谓语动词的语态（1）
1. 你知道什么是语态吗？它分为几种呢？
语态是动词的一种形式，用以说明主语与谓语动词之间的关系； 英语中的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。 2. 主动语态和被动语态有什么区别呢？
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者；被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 情景一：被动语态的结构 ● 主语 + be + done(过去分词) 例1 He cleans the room every weekend. （主动句） The room is cleaned by him every weekend. （被动句） 例2 Someone stole his bike yesterday. His bike was stolen by someone yesterday. 【变化口诀】：宾变主来，主变宾；谓变be done, 时不变；注意数格，抄其余； 从上面的例句中，你发现什么规律了吗？什么样的主动句才能变被动句？ 只有及物动词 clean (the room); steal (his bike) 才具有被动语态； 情景二：被动语态的用法 ● 不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 This desk is made of wood. 这个桌子是木制的。 ● 强调动作的承受者，而不是强调动作的执行者。 This book is written by Luxun. 这本书是由鲁迅写的。 情景三：被动语态的时态 ①一般现在时的被动语态：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 * Our classroom is cleaned every day. * Knives are used for cutting things. ② 一般过去时的被动语态：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 * A new shop was built last year. * Some trees were planted along the river last month. ③ 一般将来时的被动语态：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 * A new hospital will be built in our city. * Many more trees will be planted next year. ④ 现在完成时的被动语态：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 * This book has been translated into many languages. * Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
让我们来总结一下规律吧。
把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤： ① 先找出谓语动词； ② 再找出谓语动词后的宾语； ③ 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； ④ 注意人称、时态和数的变化。
下面我们来小试身手吧, 把下面的句子改为被动句。
1. Bruce writes a letter every week. ___________________________________
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning. ___________________________________ 3. He has written two novels so far. ____________________________________ 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow. ____________________________________ 5. You must lock the door when you leave. ____________________________________ 6. Lucy is writing a letter now. ____________________________________ 答案：
1. A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. The door must be locked when you leave. 6. A letter is being written by Lucy now.
谓语动词的语态（2）
1.你还记得上一节我们所讲的被动语态的结构？
被动语态的结构：be + 过去分词 ；其实我们还会用到 get + 过去分词 2.你知道这两种被动语态的区别吗？
“be + 过去分词”多用来表示状态；“get + 过去分词”多用来表示动作或动作的结果和逐渐变化。 情景一：“be + 过去分词” 与 “get + 过去分词”的区别 1.These young people are married and they got married last year. 这些年轻人都已经成家了。他们是去年结婚的。 【解析】句中的are married 表状态；got married 表示结婚的动作 2.The tree is broken and it got broken in the storm. 这棵树断了，是在暴风雨中被折断的。 【解析】句中的 is broken 表示状态和客观事实；got broken 表示被折断的动作 情景二：容易出错的被动语态 使役动词 make --- make sb do sth, let --- let sb do sth 等 感官动词 see--- see sb do sth, watch--- watch sb do sth，hear --- hear sb do sth 等，变成被动语态时，注意！！！ 1. We saw her play soccer on the playground. (主动语态） She was seen to play soccer on the playground. (被动语态) 2. The boss made us work until midnight yesterday. (主动语态) We were made to work until midnight yesterday. (被动语态) 3. We often hear Lily sing English songs in her room. (主动语态) Lily is often heard to sing English songs in her room. (被动语态) 情景三：不用被动语态的两种情况 ● 系动词无被动语态 (taste, look, feel, smell,sound, remain 等) This kinds of cake is tasted good. × The sofa is felt very soft. × This kind of cake tastes good. √ The sofa feels very soft. √ ● 不及物动词无被动语态 What was happened just now? × The plane was disappeared in the sky. × What happened just now? √ The plane disappeared in the sky. √ 被动语态的综合练习题
1. When I ______ once ______ about my Chinese dream, I hoped all children especially girls received a good education. A. have; asked B. am; asked C. was; asked D. was; asking
2. --Can Mr. King spare some time for the evening party? --If he ______, he must try his best to make it. A. will be invited B. is invited C. invites D. will invite
3.Music is an international language that ______ all over the world. A. is understand was understand
B. understood
C. understands
D.
4.--Do you know when the Reader《朗读者》on CCTV 1 ______ every week? --Sure. At 8:10 every Saturday evening. A. will be held B. was held D. is held
5.--It’s 10 o’clock. I am afraid that I can’t finish the report tonight. --Don’t worry. You ______ plenty of time to do it tomorrow. A. give B. will give D. were given
C. held
C. will be given
答案：
1. C ask me about my Chinese dream 的被动，从主句中 hoped 可知是过去时的被动。 2. B invite him to the party 的被动，时态上符合主将从现，可知是一般现在时的被动。 3. A understand language的被动，从主句的时态上判断，可知是一般现在时的被动。 4. D hold the Reader on CCTV 1 的被动, 从every week 可知是一般现在时的被动。 5. C give you plenty of time to do it 的被动，从 tomorrow上可知，是将来时的被动。
二、英语书面表达专项训练
2．书面表达
南京阳光中学每年要接特来自世界各地的交流学生。为了让他们更好地在南京学习生活，校学生会面向全体学生招募“阳光志愿者”。假如你是李明，请根据下面招募广告，用英文写一封自荐信。
Volunteers Wanted Required Qualifications Good English and Chinese Helpful, patient, outgoing Good knowledge of Chinese culture Duties
Teach Chinese＆introduce Chinese culture Show exchange students around Nanjing Working hours
4:00 p.m.-5:00 p.m. Wednesday, 8:00 a.m.-12:00 am. Sunday Contact Info.
Ms. Yang Email: iindayang@163.com Join us! 注意：
1. 对所有要点逐一陈述，适当发挥。
2. 词数80左右，自荐信的开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数． 3. 文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等． Dear Ms. Yang
I would to be a sunshine volunteer. ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ I will be very happy if I am chosen .to be a volunteer.. I'm really looking forward to your reply.
Yours sincerely Li Ming
【答案】Dear Ms. Yang,
I would like to be sunshine volunteer.First I am good at both English and Chinese.And I am sure I can teach exchange students Chinese well.I am also helpful and I am always ready to help those in need.Besides,I am patient enough everything in detail.i have such a good knowledge of the Chinese culture that can help them know the beauty of it.I can make good plans for their trips because I know Nanjing well.I am outgoing and I think it’s easy for me to make friends with them,I am free from 4:00p.m. to 5:00p.m. on Wednesday.I can teach them Chinese during this time.I can also spend the whole Sunday morning showing them around Nanjing.
I will be very happy if I am chosen to be a volunteer.Iam really looking forward to your reply. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 【解析】 【分析】
这篇书面表达是写一封作学校“阳光志愿者”的自荐信。 【详解】
这是篇材料作文。招募广告即写作的主要内容，考生可从自己是否满足招募要求入手。在写作时，首先要选择自己熟悉的短语或者句型，在能力范围之内，选择句式时要赋予变化，这样才可以更好的驾驭。同时也要选择合适的连接词，把各个要点组织成一个完整的整体。
3．(B)根据要求完成大作文,词数:80-100
体育运动是中学生的共同爱好.请根据下面提示写一篇题为What We Get from Sports 的短文,应该包含以下要点:
1,学生参加体育运动的兴趣不同,理由各异. 2.多数学生学习疲倦时,通过运动来放松自己. 3.男孩参加各项体育运动,希望运动能使自己更强壮. 4.女孩也喜欢运动，希望运动使自己减肥和保持健康,苗条. 5.你对运动的观点.
6.注意:文中不得出现自己的名字和学校的名字 7.短文开头已给出,不计入词数. 8.参考词语:keep slim (保持苗条) What We Get from Sports
Students in our school have one thing in common an interest in
sports.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】Students in our school have one thing in common an interest in sports. But different students have different reasons for taking part in sports.
Many students have sports when they feel tired after study. They just want to relax themselves and have fun. Most boys love sports. They take part in all kinds of sports in order to become stronger. They join in the sports that interest them most, such as soccer, basketball and volleyball. As for girls, they want to lose weight. They want to keep slim, so they also like taking exercise. In my opinion, no matter what reasons we have, we all can get a lot from sports. 【解析】 【详解】
本篇写作主要是谈论自己对运动的观点和看法，应该用一般现在时态，写作要点要包括：1.提出目前学生对运动的不同看法及原因。2.具体分析（多数学生的观点、男生的观点、女生的观点）。3.提出自己对运动的观点。
亮点说明：这是一篇优秀的作文，很好地完成了试题规定的任务，语言表达符合英语习惯，准确运用时态，主谓一致，在文中使用了时间状语从句，定语从句，特别使用一些亮点词句，如have fun，in order to，as for，in my opinion等。增强逻辑关系，增加上下文意思连贯，句子通顺，行文连贯。
4．初中生活即将结束，学校英语俱乐部特邀你写一篇英语短文,给七年级新生的学习生活提几点建议。 内容要点如下：
1. 初中科目更多，好的学习方法很重要； 2. 锻炼身体，保持健康；
3. 参加社团活动，使学校生活丰富； 4. 多读书，多交朋友； 5. 补充一两点个人想法。 注意：
1. 文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称； 2. 词数：60－80；
3. 内容连贯，不要逐条翻译； 4. 短文的开头已给出，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：method n. 方法 club n．社团 colorful adj.丰富的 Welcome to our school!
________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】I will graduate from my school. Therefore I’d like to share something with you. Firstly,because of many subjects in middle school, it is important for you to have your own study methods. In order to be better at study, you must do more exercise to keep healthy. Secondly, you can join in some club activities to make school life more colorful in your spare time. In other words, please keep balance between school life and study. In addition, it is a good choice to make more friends and read more books. At last, if you have problems in school life, please talk with
your teachers or parents. They are always there waiting for you. I hope you will have a wonderful school life. 【解析】
试题分析：这是一篇给材料作文，自己即将毕业，给七年级新生的学习生活提几点建议。结合所给的材料，可知本文主要考查一般现在时和一般将来时，以第一人称为主，要注意主谓一致，所写的句子要符合英语语法，用自己熟悉的单词和句式来写。
写作亮点：本文结构紧凑，开头两句很自然地过渡到正文上来。用了短语和句式，如：graduate from毕业于；share sth with sb和某人分享某事；wait for等候等，用来一些过渡词或短语，如：Firstly, Secondly,In other words, At last等，上下文衔接很自然。
5．假如你是李明，5月18日星期六这一天，你与几位同班同学一起参观了水上公园 (Water Park)。请根据下面的内容提示，写一篇日记。 (1)乘.坐大巴约一小时后到达目的地，游客多； (2)上午划船，下午看了许多动物，例如…： (3)碰到几位外国朋友并与他们交谈： (4)看到了乱扔垃圾、插队等不良现象： (5)你的感想…
参考词汇：.插队cut in line 要求：
(1)词数：80〜100个。
(2)短文的开头己给出，不计入总词数 (3)要点齐全，行文连贯，可适当发挥•
May 18, Saturday Fine
Today I visited Water Park with several of my
classmates.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】May 18, Saturday Fine
Today I visited Water Park with several of mv classmates. It took us about an hour to get there by bus. When we arrived, there were a lot of visitors.
In the morning, we went boating and enjoyed ourselves. We saw many animals, such as pandas, giraffes and monkeys in the afternoon. They are so lovely. We met some foreign guests and talked with them happily. However, during our visit we saw some people throwing rubbish and cutting in line.
In my opinion, it is our duty to protect the environment and follow the rules in public. And I hope changes will take place in the future. 【解析】 【详解】
这是一篇给材料作文，要求写参观日记。动笔前应根据材料内容组织语言，列出简单提纲，确定句子的时态和关键单词等问题。为了使语言更显亲切，在写作时主语用第一人称，时态以一般过去时为主。同时注意时间状语与时态的搭配及主谓一致问题，适当使用连词，注意标点符号及大小写等问题，不要犯语法错误，做到语意连贯。 【点睛】
此类作文首先要做的就是认真阅读题目要求，结合所给材料确定内容，不能跑题偏题。写作中注意一些基础的写作常识，不犯低级错误。只要平时积累足够，就一定能获得满意的分数。另外为了应对考试，可以有选择的背诵一些范文，这样应考时就会有法可依。
6．旅行是学习的最好方式之一。请以“Travelling”为题，根据以下思维导图的提示，写一篇短文，并发表你的看法。 注意：
1. 要点齐全，适当发挥；
2. 从思维导图Sayings部分，选择恰当的格合理利用在短文中； 3. 词数：100词左右；
【答案】例文
Travelling is one of the best ways for learning. You may have read or heard about something, but you can never get an exact picture of it until you see it yourself. Seeing is believing. If you are a careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit. You can also create great memories for your lifetime. Furthermore, while travelling, you can meet more people and make more friends. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. 【解析】 【详解】
这篇短文使用了大量的固定句式和短语，为文章增色不少，如one of the best ways，learn much，an exact picture of，a careful observer，seeing is believing，no matter，a lot等。而非谓语动词结构Seeing is believing./ Furthermore, while travelling, you can meet more people and make more friends.和If you are a careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit./ No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling.等复杂从句结构的运用，丰富了短文内容，使表达多样化，是本文的亮点。在学习中注意总结牢记一些固定句式及短语，写作时就可以适当引用，使文章表达更有逻辑性，也更富有条理。
【点睛】
书面表达题既不是汉译英，也不是可任意发挥的作文。它要求将所规定的材料内容经整理后展开思维，考查运用所学英语知识准确表达意思的能力。所以，考生不能遗漏要点，要尽量使用自己熟悉的单词、短语和句式，尽可能使用高级词汇和较复杂的句式结构以便得到较高的分数。
7．书面表达
难忘的初中生活即将结束。你们班计划举行“告别初中生活”的主题班会。假如你是班长，根据以下提示，用英语写一则通知。要点如下： 1. 时间：6月26日下午3:00. 2. 地点:六楼会议室 3. 活动内容：
1） 对老师用话语表达谢意；2）与同学交流自己的将来的梦想；3)师生合影，互赠留言等等。
参考词汇：look back at , say goodbye to, express thanks to , talk about, take photos.. 备注：词数100左右，通知开头已拟好，不计入总数。 Boys and girls,
The wonderful middle school life will go to the end._______________________ 【答案】Boys and girls,
The wonderful middle school life will go to the end. In the past three years, we have studied and stayed together. Looking back at the days we spend together, how sweet we feel. In order to keep the happy times in our hearts for ever, we are going to have a class meeting on the afternoon of June 26 next week. The theme of the class meeting is saying goodbye to our middle school life. It will be held in Conference Room on the Sixth Floor.
We are going to have some meaningful activities. To express thanks to our teachers, we each should say a thankful word to our dear teachers. We can chat freely with our classmates and teachers about our plans of the summer vacation. We can even talk about the dreams of our future. Then, we are going to take some photos with our teachers and classmates. In the end, we may give our wishes to each other. Don't be late! That's all. Thank you! 【解析】 【详解】
这篇短文使用了大量的固定句式和短语，为文章增色不少，如In order to，look back at，be going to，have a class meeting，say goodbye to，talk about，the dreams of，take some photos，in the end，each other，be late等。而复杂单句结构In order to keep the happy times in our hearts forever, we are going to have a class meeting on the afternoon of June 26 next week./ To express thanks to our teachers, we each should say a thankful word to our dear teachers.和Then, we are going to take some photos with our teachers and classmates.的运用，丰富了短文内容，使表达多样化，是本文的亮点。在学习中注意总结牢记一些固定句式及短语，写作时就可以适当引用，使文章表达更有逻辑性，也更富有条理。
【点睛】
书面表达题既不是汉译英，也不是可任意发挥的作文。它要求将所规定的材料内容经整理后展开思维，考查运用所学英语知识准确表达意思的能力。所以，考生不能遗漏要点，要尽量使用自己熟悉的单词、短语和句式，尽可能使用高级词汇和较复杂的句式结构以便得到较高的分数。
8．现在智能手机（smartphone）越来越普及，很多中学生都有智能手机。请你根据下面的提示，写一篇不少于80词的英语短文，谈一谈你对智能手机的看法，可适当发挥。 提示：1、在生活中你用智能手机做什么？ 2、智能手机对你的生活产生了怎样的影响？ 3、你对中学生使用智能手机有什么看法？
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】例文：The smartphone is becoming more and more popular nowadays .I also have a smartphone .I usually use it to send text messages, play games,watch videos, listen to music and learn English .It is very useful and convenient. In fact,the smartphone makes my life colorful. However ,every coin has two sides.Sometimes I spend too much time playing games on the smartphone and get bad results in exams.
So I think we students should use our smartphones properly and don’t use them too much .We should pay more attention to our studies. 【解析】 【详解】
这是一篇给材料作文，要求根据内容提示，写一篇英语短文，谈一谈你对智能手机的看法。文章时态主要用一般现在时，人称主要用第一、第三人称。首先认真审题，看清题目中的要求和要点；然后根据提示内容，列出写作要点及每个要点中可能要用到的表达；然后紧扣要点，动笔写作。在写作时，注意连句成篇，保持文章的连贯性，要层次清楚，要点分明，中心突出。同时要注意语言的表述应该符合语法的结构，造句应该符合英语的表达习惯；尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，最好不要写太长的复合句；尽量选取简单的易拼写的单词，确保正确率；词汇、句式要丰富多样，可以为文章增色添彩。最后要细心复核检查，确保正确无误。
9．Life is just like a mirror, you smile at it, and it smiles at you, too. 请你以“Learn to Smile”为题，根据下表所列的要点写一篇100词左右的文章（文章开头已给出）。
1、面对困难与烦恼学会微笑（考试失利、被别人误解等）。 学会对自己微笑 2、使你自信，击败你的人有时就是你自己。 3、有益于身心健康。 学会对他人微笑 1、便于与他人之间的交流。 2、给别人带来快乐,自己也快乐。 微笑是一种语言 人人都能懂，传递友谊，拉近距离。 1、参考词汇： 对某人微笑 smile at sb. 误解 misunderstand
2、短文必须包括所有内容要点，不要逐字翻译，可适当发挥，使短文连贯通顺。 Learn to Smile
I remember a song by Westlife, the first sentence of it is “Just a smile and the rain is gone.” Do you like smiling? I think you should learn to smile .
___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 【答案】Learn to Smile
I remember a song by Westlife, the first sentence of it is “Just a smile and the rain is gone.” Do you like smiling? I think you should learn to smile .
First, learn to smile at yourself when something unpleasant happens in your life. If you fail an exam or you are misunderstood by your friends, don’t be sad. Just smile at yourself . Smiling at yourself brings back your confidence . Sometimes the one who beats you is not others, but yourself. And smile can also keep you healthy.
Second, learn to smile at others. It will make you communicate better with people. Smiling at others makes yourself happy as well.
In a word, smile is a kind of language belonging to everyone. It passes love and friendship and helps shorten the distance between you and other people. Living with a smile ,every day will be
shiny. 【解析】
这是一篇表格式的作文，要点是一表格的形式出现，首先要研究表格，找出需要表达的要点，然后加以整合，也可以适当增加使意思更连贯，但要点一定要全，不能漏掉。写作时要注意遣词造句，不能受汉语的影响，要用地道的英语表达，注意时态，语态，单词拼写，语法等问题，用好简单句，适当用复杂句。可以用一些高级词汇。还要注意句子的关联。
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