四级阅读理解专项训练

Section 1 Passage 1

The medical world is gradually realizing that the quality of the environment in hospitals may play a significant role in the process of recovery from illness.

As part of a nationwide effort in Britain to bring art out of the galleries and into public places, some of the country's most talented artists have been called in to transform older hospitals and to soften the hard edges of modern buildings. Of the 2,500 National Health Service hospitals in Britain, almost 100 now have significant collections of contemporary art in corridors, waiting areas and treatment rooms.

These recent initiatives owe a great deal to one artist, Peter Senior, who set up his studio at a Manchester hospital in northeastern England during the early 1970s. He felt the artist had lost his place in modern society, and that art should be enjoyed by a wider audience. A typical hospital waiting room might have as many as 500 visitors each week. What better place to hold regular exhibitions of art? Senior held the first exhibition of his own paintings in the out-patients waiting area of the Manchester Royal Hospital in 1975. Believed to be Britain's first hospital artist, Senior was so much in demand that he was soon joined by a team of six young art school graduates.

The effect is striking. Now in the corridors and waiting rooms the visitor experiences a full view of fresh colors, playful images and restful courtyards.

The quality of the environment may reduce the need for expensive drugs when a patient is recovering from an illness. A study has shown that patients who had a view onto a garden

needed half the number of strong pain killers compared with patients who had no view at all or only a brick wall to look at.

在医学的世界在医院环境质量可能重要作用从疾病中恢复的过程中逐步实现。在英国，使艺术走出画廊，进入公众地方的全国性努力的一部分，作为国家的最有才华的艺术家的一些被称为改造旧医院，软化硬边缘的现代建筑。一位艺术家，彼得高级，在七十年代初期的过程中他的工作室在东北英格兰曼彻斯特医院设立这些最近的倡议欠了很多。他觉得这位艺术家失去了他在

现代社会，地方和艺术的问题，应受到更多的观众。典型医院候诊室可能有多达 500 游客每周。举行定期艺术展览的什么更好的地方？高级 1975 年曼彻斯特皇家医院的等候区举行他自己画的门诊病人的第一个展览。高级认为是英国的第一个医院的艺术家，是很多他很快就加入了由一个小组的六个年轻美术学校的毕业生的需求。影响惊人现在在走廊和等候室访问者体验新鲜的颜色、 嬉戏的图像和 rest 风格的庭院的完整视图。病人从一

种疾病，恢复时，环境质量可能减少昂贵的药物的需要。一项研究显示，病人都有一个视图到花园上需要一半的与病人都在所有有没有视图或撞墙看比较强止痛药。

21. According to the passage, \"to soften the hard edges of modern buildings\" means A. to pull down hospital buildings B. to decorate hospitals with art collections C. to improve the quality of treatment in hospitals D. to make the corners of hospital buildings round 22. What can we say of Peter Senior?

A. He is a pioneer in introducing art into hospitals. B. He is a doctor interested in painting.

C. He is an artist who has a large collection of paintings. D. He is a faithful follower of hospital art. 23. According to Peter Senior, _______. A. art is losing its audience in modern society B. art galleries should be changed into hospitals C. patients should be encouraged to learn painting D. art should be encouraged in British hospitals

24. After the improvement of the hospital environment, _______. A. patients no longer need drugs in their recovery

B. patients are no longer wholly dependent on expensive drugs C. patients need good-quality drugs in their recovery D. patients use fewer pain killers in their recovery

25. The fact that six young art school graduates joined Peter shows that_______. A. Peter's enterprise is developing greatly B. Peter Senior enjoys great popularity C. they are talented hospital artists

D. the role of hospital environment is being recognized Passage 2

Directions: The passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Polyester (聚酯 ) is now being used for bottles. ICI, the chemicals and plastics company, believes that it is now beginning to break the grip of glass on the bottle business and thus take advantage of this huge market.

All the plastics manufacturers have been experiencing hard times as their traditional products have been doing badly world-wide for the last few years. Between 1982 and 1984 the Plastics Division of ICI had lost a hundred and twenty million dollars, and they felt that the. most hopeful new market was in packaging, bottles and cans.

Since 1982 it has opened three new factories producing \"Melinar\which high quality polyester bottles are made.

The polyester bottle was born in the 1970s, when soft drinks companies like Coca Cola

started selling their drinks in giant two-liter containers. Because of the build-up of the pressure of gas in these large containers, glass was unsuitable. Nor was PVC, the plastic which had been used for bottles since the 1960s, suitable for drinks with gas in them. A new plastic had to be made.

Glass is still cheaper for the smaller bottles, and will continue to be so unless oil and plastic become much cheaper, but plastic does well for the larger sizes.

Polyester bottles are virtually unbreakable. The manufacturers claim they are also lighter, less noisy when being handled, and can be reused. Shopkeepers and other business people are unlikely to object to a change from glass to polyester, since these bottles mean few breakages, which are costly and time-consuming. The public, though, have been more difficult to persuade. ICI's commercial department is developing different bottles with interesting shapes, to try and make them visually more attractive to the public.

The next step could be to develop a plastic which could replace tins for food. The problem here is the high temperatures necessary for cooking the food in the container. 26. Plastics of various kinds have been used for making bottles__________. A. since 1982

B. since the 1970s but only for large bottles

C. since the 1960s but not for liquids with gas in them D. since companies like Coca Cola first tried them

27. Why is ICI's Plastics Division interested in polyester for bottles? A. The other things they make are not selling well. B. Glass manufacturers cannot make enough new bottles. C. They have factories which could be adapted to make it. D. The price of oil keeps changing.

28. Why aren't all bottles now made of polyester?

A. The price of oil and plastic has risen. B. It is not suitable for containing gassy drinks. C. The public like traditional glass bottles. D. Shop-keepers dislike reusable bottles.

29. Manufacturers think polyester bottles are better than glass bottles because they A. are cheaper B. are more suited to small sizes C. are more exciting to look at D. do not break easily

30. Plastic containers for holding food in the same way as cans______. A. have been used for many years

B. are an idea that interests the plastics companies C. are possible, but only for hot food

D. are the first things being made in the new factories

存

Section 2 Passage 1

There are two factors which determine an individual's intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born with. Human brains differ considerably , some being more capable than others. But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with, an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn. So the second factor is what happens to the individual— the sort of environment in which he is brought up. If an individual is handicapped(不利) environmentally, it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.

The importance of environment in determining an individual's intelligence can be demonstrated by the case history of the identical twins, Peter and Mark. Being identical, the

twins had identical brains at birth, and their growth processes were the same. When the twins were three months old, their parents died, and they were placed in separate foster(抚养) homes. Peter was raised by parents of low intelligence in an isolated community with poor educational opportunities. Mark was reared in the home of well-to-do parents who had been to college. He was read to as a child, sent to good schools, and given every opportunity to be stimulated intellectually. This environmental difference continued until the twins were in their late teens, when they were given tests to measure their intelligence. Mark's I. Q. was 125, twenty-five points higher than the average and fully forty points higher than his identical brother. Given equal opportunities, the twins, having identical brains, would have tested at roughly the same level.

21. This selection can best be titled____________.

A. Measuring Your Intelligence B. Intelligence and Environment C. The Case of Peter and Mark D. How the Brain Influences Intelligence 22. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that _______. A. human brains differ considerably

B. the brain a person is born with is important in determining his intelligence C. environment is crucial in determining a person's intelligence

D. persons having identical brains will have roughly the same intelligence 23. According to the passage, the average I. Q. is_______. A. 85 B. 100 C. 110 D. 125

24. The case history of the twins appears to support the conclusion that_______. A. individuals with identical brains seldom test at the same level B. an individual's intelligence is determined only by his environment C. lack of opportunity blocks the growth of intelligence

D. changes of environment produce changes in the structure of the brain 25. This passage suggests that an individual's I. Q. _______.

A. can be predicted at birth B. stays the same throughout his life C. can be increased by education D. is determined by his childhood Passage 2

As a reliable travel agency, we really do try to describe our centers and accommodation as realistically as possible. All our Super Centers and Main Centers have been extensively investigated during the winter season 1975-1976. As a result we have first-hand information on the way in which hotels, life networks and ski schools, etc. operate during the season. We have not been able to investigate, at first hand, all our Independent Centers during the last season but all have been visited during the past three seasons. Should you need any more information about these centers we will try to get it for you. Our American centers have been investigated on our behalf by United Airlines Tours Department and by the U. S. tour operators who are assisting United and ourselves to offer you this novel program to the United States.

Where possible we have eliminated the use of superlatives from the text (possibly making our brochure(小册子) less attractive to read than it might be) and have concentrated on as accurate a description as possible. Nevertheless you should bear in mind that your opinion and the opinion of our investigator might differ and there may be changes between the time of a visit by our investigator and the visit of one of our customers.

We trust that it is evident to you that we have done all in our power to eliminate misdescription and that there really is no question of misrepresenta-tion on our part—either careless or otherwise. We welcome your constructive criticism—it is the best way we know of improving our brochures and our service. Although complaints are very expensive to handle, your complaint or criticism will be thoroughly investigated and a refund (退赔 ) made if it is justified—none will be made if it isn't.

26. The firm claims that all its winter sports centers have been the recent target of A. a program of personal visits

B. intensive enquiries about facilities C. attempts to increase hotel accommodation D. an improved information service

27. The \"Independent Centers\" were personally inspected_______. A. the year before last B. three years ago

C. between 1975 and 1976 D. within the last three seasons 28. The program of tours to the United States appears to be_______. A. a new collaboration with U. S. travel firms B. newly taken over by U. S. tour operations C. a new independent venture D. organized by United Airlines

29. Their brochure would be more attractive to read, they say, if_______. A. it were less truthful B. it used fewer superlatives C. it eliminated description D. it were more encouraged

30. The firm's claim is that their program is improved by_______. A. helpful fault-finding by customers

B. attractive description of the centers in every brochure C. a standard policy of prompt repayment D. careful control of the hotels Section 3 Passage 1

At the close of each business day, most trained teachers, administrators, politicians, and statesmen make objective analyses of all that has transpired. They then carefully evaluate performance in the achievement of certain specified objectives. You, as a student, would be wise to adopt the same practice and reflect upon your performance in relating to the achievement of certain personal and educational objectives.

First, what was your purpose, your motivational force in seeking an education? Did you seek an education in active performance, or did you seek to be educated in passive reception and automatic acquisition(获取) of information that was fed to you? Was the profit motive your primary motivation for obtaining an education? Do you want a better education for the sole purpose of getting a better job? What does the educational process really mean to you? We are part of a world in which men thrill to the touch of gold and hearts respond to the word money instead of being thrilled by the thought of good. We five in a world in which we are taught that the pursuit of happiness is an equation for the most rapid acquisition of money, by whatever means.

If profit and money are your first priorities, and compassion and commitment to people your least concern, you have done little other than accumulate some facts and compile some information for future reference. If making money is your daydream and losing money your nightmare, if poverty is your worst fear and making money your most fervent prayer, you have missed the opportunity for education. You have failed yourself and have only received Nome instruction.

21.. This passage suggests that students should______. A. assess their aims for learning B. learn more to earn more

C. evaluate their politicians and statesmen D. keep knowledge to themselves 22.The educational procedure should be one in which the student______. A. does what he is told

B. gets a better education to get a better job

C. makes principles of education for self-betterment of their aims D. approaches the benefits of being well-off 23. The author seems to feel that______.

A. people's welfare should be the chief concern in learning B. profit has nothing to do with people

C. poverty is good for the soul

D. knowledge is not the main objective for learning 24.A good title for the selection might be______. A. The Benefit of Education

B. Education Motivation—Progress or Profit C. Self-Education D. Profit and Money

25. The word \"nightmare\" in the last paragraph is nearest in meaning to_______. A. a very bad dream B. unhappiness C. sleeplessness D. a hazard to your health

When we analyze the salt salinity(盐浓度) of ocean waters, we find that it varies only slightly from place to place. Nevertheless, some of these small changes are important. There are three basic processes that cause a change in oceanic salinity. One of these is the subtraction of water from the ocean by means of evaporation. In this manner, the salinity is increased, since the salt stays behind. If this is carried to the extreme, of course, white salt would be left behind; this, by the way, is how much of the table salt we use is actually obtained.

The opposite of evaporation is precipitation, such as rain, by which water is added to the ocean. Here the ocean is being diluted (稀释) so that the salinity is decreased. This may occur in areas of high rainfall or in coastal regions where rivers flow into the ocean. Thus salinity may be increased by the subtraction of water by evaporation, or decreased by the addition of fresh water by precipitation.

Normally, in hot regions where the sun is very strong, the ocean salinity is somewhat higher than it is in other parts of the world where there is not as much evaporation. Similarly, in coastal regions where rivers dilute the sea, salinity is somewhat lower than in other oceanic areas.

A third process by which salinity may be altered is associated with the formation and melting of sea ice. When seawater is frozen, the dissolved materials are left behind.. In this manner, seawater directly beneath freshly formed sea ice has a higher salinity than it did before the ice appeared. Of course, when this ice melts, it will tend to decrease the salinity of the surrounding water.

In the Weddell Sea, the densest water in the ocean is formed as a result of this freezing process, which increases the salinity of cold water. This heavy water sinks and is found in the deeper portion of the oceans of the world.

26. This passage mainly tells us about_______. A. the analysis of the salinity of ocean waters B. the causes of the variation in oceanic salinity C. the importance of the changes in oceanic salinity D. the different forms of salts in ocean waters

27.It can be known from the passage that increase in the salinity of ocean water is caused by______.

A. melting of sea ice B. precipitation C. evaporation D. supplement of salt

28.Which of the following is not the cause of the decrease in the oceanic salinity? A. Precipitation. B. Rain and snow.

C. Formation of ice. D. Addition of water by rivers.

29.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage? A. Oceanic salinity has great effect on sea life.

B. Many factors combine to cause changes in oceanic salinity. C. The movement of the water is related to the amount of salt.

D. The temperature of the water has much to do with the oceanic salinity. 30.The purpose of mentioning the Weddell Sea is_______.

A. to give an example of cold-water salinity B. to point out the location of deep waters

C. to make a comparison between hot-water salinity and cold-water salinity D. to show that the water in the Weddell Sea varies in salinity from place to place

Section 4 Passage 1

A new scheme for getting children to and from school is being started by the education authorities in part of Eastern England. This could end the worries of many parents fearful for their children's safety on the roads.

Until now the Country Council has only been prepared to provide bus services for children living more than three miles from their school, or sometimes less if special reasons existed. Now it has been decided that if a group of parents ask for help in organizing transport they will be prepared to go ahead, provided the arrangement will not lose money and that children taking part will be attending their nearest school.

The new scheme is to be tried out this term for children living at Milton who attend Impington school. The children live just within the three-mile limit and the Council has said in the past it will not undertake to provide free transport to the school. But now they have agreed to organize a bus service from Milton to Impington and back, a plan which has the support of the school's headmaster.

Between 50 and 60 parents have said they would like their children to take part. Final calculations have still to be carried out, but a council official has said the cost to parents should be less than £6. 50 a term.

They have been able to arrange the service at a low cost because there is already an agreement with the, bus company for a bus to take children who live further away to Impington. The same bus would now just make an extra journey to pick up the Milton

children. The official said they would get in touch with other groups of parents who in the past had asked if transport could be provided for their children, to see if they would like to take part in the new scheme.

21. The children the Council ran buses for in the past were those______. A. whose parents were worried about them B. who would have had to walk otherwise C. who could not walk D. who had to travel a long way

22. Taking part in the Council's trial scheme are children who______. A. live in Milton and go to Impington school B. live in Impington and go to Milton school C. live in Milton and go to Milton school D. live in Impington and go to Impington school 23. The new bus service will run______. A. on morning journeys to school only B. in connection with an existing service

C. only for children living more than three miles away D. only in wet weather

24. Agreement to pay for the new bus service has been obtained from______. A. the school's headmaster B. the education department C. the bus company D. the parents

25. The parents the Council is now going to contact are those______. A. who had not yet answered letters B. who didn't want to pay

C. whose children stayed away from school D. who had asked about transport before Passage 2

The most interesting architectural phenomenon of the 1970's was the enthusiasm for

refurnishing older building. Obviously, this was not an entirely new phenomenon. What is new is the whole scale in reusing the past, in recycling, in adaptive rehabilitation (更新 ). A few trial efforts, such as Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco, proved their financial feasibility in the 1960's, but it was in the 1970's, with strong government support through tax incentives and rapid depreciation (贬值) , as well as growing interest in ecology (生态) issues, that recycling became a major factor on the urban scene. One of the most comprehensive ventures was the restoration and transformation of Boston's eighteenth century Faneuil Hall and the Quincy Market, designed in 1824. This section had fallen on hard times, but beginning with the construction of a new city hall immediately nearby, it has returned to life with the intelligent reuse of these fine old buildings under the design leadership of Benjamin Thompson. He has provided a marvelous setting for dining, shopping, professional office, and simply walking.

Butler Square, in Minneapolis, serves as an example of major changes in its complex of offices, commercial space, and public amenities carved out of a massive pile designed in 1906 as a hardware warehouse. The exciting interior timber structure of the building was highlighted by cutting light courts through the interior and adding large skylights.

San Antonio, Texas, offers a big object lesson for numerous other cities combating urban decay. Rather than bringing in the bulldozers ( 推土机) , San Antonio's leaders rehabilitated existing structures, while simultaneously cleaning up the San Antonio River, which runs through the business district.

26. The main idea of the passage is_______.

A. during the 1970's, old building in many cities were recycled for modern use B. recent interest in ecology issues has led to the cleaning up of many rivers

C. the San Antonio example shows that bulldozers are not the right way to fight urban decay

. D. strong government support has made adaptive rehabilitation a reality in Boston

27. According to the passage, Benjamin Thompson was the designer for a project in A. Boston B. San Francisco C. Minneapolis D. San Antonio

28. The space at Quincy Market is now used as_______. A. Boston's new city hall B. sports and recreational facilities

C. commercial and industrial warehouses D. restaurants, offices, and stores 29. What is the author's opinion of the San Antonio's project? A. It is clearly the best of the projects discussed. B. It is a good project that could be copied by other cities.

C. The extensive use of bulldozers made the project unnecessarily costly.

D. The work done on the river was more important than work done on the buildings. 30. The passage states that the San Antonio project differed from those in Boston and Minneapolis in that_______.

A. it consisted primarily of new buildings B. it occurred in the business district

C. it involved the environment as well as buildings D. it was designed to combat urban decay

Section 5 Passage 1

As we know, it is very important that a firm should pay attention to the training of its staff as there exist many weak parts in its various departments. Staff training must have a purpose, which is defined when a firm considers its training needs, which are in turn based on job descriptions and job specifications.

A job description should give details of the performance that is required for a particular

job, and a job specification should give information about the behavior, knowledge and skills that are expected of an employee who works in it. When all of this has been collected, it is possible to make a training specification. This specifies what the Training Department must teach for the successful performance of the job, and also the best methods to use in the training period.

There are many different training methods, and there are advantages and disadvantages of all of them. Successful training programmes depend on an understanding of the difference between learning about skills and training in using them. It is frequently said that learning about skills takes place \"off the job\" in the classroom, but training in using these skills takes place \"on the job\

It is always difficult to evaluate the costs and savings of a training programme. The success of such a programme depends not only on the methods used but also on the quality of the staff who do the training. A company can often check oh savings in time and cost by examining the work performed by the workers and technicians who have completed a training programme. The evaluation of management training is much more complex than that. 21. To be successful in our training programmes, we must understand the difference between______.

A. a job description and a job specification B. what is taught and how it is taught

C. learning about skills and training in using them

D. the savings in time and the savings in cost

22. The success of a training programme depends on_________. A. the places where the training takes place

B. the correct evaluation of the costs and savings of the programme C. the performance of the workers and technicians trained in the programme

D. the training methods and the quality of the training staff 23. A training specification specifies_______. A. the performance required for a certain job

B. the behavior, knowledge, and skills expected of an employee C. the training contents and methods D. the costs and savings of the programme

24. According to the passage, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. As there exist weak parts in different departments of a firm, the training of its staff is highly necessary.

B. A training specification is based on the information collected from a job description and a job specification.

C. Training in using skills and learning about skills usually do not happen at the same place.

D. It is easier to evaluate management training than to evaluate the training of workers and technicians.

25. The best title for this passage might be_______. A. A Successful Training Programme B. How to Describe and Specify a Job C. Staff Training

D. The Importance of Training Workers and Technicians Passage 2

Without most people realizing it, there has been a revolution in office work over the last ten years. Before that time, large computers were only used by large, rich companies that could afford the investment. With the advancement of technology, small computers have

come onto the market which are capable of doing the work which used to be done by much larger and more expensive computers, so now most smaller companies can use them. The main development in small computers has been in the field of word processors, or WP's as they are often called. 40% of British offices are now estimated to have a word processor for both secretary and manager. The secretary is freed from a lot of routine work, such as re-typing letters and storing papers. He or she can use this time to do other more interesting work for the boss. From a manager's point of view, secretarial time is being made better use of and money can be saved by doing routine jobs automatically outside office hours.

But is it all good? If a lot of routine secretarial work can be done automati¬cally , surely this will mean that fewer secretaries will be needed. Another worry is the increasing medical problems related to work with visual display units. The case of a slow loss of sight among people using word processors seems to have risen greatly. It is also feared that if a woman works at a VDU for long hours, the unborn child in her body might be killed. Safety screens to put over a VDU have been invented but few companies in England bother to buy them. Whatever the arguments for or against word processors, they are a key feature of this revolution in office practice.

26. Ten years ago, smaller companies did not use large computers because_______. A. these companies had not enough money to buy such expensive computers B. these computers could not do the work that small computers can do today C. these computers did not come onto the market

D. these companies did not need to use this new technology

27. According to the writer, the main feature of the revolution in office work over the last ten years is_______.

A. the saving of time and money B. the use of computers in small companies

C. the wide use of word processors D. the decreasing number of secretaries 28. It is implied but NOT directly stated in the passage that with the use of word processors _______.

A. some secretaries will lose their jobs

B. routine jobs can be done automatically outside office hours C. medical problems related to work with a VDU have increased

D. using word processors, secretaries can get more time to do more interesting work for their bosses

29. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. There are both advantages and disadvantages in using a word processor.

B. The British companies care much for the health of the people using word processors. C. The technology in the field of computers has been greatly advanced over the last ten years.

D. Using world processors, secretaries can get more time to do more interesting work for their bosses.

30. It can concluded from the passage that_______. A. safety screens are of poor quality

B. working at a VDU for a long time is good for one's health C. more and more British offices will use word processors D. British companies will need fewer and fewer managers Section 6 Passage 1

40 years ago the idea of disabled people doing sport was never heard of. But when the annual games for the disabled were started at Stoke Mandeville, England in 1948 by Sir

Ludwig Guttmann, the situation began to change.

Sir Ludwig Guttmann, who had been driven to England in 1939 from Nazi Germany, had been asked by the British government to set up an injuries center at Stoke Mandeville Hospital near London. His ideas about treating injuries included sport for the disabled. In the first games just two teams of injured soldiers took part. The next year, 1949, five teams took part. From those beginnings, things have developed fast. Teams now come from abroad to Stoke Mandeville every year. In 1960 the first Olympics for the Disabled were held in Rome, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games. Now, every four years the Olympic Games for the Disabled are held, if possible, in the same place as the normal Olympic Games, although they are organized separately. In other years Games for the Disabled are still held at Stoke Mandeville. In the 1984 wheelchair Olympic Games, 1064 wheelchair athletes from about 40 countries took part. Unfortunately, they were held at Stoke Mandeville and not in Los Angeles, along with the other Olympics.

The Games have been a great success in promoting international friendship and understanding, and in proving that being disabled does not mean you can't enjoy sport. One small source of disappointment for those who organize and take part in the games, however, has been the unwillingness of the International Olympic Committee to include disabled events at Olympic Games for the able-bodied. Perhaps a few more years are still needed to convince those fortunate enough not to be disabled that their disabled fellow athletes should not be excluded.

21. The first games for the disabled were held______after Sir Ludwig Guttmann arrived in England.

A. 40 years B. 21 years C. 10 years D. 9 years

22. Besides Stoke Mandeville, surely the games for the disabled were once held in______.

A. New York B. London C. Rome D. Los Angeles

23. In Paragraph 3, the word \"athletes\" means______.

A. people who support the games B. people who watch the games C. people who organize the games D. people who compete in the games 24. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an early organizer of the games for the disabled. B. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is an injured soldier. C. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is from Germany.

D. Sir Ludwig Guttmann is welcomed by the British government. 25. From the passage, we may conclude that the writer is ______. A. one of the organizers of the game for the disabled B. a disabled person who once took part in the games C. against holding the games for the disabled D. in favor of holding the games for the disabled Passage 2

It is well known that when an individual joins a group he tends to accept the group's standards of behavior and thinking. Many illustrations (例证) could be given of this from everyday life, but what is of particular interest to psychologists is the extent to which people's judgments and opinions can be changed as a result of group pressure. Asch and others noticed that people in a group will agree to statements that are contrary to the evidence of their senses. It would be a mistake to think that only particular changeable people are chosen to take part in experiments of this type. Usually highly intelligent and independent people are used. In a typical experiment, this is what may happen. The experimenter asks for volunteers to join a group which is investigating visual perception. The victims are not, therefore, aware of the real purpose of the experiment. Each volunteer is taken to a room where he finds a

group of about seven people who are collaborating(合作) with the experimenter. The group is shown a standard card which contains a single line. They are then asked to look at a second card. This has three lines on it. One is obviously longer than the line on the first card, one is shorter and one the same length. They have to say which line on the second card is the same length as the line on the standard card. The other members of the group answer first but what the volunteer does not know is that they have been told to pick one of the wrong lines. When his turn comes he is faced with the unanimous (一致的 ) opinion of the rest of the group—all the others have chosen line A but he quite clearly sees line B as correct. What will he do? According to Asch, more than half of the victims chosen will change their opinion. What is equally surprising is that, when interviewed about their answers, most explained that they know the group choice was incorrect but that they yield to the pressure of the group because they thought they must be suffering from an optical illusion, or because they were afraid of being different.

26. The psychologists are particularly interested in_______. A. the changes in the attitudes of the people B. the degree of changes of people's opinions C. the result of the experiment D. the difference in people's characters

27. People who are usually chosen to take part in the experiments are_______. A. stubborn and independent B. intelligent C. ignorant and docile D. capable of reasoning 28. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The experimenter and all the members of the group except the victim know the purpose of the experiment.

B. All of them know the purpose of the experiment.

C. Only the experimenter knows the purpose of the experiment.

D. Only the victim knows the purpose of the experiment.

29. More than half of the victims changed their opinion because_______. A. someone in the group changed their opinion B. they thought their eyes must be deceived C. they thought the group choice was correct. D. they had been told about the answer

30. The purpose of the author in writing this passage is to_______. A. illustrate the influence of the group's pressure on individual's behavior B. invite more volunteers to join in Asch's experiment C. tell the audience how to perform psychological experiment D. encourage people to act against the group's opinion Section 7

Passage 1

I have had just about enough of being treated like a second-class citizen, simply because I happen to be that put-upon member of society—a customer. The more I go into shops and hotels, banks and post offices, railway stations, airports and the like, the more I'm convinced that things are being run solely to suit the firm, the system, or the union. There seems to be a harmful new motto (格言) for so-called \"service\" organizations—Staff Before Service. How often, for example, have you queued for what seems like hours at the Post Office or the supermarket because there weren't enough staff on duty to man all the service grilles (栅门) of checkout counters? Surely in these days of high unemployment it must be possible to recruit cashiers and counter staff. Yet supermarkets, hinting darkly at higher prices, claim that enshrouding all their cash registers at any one time would increase overheads. And the Post Office says we cannot expect all their service grilles to be occupied \"at times when

demand is low. \"

It's the same with hotels. Because waiters and kitchen staff must finish when it suits them, dining rooms close earlier or menu choice is curtailed. As for us guests, we just have to put up with it. There's also the nonsense of so many so friendly hotel night porters having been dismissed in the interests of \"efficiency\" (i. e. profits) and replaced by coin guzzling machines. Not to mention the coldness of the tea-making kit in your room: a kettle with an assortment of teabags, plastic milk cartons and lump sugar. Who wants to wake up to a raw teabag? I don't, especially when I am paying for \"service\". 21. The writer feels that nowadays a customer is_______. A. one who is well served B. unworthy of proper consideration C. classified by society as inferior D. the victim of modern service

22. In the writer's opinion, the quality of service is changing because_______.

A. the customer's demands have changed

B. the organizations receive more consideration than the customers C. the customers' needs have increased

D. the staff are less considerate than their employers

23. According to the writer, long queues at counters are caused by ____. A. difficulties in recruiting staff B. inadequate staffing arrangements C. staff being made lazy D. lack of co-operation between the staff

24. Service organizations claim that keeping the checkout counters manned would result in

A. a rise in the price for providing services B. demands by cashiers for more money C. insignificant benefits for the customers D. the need to purchase expensive equipment

25. The disappearance of old-style hotel porters can be attributed to the fact that______. A. few people are willing to do this type of work B. machines are more reliable than human beings C. the personal touch is less appreciated nowadays D. automation has provided cheaper alternatives Passage 2

Back in the old days, when I was a child, we sat around the family roundtable at dinnertime and exchanged our daily experiences. It wasn't very organized, but everyone was recognized and all the news that had to be told was told by each family member.

We listened to each other and the interest was not put-on; it was real. Our family was a unit and we supported each other, and nurtured each other, and liked each other, and—we were even willing to admit—we loved each other.

Today, the family roundtable has moved to the local fast-food restaurant and talk is not easy, much less encouraged.

• Grandma, who used to live upstairs, is now. the voice on long distance, and the working parent is far too beaten down each day to spend evening relaxation time listening to the sandbox experience of an eager four-year-old.

So family conversation is as extinct as my old toys and parental questions such as \"What have you been doing, Bobby?\" have been replaced by \"I'm busy, go watch television. \" And watch TV they do; count them by the millions.

But it's usually not children's television that children watch. Saturday morning, the children's hour, amounts to only about 8 percent of their weekly viewing.

Where are they to be found? Watching adult television, of course, from the Match Game in the morning, to the afternoon at General Hospital, from the muggings and battles on the

evening news right through the family hour and past into Starsky and Hutch. That's where you find our kids, over five million of them, at 10 p. m. , not fewer than a million until after midnight! All of this is done with parental permission.

Television, used well, can provide enriching experiences for our young people, but we must use it with some sense. When the carpet is clean, we turn off the vacuum cleaner. When the dishes are clean, the dishwasher turns itself off.

Not so the television, which is on from the sun in the morning to the moon at night and beyond!

Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the child when a program not intended for that child is viewed. Parents need to intervene (干涉). Nonintervention may be a wise policy in international affairs, but the results of parental nonintervention will not be wise at all.

26. From the first two paragraphs one may infer that the writer's a attitude towards \"the old days\" is______. A. preferring B. hating

C. being tired of D. disappointing

27. The working parent is not willing to listen to her (his) four-year-old child talking about his sandbox games because she (he) is______. A. boring B. very tired C. busy D. angry

28. According to the writer, the responsibility for the kid's watching adult television and watching it for a long time should be undertaken by______. A. the television stations B. the society C. TV programs D. their parents

29. If we use television with some ______television can provide our young people with

much knowledge.

A. instruction of experts B. judgment of our own C. direction of engineers D. indication of teachers 30. What is the main idea of the last paragraph? A. Parental nonintervention will not be praised.

B. Nonintervention may be a good policy in international affairs.

C. Parents must exercise some control and show some concern about the cultural influence on the children. D. Parents need to intervene. Section 8 Passage 1

Despite these alarming statistics, the scale of the threat that smoking causes to women's health has received surprisingly little attention. Smoking is still seen by many as a mainly male problem, perhaps because men were the first to take up the habit and therefore the first to suffer the ill-effects. This is no longer the case. Women who smoke like men will die like men. WHO estimates that, in industrialized countries, smoking rates amongst men and women are very similar, at around 30 per cent; in a large number of developed countries, smoking is now more common among teenage girls than boys.

As women took up smoking later than men, the full impact of smoking on their health has yet to be seen. But it is clear from countries where women have smoked longest, such as the United Kingdom and the United States, that smoking causes the same diseases in women as in men and the gap between their death rates is narrowing. On current trends, some 20 to 25 per cent of women who smoke will die from their habit. One in three of these deaths will

be among women under 65 year of age. The US Surgeon General has estimated that, amongst these women, smoking is responsible for around 40 per cent heart disease deaths, 55 per cent of lethal strokes and, among women of all ages, 80 per cent of lung cancer deaths and 30 per cent of all cancer deaths. Over the last 20 years, death rates in women from lung cancer have more than doubled in Japan, Norway, Poland, Sweden and the United Kingdom; have increased by more than 200 per cent in Australia, Denmark and New Zealand; and have increased by more than 300 per cent in Canada and the United States.

21. The effect of smoking on women has not been paid enough attention because______. A. men suffer more from smoking B. men would like women to smoke

C. men are considered the main sufferers of smoking D. there are alarming statistics of death caused by smoking 22. \"This is no longer the case. \" The word \"this\" refers to______. A. that men used to suffer the ill-effects B. that there were alarming statistics C. that the scale of threat become larger

D. that women suffered from smoking as greatly as men

23. From the fact that in some developed countries smoking is now more common among teenage girls than boys, we can predict that in the days to come, ______. A. women will have the same diseases as men B. more women may suffer from smoking than men C. the smoking rates among men and women will drop

D. the teenage girls today may give up smoking when they are grown-ups

24. All of the following statements are the effects of smoking on women EXCEPT that A. the death rates of the women and men who are smoking are in similar proportion

B. smoking causes the same diseases in women as in men

C. in the past 20 years, death rates in women from lung cancer have more than doubled D. smoking is responsible for 30 percent of all cancer deaths among women 25. In the phrase \"lethal stroke\ A. causing death B. causing discomfort C. causing poor health D. causing anxiety Passage 2

The men who race the cars are generally small, with a tight, nervous look. They range from the early 20s to the middle 40s, and it is usually their nerves that go first.

Fear is the driver's constant companion, and tragedy can be just a step behind. Scarcely a man in the 500 does not carry the scars of ancient crashes. The mark of the plastic surgeon is everywhere, and burned skin is common. Sometimes a driver's scars are invisible, part of his heritage. Two young drivers, Billy Vukovich and Gary Bettenhausen, raced in their first 500 in 1968. Less than 20 years before, their fathers also competed against one another on the Indy track—and died there.

All this the drivers accept. Over the years, they have learned to trust their own techniques, reflexes, and courage. They depend, too, on a trusted servant—scientific engineering. Though they may not have had a great deal of schooling (an exception is New Zealand's Bruce McLaren, who has an engineering degree), many drivers are gifted mechanics, with a feeling for their engines that amount to kinship.

A few top drivers have become extremely wealthy, with six-figure incomes from prize money, endorsements, and jobs with auto-product manufacturers. Some have businesses of their own. McLaren designs racing chassis (底盘). Dan Gurney's California factory manufactured the chassis of three of the first four ears in the 1968 Indy 500, including his

own second place car.

Yet money is not the only reason why men race cars. Perhaps it isn't even the major reason. Three-time Indy winner(1961, 1964, 1967) A. J. Foyt, for example, can frequently be found competing on dirty tracks in minor-league races, where money, crowds and safety features are limited, and only the danger is not. Why does he do it? Sometimes Foyt answers, \"It's in my blood. \" Other times he says, \"It's good practice. \" Now and then he replies, \"Don't ask dumb questions. \"

26. The statement \"it is usually their nerves that go first\" means_______. A. at first they all have a nervous look

B. they often find they can't bear the tension even if they are in good condition C. someday they find they can't make responses to any risk D. they can continue their career at most until the middle 40s 27. It can be inferred that a car accident is often coupled with_______. A. a plastic surgeon B. a companion C. a risk D. a fire

28. The invisible scars of the drivers mentioned in the second paragraph refers to_______.

A. the regrets left by their fathers B. the fears left by their fathers C. the cars left by their fathers D. the heritage left by their fathers 29. Bruce McLaren is different from most of the drivers in that_______. A. he himself designs chassis B. he has an engineering degree C. he manufactures chassis D. he is a gifted mechanic

30. A. J. Foyt often takes part in minor-league races for_______. A. prize money B. blood test

C. cheers from the crowd D. enjoyment Section 9 Passage 1

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many ways. The simple reason for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things present in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements in interest, and more groups and organizations with different beliefs. In addition, there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in mixed societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by opening more areas of life to decision. In a society where people are quite similar in many ways, there are fewer occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for change because everything seems to be the same. And although conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Within a society, social changes is also likely to occur more frequently and more readily in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in what has been learned later in life rather than what was learned early; in the less basic and less emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in the simple elements rather than in the complex ones; in form rather than in substance; and in elements that are acceptable to the culture rather than in strange elements.

Furthermore, social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes more readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp difference. This is one reason why change has not come more quickly to Black Americans as compared to other

American minorities, because of the sharp difference in appearance between them and their white counterparts.

社会的变化更可能发生在那里的社会是一个混合不同类型的人比在社会里，类似的人在许多方面。原因很简单，这是因为有更多不同的方式看待事物目前在第一样的社会。还有更多的想法，更多的利益分歧，以及更多的团体和组织以不同的信仰。此外，通常有一个更大的世俗的利益和更大的宽容的混合社会。所有这些因素都倾向于推动社会变革的开放更多的生活领域的决定。在一个社会里，人们非常相似在许多方面，有较少的场合人们看到了需要或有机会改变，因为一切似乎是相同的。虽然条件可能无法令人满意，他们至少习惯和无可争议的。

在一个社会，社会变化也可能会发生更频繁和更容易在物质方面的文化比在非物质，例如，在技术，而不是在价值观念;中已经学到以后的生活，而不是什么是早期的经验教训;在较基本和少情感方面的社会生活比他们的对立;在简单的内容，而不是在复杂的;的形式而不是实质内容;和内容，是可以接受的文化，而不是在奇怪的内容。

此外，社会变革比较容易，如果它是渐进的。举例来说，它更容易在人与人之间的关系持续规模，而不是一个急剧二分法。这是一个变化的原因并没有出现更迅速地美国黑人相比，美国其他少数民族的，因为急剧的差异它们之间的外观和白人。

21.The passage is mainly discussing . A. the necessity of social change

B. certain factors that determine the ease with which social changes occur C. two different societies

D. certain factors that promote social change 22.

One of the factors that tend to promote social change is . A. joint interest

B. different points of view C. less emotional people D. advanced technology 23.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A. Social change tends to meet with more difficulty in basic and emotional aspects of society.

B. Disagreement with and argument about conditions tend to slow down social change. C. Social change is more likely to occur in the material aspect of society.

D. Social change is less likely to occur in what people learned when they were young. 24. The expression \"greater tolerance \"(Para. 1) refers to_______.

A. greater willingness to accept social change B. quicker adaptation to changing circumstances C. more respect for different beliefs and behavior

D. greater readiness to agree to different opinions and ideas

25. Social change is less likely to occur in a society where people are quite similar in many ways because_______. v

A. people there have got so accustomed to their conditions that they seldom think it necessary to change

B. people there have identical needs that can be satisfied without much difficulty C. people there are easy to please D. people there are less disputed Passage 2

Anne Whitney, a sophomore (大学二年级学生) at Colorado State University, first had a problem taking tests when she began college. \"I was always well prepared for my tests. Sometimes I studied for weeks before a test. Yet I would go in to take the test, only to find I could not answer the questions correctly. I would blank out because of nervousness and fear. I couldn't think of the answer. My low grades on the tests did not show what I knew to the teacher. \" Another student in biology had similar experiences. He said, \"My first chemistry test was very difficult. Then, on the second test, I sat down to take it, and I was so nervous that I was shaking. My hands were moving up and down so quickly that it was hard to hold my pencil. I knew the material and I knew the answers. Yet I couldn't even write them down!\"

These two young students were experiencing something called test anxiety. Because a student worries and is uneasy about a test, his or her mind does not work as well as it usually

does. The student cannot write or think clearly because of the extreme tension and nervousness. Although poor grades are often a result of poor study habits, sometimes test anxiety causes the low grades. Recently, test anxiety has been recognized as a real problem, not just an excuse or a false explanation of lazy students.

Special university advising courses try to help students. In these courses, advisors try to help students by teaching them how to manage test anxiety. At some universities, students take tests to measure their anxiety. If the tests show (heir anxiety is high, the students can take short courses to help them deal with (heir tensions. These courses teach students how to relax their bodies. Students are trained to become calm in very tense situations. By

controlling their nervousness, they can let their minds work at ease. Learned information then comes out without difficulty on a test.

An expert • at the University of California explains, \" With almost all students, relaxation and less stress are felt after taking our program. Most of them experience better control during their tests. Almost all have some improvement. With some, the improvement is very great. \"

26. To \"blank out\" is probably______.

A. to be like a blanket B. to be sure of an answer

C. to be unable to think clearly D. to show knowledge to the teacher 27. Poor grades are usually the result of______. A. poor sleeping habit B. laziness

C. lack of sleep D. inability to form good study habits 28. Test anxiety has been recognized as______.

A. an excuse for laziness B. the result of poor study habits C. a real problem D. something that cannot be changed 29. To deal with this problem, students say they want to______.

A. take a short course on anxiety B. read about anxiety

C. be able to manage or understand their anxiety D. take tests to prove they are not anxious 30. A University of California advisor said______.

A. all students could overcome the anxiety after taking a special test anxiety program B. almost all students felt less stress after taking a University of California advising course

C. students found it difficult to improve even though they had taken a special test anxiety course

D. students found it easy to relax as soon as they entered a University of California advising course Section 10 Passage 1

The process of perceiving others is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms. \"She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt. \" More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint (强调 ) his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas, and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly—perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person's behavior with the known others' behavior, observing a person in a

situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social

environment so as to observe the person's responses to specific stimuli (刺激因素) , asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person—question, self-disclosures, and so on.

Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him. If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior. Ironically, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well(e. g. secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e. g. disclosures and truthful statement).

人的感知过程是很少翻译（对自己或他人）到冷的，客观的条件。 “她身高5英尺8英寸，有金色的头发，穿着彩色裙子。”更多的时候，我们试图里面的其他人获得精确定位（强调）他或她的态度，情感，动机，能力，观念和字符。此外，我们有时表现为，如果我们能够做到这一点非常困难的工作迅速与一两秒钟的目光，也许吧。

我们尝试以多种方式获取有关其他信息。伯杰建议减少对他人的不确定性的几种方法，谁是众所周知的你，让你可以比较观察人的用'已知的其他行为的行为，观察的情况下的社会行为是比较

奔放，或当一个人的行为反应多种多样是呼吁，故意结构的物理或社会环境，以观察人的反应，具体的刺激（刺激因素），询问谁已经或有关于他或她的人频繁接触的人士，并利用面临的各种战略，面对面的互动，发现他人的信息，问题，自我披露，等等。 结识某人是永无止境的任务，主要是因为人们不断变化，我们使用的方法来获取信息往往是不精确的。您可能已经知道了十年的人，仍然对他了解很少。如果我们接受这个想法，我们永远不会完全知道另一个人，它使我们能够处理这些事情，在秘密和欺骗等方式获得准确的知识更容易。它也将继续从太惊讶或看似不一致的行为感到震惊我们。讽刺的是，这些事情，这让其他人知道太清楚（如秘密和欺骗）我们可能只是作为一个重要的那些事情，使我们能够获得关于一个人准确的知识关系的发展令人满意

21. According to the passage, if we perceive a person, we are likely to be interested in A. what he wears B. how tall he is

C. how happy he is D. what color he dyes his hair

22. Some people are often surprised by what other people do. According to Berger, that is mainly because_______.

A. some people are more emotional than others

B. some people are not aware of the fact that we will never completely know another person

C. some people are sensitive enough to sense the change of other people's attitudes D. some people choose to keep to themselves

23. We may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him

because_______.

A. we don't accept the idea that we might never fully know another person B. we often get information in a casual and inexact way

C. we pay more attention to other people's motivations and emotions • 62 • D. we often have face-to-face conversation with him

24. There are things that we find preventing us from knowing others. These things are A. disclosures B. deceptions C. stimuli D. interactions

25. This passage mainly concerns_______.

A. the relationship between people B. the perception of other people C. secrets and deceptions of people D. people's attitudes and characters Passage 2

Modern scientists divide the process of dying into two stages—clinical or (emporary death and biological death. Clinical death occurs when the vital organs, such as the heart or lungs, have ceased to function, but have not suffered permanent damage. The organism can still be revived (复活). Biological death occurs when changes in the organism lead to the disintegration(解体) of vital cells and tissues. Death is then irreversible and final. Scientists have been seeking a way to prolong the period of clinical death so (hat the organism can be revived before biological death occurs. The best method developed so far involves cooling of the organism, combined with narcotic(麻醉的) sleep. By slowing down the body's metabolism(新成代谢) , cooling delays the processes leading to biological death. To illustrate how this works, scientists performed an experiment on a six-year-old female monkey called Keta. The scientists put Keta to sleep with a narcotic. Then they surrounded her body with ice-bags and began checking her body temperature. When it had

dropped to 28 degrees the scientists began draining blood from an its body. The monkey's blood pressure decreased and an hour later both the heart and breathing stopped; clinical death set in. For twenty minutes Keta remained in this state. Her temperature dropped to 22 degrees. At this point the scientists pumped blood into its body in the direction of the heart and started artificial breathing. After two minutes the monkey's heart became active once more. After fifteen minutes, spontaneous breathing began, and after four hours Keta opened her eyes and lifted her head. After six hours, when the scientists tried to give her a penicillin injection, Keta seized the syringe and ran with it around the room. Her behavior differed little from that of a healthy animal.

26. This passage focuses on_______.

A. the difference between biological and clinical death. B. the process of dying

C. prolonging the period of clinical death D. the nature of clinical death

27. The best statement of the main idea of this passage is that

A. modem scientists divide the process of dying into clinical and biological death B. biological death occurs when vital organs have suffered permanent damage C. scientists have found a way to prolong the period of clinical death D. cooling delays the processes leading to biological death 28. One characteristic of clinical death is______. A. lasting damage to the lungs B. destruction of the tissues

C. temporary non-functioning of the heartD. that the organism cannot be revived 29. According to the passage, cooling an organism

A. speeds up the body's metabolism B. slows disintegration of body tissues C. prevents damage to organs D. revives damaged organs

30. One possible benefit of the experiment discussed in the passage is______. A. less crowded cities B. victory over death

C. protection against fatal injury D. fewer deaths from heart attacks 参考答案：

Section1: 21. B 22. A 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. D 30. B Section2: 21. B 22. C 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. A 29. A 30. A Section3: 21. A 22. C 23. A 24. B 25. A 26. B 27. C 28. C 29. D 30. A Section4: 21. D 22. A 23. B 24. D 25. D 26. A 27. A 28. D

来源:考试大-英语四级考试

Section5: 21. C 22. D 23. C 24. D 25. C 26. A 27. C 28. A 29. B 30. C Section6: 21. D 22. C 23. D 24. B 25. D 26. B 27. D 28. C 29. B 30. A

Section7: 21. D 22. B 23. B 24. A 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. D 29. B 30. C Section8: 21. C 22. A 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. D Section9: 21. B 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. B Section10: 21. C 22. B 23. B 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. C 28. C 29. B 30. D