副词和形容词有着千丝万缕的联系,相当比例的副词都是形容词加后缀-ly构成的,但副词在句中的作用却与形容词有较大区别,需细心领会:副词最主要的功能是作状语,用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、甚至整个句子,这些都是形容词不可替代的作用,但切记在TOEFL题中不可修饰名词 副词可大致分为时间副词(如:now, then, recently), 地点副词(如:here, upstairs, everywhere), 方式副词(如:carefully, rapidly, happily), 程度副词(如:much, quite, extremely), 疑问副词(如:how, when, where), 承接副词(如:besides, however, therefore)等等
副词比较级和最高级的用法基本和形容词相同,形容词比较级的特殊句式同样适用于副词,稍有不同的是副词最高级前的the可用可不用,不用时居多。副词比较级和最高级作为考点的不多,但在题干中多次出现,可留心体会与形容词的区别和联系
第一节 副词修饰动词
修饰动词是副词的最主要作用之一,此处动词的含义包括谓语动词、不定式中的动词,被动式或进行时中的分词形式的动词
例如:You can't possibly arrive there on time. (谓语动词) It's inconvenient to contact him directly. (不定式中的动词)
Her composition is frequently referred to as original. (被动式)
改错题中常误用形容词修饰动词,要注意识别 例题: (1)
In the United States, sleds for recreation were first produced commercial in the A B C 1870's or thereabouts. D
答案:C
应改为:commercially
解释:形容词commercial不能修饰谓语动词produce, 需改为副词
(2)
According to anthropologists, the earliest ancestors of humans that stood upright resembled chimpanzees ----, with sloping foreheads and protruding brows. (A) facially (B) their faces (C) having facial (D) they had faces
答案:A
解释:resemble一词是本句的谓语动词, 已有了宾语chimpanzees, 之后需要的只可能是用来补充说明的非谓语, B、D可先排除; facial是形容词, 不能作have的宾语, 因此C肯定不对; A是副词, 恰好修饰动词作状语
第二节 程度副词much等
程度副词much, still, far, a little, a bit 的特殊之处在于:可用来修饰比较级,表示加强或减弱程度。 如: I'm much clearer about the situation now. She's not a bit more rational than you were.
注意:much不能加形容词原形代替比较级
比如想说更有耐心:不能够说much patient, 而应该说more patient; 同时more也不能替代much修饰比较级,
比如要说低得多:不能说more lower , 而应该说much lower;
例句:She is far better than me at English. ( 在英语方面她比我好的多) 例题: (1)
Watercolors dry more faster than other paints. A B C D
答案:C
应改为:much faster
解释:比较级more不能修饰比较级faster, 应改为程度副词much
(2)
Reptiles are widely distributed all over the world, but are much abundant in warm A B
regions and are virtually absent beyond the treeline in the Arctic. C D
答案:B
应改为:more. 解释:much作为形容词不能修饰另一个形容词, 而作副词时只能修饰形容词比较级, 如much better, much more expensive, 依句意是要将爬行动物在温带地区和寒带地区的分布加以对比, 因此改为比较级more abundant
(3)
Aluminum is the most abundant metal in the crust of the Earth, but the nonmetals A B C oxygen and silicon are more still abundant. D
考点:程度副词 答案:D
应改为:still more
解释:程度副词still修饰比较级more时,应置于其前, 词汇:crust: 地壳 silicon: 硅
(4)
A goose's neck is a tiny longer than that of a duck and not so gracefully curved as a A B C D swan's.
考点:程度副词 答案:A
应改为:little
解释:形容词tiny不能修饰比较级longer, 应改用程度副词a little 词汇:gracefully: 优雅地, swan: 天鹅
第三节 副词在句中的位置
副词在句中的位置比较灵活,放在句首、句中、句尾都有可能,这是副词的优点,但同时给英语学习者带来了麻烦,往往难以抉择副词的位置,TOEFL出题者也借此大做文章,给考生制造障碍,在填空题、改错题中都涉及语序问题
几点参考规则:
1. 多数副词放在修饰的动词之后,若动词有宾语则放在宾语之后,如: She sings very well.
I met your uncle(动词的宾语) just now. I met just now your uncle (错)
2. 副词修饰形容词、介词短语、副词时常放在被修饰成分之前,如: These two are only slightly different. right after this, very smoothly
当然,副词enough是一个例外,要放在修饰成分的后面,如: I am not good enough to do this job. (对) I am not enough good to do this job. (错)
3. 表示频率的副词常放在实意动词之前,be动词之后,如:
He often/ always/ rarely/seldom/never play(实意动词) tennis. He is always here at 8'clock. (be动词之后)
4. 部分副词的位置没有一定的规定,原则上接近被修饰词即可,如: only, even, still, perhaps, etc.
例题: (1)
When rainbows appear, they are always in the part of the sky opposite directly the A B C D Sun.
答案:D
应改为:directly opposite.
解释:opposite 与the Sun 构成介宾短语, 修饰副词directly必须置于opposite之前 (2)
Amoebas are ---- small to be seen without a microscope. (A) far too (B) far and (C) so far (D) as far as
答案:A
解释:空格前是句子的主谓语,空格处需要small的修饰语,B, C, D都不能修饰形容词, 故选A, 由副词too修饰small,副词far用来加深程度
第四节 容易混淆的词
hard (努力,副词) -hardly (几乎不,副词) close (接近,形容词) -closely(接近,副词)
near (接近,形容词) -nearly (几乎,副词), nearby (adj.邻近的) most (大多数的,形容词) -mostly(主要地,大部分 副词)
late (迟、晚,形容词) -lately (最近,副词),later(adv.稍后的) high (高的,形容词) -highly (adv. 非常,大大的) 另外: friendly(友好的), lovely(可爱的、有趣的),尽管词尾有ly, 但是都是形容词 例题: (1)
Chief Joseph La Flesche, a vigorous Omaha leader, worked hardly to make his nation A B a proud and progressive one. C D
答案:B
应改为:hard
解释:hard和hardly都是副词,前者表示努力地,后者表示几乎不,依据题意应改用hard 词汇:vigorous: 精力充沛的,progressive: 进步的
(2)
Glaciers that develop nearly the North and South Poles advance into the sea, break A B C D into pieces, and become icebergs.
答案:B
应改为:near
解释:nearly是副词,意为几乎,在此句中讲不通,改为介词near才可与名词the North and South Poles构成地点状语
词汇:glacier: 冰河, iceberg: 冰山
(3)
Those electrons most closely to the nucleus are held there by electromagnetic force. A B C D
答案:B
应改为:most close
解释:副词closely 不能修饰名词electrons, 应改为形容词, close to 构成形容词短语, 作electrons的后置定语
词汇:electron: 电子, electromagnetic: 电磁
因篇幅问题不能全部显示,请点此查看更多更全内容