英语句子成分和英语句子结构讲解及练习之阿布丰王创作
创作时间：二零二一年六月三十日 句子成分 主语 暗示句子说的是什么人或什名, 代, 数, 不定 We study in HuangQiao Middle 么 式, 动名词, 短语或 School. 事 句子 谓语 说明主语做什么, 是什么或怎 动词或动词词组 She is dancing under the tree. 么样 宾语 表语 定语 状语 暗示举措行为的对象 同主语 Both of us like English. Her father is a chemist. His words sound reasonable. 与联系动词连用, 一起构成谓 同主语 语, 说明主语的性质或特征 用来修饰名词或代词 意义 充任词类 例句 形, 代, 数, 名, We have eight lessons every day. 副, 介词短语或句子 修饰动词, 形容词, 副词, 表 副词, 介词短语或句 He works very hard. 示举措发生的时间, 地址, 原 子 They held a party in Hollywood. 因, 目的, 方式, 结果等 逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系 形容词, 名词, 介词 She always keeps the house 短语等 clean. 宾语 补足语 主语谓语是基础, 宾表定状补辅助.宾主来自名代数, 动词作谓不成无！ ❖ ❖
简单句的五个基本句型 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
She came．.
She
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主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 likes English.
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主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 She is happy．
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主语 ＋ 动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 She gave John a book．
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She bought a book for me.
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主语 ＋ 动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
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主谓宾
名／代－－动词－－名／代 we-- saw --you. we-- did --the work.
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主系表
名／代－系动词－形容次／名词／代词 you are beautiful you seems worried. you are a stufent.
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相同点都三部份, 主语也一样． 分歧动词和系动词, 时态一样, 否定式分歧．动词加助动词, 系动词不用． 表语可以是形容词, 宾语不成． 只有宾语有补足语
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2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：
主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语. 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”.通经常使用名词或代词担负.
如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
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2、谓语动词说明主语的举措或状态,回答“做(什么)”.主
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要由动词担负.
如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天清扫房间)
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3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”.通常由名词、代词或形容词担负. 如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)
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4、宾语暗示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”.通常由名词或代词担负.
如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
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有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人.指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语.间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面.
如：He wrote mea letter . (他给我写了一封信)
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有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语.如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担负.如：
Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个年夜城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担负.
He works hard .(他工作努力)
7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充任.
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They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教
室坚持清洁) /
He often helps me do my lessons.(他经常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
8、同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况.
如：Where is your classmateTom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物. The sun rises in the east （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）
Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe.（不定式） What he needs is a book.（主语从句）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.
（It形式主语, 主语从句是真正主语） (一）指出下列句中主语的中心词
① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.
② There is an old man coming here.
③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.
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④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.
谓语（predicate）：是对主语加以陈说, 暗示主语的行为或状态, 经常使用动词或者动词词组担负, 放在主语的后面. We study English. He is asleep. (二). 选出句中谓语的中心词
① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall
② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer
③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus
④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon. A. will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon
3. 表语（predicative）：系动词之后的成分, 暗示主语的性质、状态和特征.
He is a teacher. （名词）
You don’t look it. （代词） Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副
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词）
The picture is on the wall. (介词短语) My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词） The question is whether they will come. （表语从句） 罕见连系动词
1.
“存在”类:暗示存在或具有某种特征或状态.这类连系动词强调“存在”.罕见的有:be(是),look(看起来),feel(摸上去),seem(似乎是),appear(似乎、显得),prove(证明是),smell(闻起来),taste(尝起来),sound(听起来)等.
2. 3.
例如: The story sounds true. Those oranges taste good star.
2. “继续”类:暗示某种情况或状态的继续.这类连系动词强调“继续”.罕见的有:remain(依然),keep(坚持),stay(坚持),continue(继续、仍旧),stand(处于某状况或情形)等. 例如: Why don't you put the meat in the fridge? It will stay fresh for several days. It's already ten in the morning. The store remains closed. What's the matter?
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3. “变动”类:暗示由一种情况或状态变动成另一种情况或状态.这类连系动词强调“变动”后的情况或状态.罕见的有:become(酿成), turn(酿成), grow(变得), get(变得)等.
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例如: Put the fish in the fridge, or it will go bad in hot weather.
(三) 挑出下列句中的表语
① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim?
③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject. ⑤ She was the first to learn about it.
① tired ② worried ③ yellow ④ interested ⑤ first
4. 宾语：1）动宾暗示行为的对象, 常由名词或者代词担负.放在及物动词或者介词之后.如： I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）
How many do you need? We need two. （数词） I enjoy working with you. （动名词）
I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句） 2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3）双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
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He gave mea book yesterday. Give the poor mansome money
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(四) 挑出下列句中的宾语
① My brother hasn't done his homework. ② People all over the world speak English.
③ You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. ④ How many new words did you learn last class?
⑤ Some of the students in the school want to go swimming.
his
homework
②
English
③
your
pronunciation ④ new words ⑤ to go swimming
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5. 宾补：对宾语的弥补, 全称为宾语补足语.
We elected him monitor. （名词）
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （名词）
We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )
Please make yourself at home. （介词短语） Don’t let him do that. （省to不定式）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带to不定式）
Don’t keep the lights burning. （现在分词）
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I’ll have my bike repaired. （过去分词）
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扩展：
主补：对主语的弥补.
He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. (五) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语
① She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.
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② He asked her to take the boy out of school. ③ She found it difficult to do the work. ④ They call me Lily sometimes. ⑤ I saw Mr. Wang get on the bus.
⑥ Did you see Li Ming playing football on the playground just now?
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① to read newspapers and books in the reading-room ② to take the boy out of school
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③ Lily ④ get on the bus ⑤ playing football on the playground
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划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 ① Please tell us a story.
② My father bought a new bike for me last week.
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③ Mr. Li is going to teach us history next term. ④ Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. ⑤ Did he leave any message for me?
6. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子. Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）
We belong to the third world.（数词）
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）
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The man over there is my old friend.(副词)
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)
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The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）
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The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词）
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I have an idea to do it well.（不定式）
You should do everything that I do. （定语从句） (六) 挑出下列句中的定语
① They use Mr., Mrs. with the family name. ② What is your given name?
③ On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3.
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④ I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. ⑤ The man downstairs was trying to sleep.
① family ② given ③ third ④ some ⑤ downstairs
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7. 状语：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子.暗示时间、地址、原因、目的、结果、水平、条件、方式和让步.（以下例句按上述顺序排列）
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I will go there tomorrow.
The meeting will be held in the meeting room. The
meat
went
bad because of the hot weather.
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He studies hard to learn English well.
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.
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I like some of you very much. If you study hard,
you will pass the
exam.
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He goes to school by bike.
Though he is young, he can do it well. (七) 挑出下列句中的状语
① There was a big smile on her face.
② Every night he heard the noise upstairs. ③ He began to learn English when he was eleven.
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④ The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off.
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① on the face ② Every night ③ when he was eleven ④ fast ⑤ With the medicine box under her arm
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八、同位语
当一个概念词在前, 后面的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时, 而且两者的语法功能相同, 后者就是前者的同位语.
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Mr. Black, our English teacher, is a good tennis player.
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我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手.
Football, the only interest in life, has brought him many friends.
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足球----他唯一的快乐喜爱, 让他结交了许多朋友. Yesterday I met Tom, a friend of my brother's. 昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆. That’s her habit, reading in bed. 躺在床上看书是她的习惯.
Your suggestion, to strike while the iron is hot, seemed a good idea.
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你建议连成一气, 这个建议很好.
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He gave orders that the work should be started immediately.
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他发出指示要立即开始工作.
You still haven’t answered my question why you didn’t come to school yesterday.
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你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学.
同位语从句常跟在某些名词后, 对其作进一步的解释.这些名词包括：fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication, decision,
possibility,
assumption,
suggestion,
question.这类从句经常有that引导, 有时也可以用what, why, whether, when 等引导.
(九)拔出语
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拔出语是说话者对所表达的意思的弥补、强调、解释或者说话的态度, 其位置灵活经经常使用逗号或者破折号分开, 而且在语法上不影响其他成分.
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1. 拔出语常以副词（副词短语）、形容词（形容词短语）、介词短语、非谓语动词短语等形式呈现.
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（ 1 ）罕见的副词及短语： indeed, surely, however, obviously, frankly, naturally, luckily / happily for sb. certainly 等.
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