?int/ coin/k?in/
boil spoil
/i?/ ear/i?/ near/ni?/ idea/ai′di?/ hear/hi?/ mere/mi?/ spear/spi?/
/ε?/ air/ε?/ tear/tε?/ care/kε?/ dare/dε?/ fair/f ε?/ there/eε?/
/u?/ tour/tu?/ poor/pu?/ sure/?u?/ moor/mu?/(停泊 ) your/ju?/
/p/ pea/pi:/ pie/pai/ top/t?p/ cap/k?p/ people/pi:pl/ pride/praid/
/b/ bee/bi:/ by/bai/ buy/bai/ black/bl?k/ bear/bε?/ /t/ let/let/ sat/s?t/ feet/fi:t/ team/ti:m/ tide/taid/
/d/ led/led/ sad/s?d/ feed/fi:d/ do/du:/ dear/di?/
/k/
lack/l?k/
take/teik/ clock/kl ?k/ class/kla:s/ weekend/′wi:kend/ /g/ big/big/
lag/l?g/
glass/gla:s/ gum/g?m/ good/gud/ guest/gest/
/f/ face/feis/ fast/fa:st/ leaf/li:f/ surf/s?:f/ favorite/ ′feiv?rit/ /v/ very/′veri/ five/faiv/ fever/′fi:v ?/ serve/s?:v/ never/′nev?/
/θ/ bath/ba:θ/(v 洗澡 ) thick/ θik/ mouth/mauθ/ breath/breθ/(n 呼吸 )
thought/θ?:t/ author/′?θ?/ truth/tru: θ/
/e/
the/ e?/ they/eei/ that/e?t/ mother/′m?e?/ thus/ e?s/ then/een/
/s/ face/feis/ mouse/maus/ cakes/keiks/ caps/k?ps/
likes/laiks/
stops/st?ps/
/z/ close/kl?uz/ keys/ki:z/ boys/b?iz/ pens/penz/ halves/ha:vz/
/t?/ catch/k?t ?/ cheep/t?i:p/ rich/rit ?/ watch/wt?/ child/t?aild/ question/kwest??n/
teach/ti:t ?/ challenge/t?lind ?/ /d?/ /tr/
orange/′?rid?/ large/la:d ?/ juice/d?u:s/ job/d ??b/
tree/tri:/ try/trai/ true/tru:/ trouble/traubl/ track/tr?k/
/dr/ dry/drai/ dream/dri:m/ dress/dres/ drink/dri ?k/ hundred/′h?ndrid/ /?/ /?/
she/?i:/ sharp/?a:p/ fish/fi ?/ shock/??k/ shoe/?u:/ pleasure/′ple??/ measure/′me??/ television/′telivi ??n/
/ts/ let ′s/lets/ sports/sp?:ts/ puts/puts/ writes/raits/ seats/si:ts/ /dz/ hands/h?ndz/ birds/b?:dz/ friends/freindz/ beds/bedz/ /h/ he/ hi:/ hard/ha:d/ him/him/ heard/h?:d/ half/ha:f/ /l/ like/laik/ late/leit/ learn/l?:n/ lead/li:d/ light/lait/
stands/st?ndz/
/m/ my/mai/ more/m?:/ seem/si:m/ meat/mi:t/ mind/maind/ men/men/ /n/
nice/nais/ wind/waind/
mind/maind/
rain/rein/ fine/fain/
beautiful/bju:t ?fl/
/? / sing/si?/ wing/wi ? / ring/ri? / long/l??/ /j/ /w/ /r/
you/ju:/ few/fju:/ yard/ja:d/ work/w?:k/
way/wei/
music/′mju:zik/ student/′stju:dnt/
what/w?t/
excuse/ik′skju:z/
twin/twin/
well/wel/ twelve/twelv/
red/red/ road/r?ud/ write/rait/ wrong/r??/ problem/′pr?bl?m/
音标综合练习
1./i:/ /i/ /e/ /?/ /bit/ bit /pet/ pet
/wi:k/ /di:l/ /ri ?l/ /kid/ /dig/ /kwik/ /tip/ /zip/ /rid/ /wil/ /fil/ week deal real kid dig quick tip zip rid will fill
/p?k/ /g?p/ /k?g/ /n?g/ /r?m/ /b?tl/ /sed/ /′h?pi/ /ten/ /red/ pack gap cap nag ram battle said happy ten red
/ ′setl/ /tr? ?/ /di′pend/
settle trash depend
2./a:/ / ?:/ / ? / /u:/ /u/
/a:sk/ /ma:sk/ /pa:st/ /fra:ns/ /?d/ /l?:n/ /n?:t/
/p?:z/ /f?ks/ /s?k/
ask
mask past France odd lawn naught pause fox
sock
/fa:/ far
/la:d ? / /ma:k/ large
/l?:d/ Lord
/t?:/ torch
/st?:m/ storm /θru:/
/p?t/ pot /pul/ pull
/kr?p/ /θ?t/
/pr?mis/ promise
mark crop thought /wud/ wood
/huk/ /lu:s/ /sut/ /tuk/ hook loose soot took 3./?/
/?/ /?/
/mud/ mood
through
/b?z/ /d?l/ buss dull /k?:b/ /?:k/ curb
irk
/′h?ri/ hurry
/g?lf/
gulf
/ ′tr?bl/ trouble
/?:n/ earn
/s?:f/ surf
/′t?:n?/ turner
/′beg?/ begger
/t?k/ tuck
/?′merik / America /′m?:d?/ murder
/′s?k?/ /′k? mp?/ /s?′vei/
survey
/p?′veid/ pervade
/p?′h? ps/ perhaps
soccer camper
/b?:′lesk/ burlesque 3./ei/ /?u/
/ai/ /au/ /?i /
/keip/ /greit/ /mein/ kape /raim/ rhyme 4./i?/
great
/pr?p?u z/ propose
/aust/ oust
/′m?u??n/ motion
/m?ist/ moist
/st?un/ /′?uv?/ /sait/ stone
/′?ist?/ oyster
main over
sight
/daut/ doubt /??/
/u?/
/′taipist/ typist
/vi ?/ /?′f??/ /d??/ /sk??/ veer affair /m?ti?ri?l/ material 5./θ/ /e/ /m?nθ/ /θi:f/
/bu?n/ bourn
/gu?d/ /′ru?r?l/ gourd
/? ′pi?/ /k ?l?mbi?/ appear
dare
scare rural
Colombia
/misti?ri?s/ mysterious
/e? t / that
/e? n/ than
/fei θ/ /t?′gee?/ /θ ??k/ faith
together thank
/e?m ′selvz / themselves
month thief
一 . 找出画线部分读音不同的单词 (每题 2 分 ,共 20 分 )
( ) 1. A. tea B. meat C. weather D. beach ( ) 2. A. back B. fast C. have D. map ( ) 3. A. warm B. garden C. market D. party ( ) 4. A. school B. tooth C. choose D. good ( ) 5. A. book B. moody C. look D. cook ( ) 6. A. June B. ruler C. put D. menu ( ) 7. A. push B. fun C. sun D. ugly ( ) 8. A. tiger B. her C. officer D. over ( ) 9. A. go B. no C. cold D. hot ( ) 10.A. like B. lion C. pizza D. Friday
）11．A ．too B． classroom C． broom D．afternoon （
）12．A ．housesB．spell C．student D． sister （
）13．A ．colour B．American C．doctor D． licence （
）14．A ．teacher B． seat C． sweater D．please （
）15．A ．which B． who C． what D．where （ ）16．A ．little B． thing C．white D． with （
）17．A ．yellow B． brown C．window D． know （
）18．A ．worry B．sky C． only D．many （ ）19．A ．school B．chair C．China D． much （ ）20．A ．these B．they C． brother D．three （
( )21. A. brother B. come C. police D .mothers ( )22. A .cinema B. climb C. sister D. film ( )23. A. these B. bath C. think D .health ( )24 . A. morning B. color C. work D. doctor ( )25. A. basement B. favorite C. basket D. table ( )26. A. island B. small C. ask D. helps ( )27. A. mouth B. dangerous C. thousand D. about ( )28. A. beach B. meal C. theatre D. leave ( )29. A. how B. snow C. tomorrow D. own ( )30. A. large B. language C. giraffe D. great 二．根据音标写单词：
[blu:] [fa:]
[tju:b]
[da:ns] [laik]
[flai]
[mu:n] [geit]
[lend]
[ priti] [f ?mili]
[ lesn ] [plei] [ [f
[
h?pi ] ?ks]
]
[t ?′ gee?] [meni]
三．在单词音标的下面写出单词： 1 单元音：
taig ?
2、双元音：
3、清、浊辅音：
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