第一单元
Text Comprehension
II．
1. It was a military campaign in which many soldiers died. The effects on Churchill were () he lost his political position and he was overwhelmed with grief.
2. He felt so inspired to paint that he was distracted from his personal problems.
3. His sister-in-law’s painting inspired him to try his hand at it; his wife rushed out to buy all the materials he would need; and the wife of Sir John Lavery helped him overcome his fear of the blank canvas.
4. The blank whiteness of the canvas made him feel he didn’t know where to begin. This nervousness was not typical of Churchill, who was known publicly as a brave and strong-willed person.
5. Churchill was comparing the canvas to an opponent in a fight, and he could now see that he need not fear his “adversary”.
6. He meant that Churchill would have been a great painter, just as he was a great politician.
7. It was his great comfort when the death of his mother was followed quickly by the death of his daughter.
8. Because the judges suspected that it was not painted by an amateur; they were later surprised and delighted because Churchill was not just a famous political figure but also a talented untrained artist.
9. No, she considers that decade an artistically fruitful one.
10. He meant that painting was like a friend who never betrayed or abandoned him. This seems to suggest that he often felt lonely, misunderstood and/or disappointed in his relationship with other people.
Vocabulary
III.
1.artistic 2.overcome 3.infinite 4.plunged 5.mission 6.camgpain 7.revived 8.distract 9.accustomed 10.retreat 11.precaution 12. disastrous
IV.
1. delighted with 2. bore fruit 3. kept Clementine company 4. rely on
5. take refuge 6. awaken people to 7. pay the price 8. chanced upon; dated from 9. tried his hand at 10. fell upon; came to her rescue
Word Building
V.
1. broadens the mind 2. weakened 3. sweeten Diet Coke 4.hardens 5. strengthen 6. deepen your understanding of the course materiall
7. sharpen the kitchen knives 8. reddened 9. brighten; quickens
10. lightened
VI.
1. lucky 2. wealthy 3. tasty 4. icy 5. wavy 6. smelly 7. sleepy 8. noisy (smelly is also plausible) 9. healthy 10. sunny
Structure
VII.
1. Amazed at the great changes that are taking place in shanghai, many foreign visitors leave China with a completely new view of our country.
2. Unpleasantly startled by the appearance of a mouse, we promptly decided to clean our apartment.
3. Tired of their own cooking, they’ve decided to go to a restaurant for a change.
4. Frightened by the horror film, the little girl was alert to every sound in the house that night.
5. Deeply disappointed with the actress’s performance, tom soon switched to another channel.
6. Embarrassed about still being in bed at 10 a.m., when my friends came I pretended to be sick with a terrible headache.
VIII.
1. So I did 2. So did my brother 3. So she was 4. So they do; so do his classmates 5. So am I
Cloze
IX
lonely; overcame; refuge; finally; however; where; delighted; contemplated; entry; campaign; distract; plunged into; Within a month; rescue; when; overwhelming
Translation
X.
“‘在画画呢!’她大声说道。‘多么有趣。可你还在等什么呢? 把画笔给我---大的那支。’她猛地用笔蘸起颜料，还没等我缓过神来，她已经挥笔泼墨在惊恐不已的画布上画下了有力的几道蓝色。谁都看得出画布无法回击。我不再迟疑。我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的牺牲品扑了过去。自那以后，我再也不曾害怕过画布。”
XI
1. When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.
2. Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professors.
3. When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.
4. After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.
5. After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.
6. As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.
7. We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection now, or it will soon be too late.
8. That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.
Reading Analysis
XII.
Major Event:
Life and love and hope slowly revived.
How did the change happen?
(1)Churchill bought a new house.
(2) Another child was born to Churchill.
Structured Writing
XIII. One example, for reference
My sister Stephanie began her love affair with television in the second grade amid highly emotional circumstances. She had had a quarrel with her best friend, and found herself alone and lonely every day after school with nothing to do. That’s when the miracle of television came toText
第二单元
Comprehension
II．
a 1F 2T 3F 4F 5T 6 F 7T
b. 1I 2I 3 I 4N 5I 6N 7I 8N
Vocabulary
III.
1.label 2.converged 3.sacrifices 4.motivate 5.transplanted 6.horrified 7.bond 8.constitute 9.surged 10.prejudice 11.resents
12. recommendations
IV.
NB. these are not the only possible synoms/definitions/translations.
1. carried out; conducted, performed
2. led to; resulted in, caused
3. springs from; arises from, comes from
4. get ahead; make progress in life, achieve more, etc.
5. showed up; appeared, arrived
6. make up; constitute, comprise
7. owes it to; 归功于
8. cope with; find a way of dealing with, manage
9. divided the cake into; 把蛋糕分成……
10. excluded from; 被剥夺了
11. committed to; devoted to, dedicated to
12. make it to; arrive at or on after much effort
V.
1. sense of guilt 2. finally 3. imbued her with 4.offspring
5. horrified, motivated me 6. recommendations, To start with 7. naive
8. by contrast
Word Building
VI.
1. misplaced 2. mismatched 3. misusing 4. mislead
5. misprinted 6. misinformed 7. misspelled 8. misunderstood
Structure
VII.
1. After the earthquake the government spent millions of dollars to help the victims rebuild their houses.
2. ill you reconsider your decision? No one wants you to leave.
3. Some of Lu Xun’s writings were lost for decades, but they were
rediscovered in the mid-80s.
4. I see no need to restate the policy on late homework.
5. The library’s been rearranged, and I can’t find any of the books I need.
6. I hope this dictionary will be reprinted soon—I’d like to buy one.
7. Stevie Wonder’s earliest albums have been unavailable for several years, but they’re being re-released next month.
8. I didn’t care much for the book the first time, but I enjoyed it when I reread it.
9. John Harding is best known for reinterpreting Shakespeare’s plays.
10. You’ve misunderstood me—let me rephrase what I said.
VIII.
A. gardener calculator receiver container commander remainder hike inspector steamer processor supervise builder contributor consumer paint teenager
B. 1.superviser 2. inspector 3. remainder 4. processor 5. gardener
6. calculator 7. commander 8. container 9. hiking 10. teenagers
Structure
IX
1. It was for the benefit of the old people in the neighborhood that we organized this volunteer group.
2. It is only when we look back that we realize how far we have come.
3. It is his secretary who does all the work.
4. It is through the act of giving that we experience our fullest strength and power.
5. It was gold that led them to undertake the long and risky journey to California.
6. As I recall, it was you who suggested this idea in the first place.
7. It wasn’t until last week that they finished their report on the project.
8. It’s her beautiful eyes that I can’t forget.
X.
1. The elephant weighs about 3,600 kg, whereas the blue whale weighs up to 130, 000 kg.
2.The word ‘youngster’ has a cheerful connotation, whereas ‘offspring’ sounds rather clinical.
3. Confucianism emphasizes family ties, whereas Protestantism teaches individual responsibility.
4.The earliest mammals appeared on the earth hundred millions years ago, whereas the first evidence of humans dates from only about one million year ago.
5. The aim of the natural science is to predict and control natural process, whereas the aim of the social science is to understand human behavior.
6. He must be about sixty, whereas his wife looks about thirty.
Translation
XI.
儒教也为亚洲人的成功提供了另一个要素。在孔夫子的哲学中，家庭起着最重要的作用----这种定向引导人们为家庭的荣誉而学习工作，而不仅仅是为了他们自己。一个人永远无法报答他的父母，而且在亚洲人中间还有一种责任感、乃至负罪感，这是一种如同新教哲学在西方一样的强大力量。
XII.
9. Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their class is made up of males only.
10. American children can usually watch TV three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework during most their after-school time.
11. His development of a series of new research methods led to his huge success. He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.
12. He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.
13. The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.
14. As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on traditional Chinese philosophy.
15. To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Young work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tires to motivate them to get ahead in life.
16. As time was running out, we drove even faster in the hope that we could make it to the airport in time.
Cloze
XIII
1. immigrant 2. than 3. obligation 4. motivated 5. widespread
6. however 7. although 8. discrimination 9. but/although 10. One day
11. guilty 12. horrified 13. repay 14. owe
Reading Analysis
XII.
Stevenson offered three recommendations:
To start with, we need higher standards for our kids second, American parents need to become more committed to their children’s education. And third, our school could be reorganized in simple but effective ways.
Structured Writing
XIII. One example, for reference
Students at our university admire their English teachers for three main reasons. To start with, the teachers’ hard work and dedication are highly inspiring to us. Second, the wonderfully creative lessons they prepare strongly motivate us to study as hard as we should. And third, our teachers’ warmly human characters create bonds of friendship that will last forever.
第三单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. The author is talking about cultural differences: different ways of doing things in different cultures; different attitudes, traditions, beliefs, etc. she or he says neither side can understand because people are not usually conscious of their deepest cultural attitudes.
2. The American company George worked for started a joint venture with a Japanese firm, and they needed someone to train the Japanese engineers. George was the most highly qualified employee for the position, and he accepted a two-year contract for temporary transfer to Japan.
3. The Japanese liked George’s nonassertive nature, his expertise and his willingness to help; it’s also implied that they liked his efforts to learn Japanese, and that the secretaries liked the fact that he was single. These qualities
contributed to his becoming a cultural translator by making the Japanese trust him, feel comfortable with him, and grow accustomed to asking him for all kinds of advice.
4. He had to ‘reinvent’ himself because his expertise as an engineer was no longer needed, but he didn’t want to leave Japan. The company accepted his ‘reinvention’ because they had heard lots of horror stories about cultural conflicts and recognized the value of having someone like George around.
5. The author means that the misunderstandings were not always merely linguistic.
6. The examples imply that there is a strong group orientation in Japanese business, that sentiment can be as important as profit and efficiency, and that employees may be valued for something other than their material contribution to the company. The fact that these examples mystified the US side implies that in American business relations, profit and efficiency are considered more important than sentiment, and that Americans expect logical explanations for decisions, expenditures, etc.
7. Because the words and actions of the American visitors could be misinterpreted by the Japanese: things that could seem crazy or rude to the Japanese are normal to Americans.
8. Because the author believes that language problems are not a serious
barrier, compared with cultural differences.
Vocabulary
III.
1. surpassed 2. approved 3. ensure 4. thriving 5.escalated
6. qualified 7. represent 8. apparent 9. justify 10. conflicts
IV.
1. go along with 2. from the farmers’ viewpoint 3. multitudes of
4. run into 5. come to an end 6. picked up 7. at times
8. gotten into the habit of 9. smooth over 10. the other way around
V.
1. due to 2. thanks to 3. Due to 4. Thanks to 5. due to 6. Thanks to
Word Building
VI.
Interchangeable: that can be used in place of each other
Interface: a place or area where different things meet and have an effect on each other
Intercontinental: between continents
Intersection: a joint where two roads or lines cross
Interdisciplinary: involving two or more disciplines
Interview: an occasion when a person is asked questions by one or more other people
1. intercontinental 2. interface 3. intersection 4. interchangeable
5. interview 6. interdisciplinary
VII.
1. Almost everyone would like to have more money for nonessential goods and services just because they make life a little more pleasant.
2 Mr. Peterson is the chairman of nonprofit charity organization.
3. Hostility towards outsiders is characteristic of both humans and
non-humans.
4. Although I’m a nonsmoker, I don’t support discrimination against smokers.
5. It would be nonsense to say that all Asian societies are the same.
6. There’s a difference between using words in a nonstandard way and using them incorrectly.
Cloze
VIII.
1. among 2. conflicts 3. made 4. understanding 5. since
6. conscious of 7. so 8. run into 9. with 10. crazy 11. that is
12. since 13. That’s is 14. escalating 15. parties
Translation
IX.
从一开始，乔治就被所有的日本雇员欣然接受。日方经理通常不信任任何被派去代表美方业主的人，但乔治生性随和，没有人把他看作是对自己职业的一种威胁。所以他们喜
欢就广泛的各类问题征求他的意见，包括大洋彼岸他们的合作伙伴的古怪行为。公司上下的工程师们都珍视乔治的专业知识和他友好而技能熟练的帮助，他们已养成了一有问题----任何问题，就找他帮忙的习惯。办公室里的秘书们都热衷于帮助这个讨人喜欢的单身汉学习日语。
X.
1. When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.
2. To ensure that their ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.
3. As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.
4. Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.
5. Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.
6. All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they run into.
7. My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.
8. with a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who came to China to study Chinese medicine.
Reading analysis
XI.
General observation: at times something far more important than good English was needed.
Illustration 1: one such case was when the Japanese accountant had to explain the $ 46,534 spent of 874 December- holiday presents.
Illustration 2: or there was the time when the Japanese personnel manager had to justify keeping a chemist on the payroll even though the company no longer needed his expertise.
Structured writing
XII. One example, for reference
When foreign visitors come to China for the first time they often run into embarrassing situations. One such case was when some British tourists tried to pay for what they bought at a street market with their credit cards. Or there was the time when they went shopping in small shops without bargaining at all.
第四单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. Vicky didn't know how to cope with rejection or failure because everything had always gone so well for her.
2. She now realizes she was simply not suited for that job, and has another in which she is happy and successful.
3. Two-valued orientation makes us see success and failure as the only two possibilities.
4. That “success” in one area is frequently accompanied by failure in another.
5. Success that’s too early can mean a person lacks preparation for other things in life; success that comes too easily can mean the person will not know
how to deal with real challenges; and success that's achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience can be a barrier to enjoying life fully and to trying anything new.
6. Lowering standards, shifting blame, offering a consolation prize and saying “it doesn't matter” are “failure prevention devices” that leave the child unequipped for life in the real world.
7. She learned something from her failure that's been valuable to her in her life ever since.
8. Success encourages repetition of old behavior, whereas failure can motivate us to try something different.
9. “Noble failure” is when a person aims high, tries their best, fails and moves bravely on.
10. Emerson means that fear of failure is a barrier to progress and achievement. You might say it this way: experiencing failure can make a person more confident and effective, because once s/he loses her/his fear of failure s/he can concentrate on achieving her/his aims.
Vocabulary
III.
1. afford 2. preclude 3. emphasis 4. prone 5. applied
6. distinguished 7. obsessed 8. alike 9. enquire 10. impulse
11. practically 12. prompted
IV.
1. We put in a request for a little extra time to finish the project, but the board turned us (or it) down.
2. The politician enjoyed a successful career at the cost of his relationship with his family.
3. The author is of the opinion that early success may eventually prove harmful to a person’s all -round development in the long run.
4. I took your umbrella by accident—I’m sorry.
5. The bookshop was on the brink of failure until they branched out into CDs and cassettes.
6. With this out-of-date equipment, you can’t count on good results.
7. Students sometimes get in the habit of disrupting classes with annoying comments. In such cases, teachers are advised to send to the school psychologist.
8. Ever since she started her own business, she’s been much more satisfied with her life.
Word building
V.
A. a. departure b. exposure c. pleasure d. pressure e. composure f. enclosure
g. displeasure h. disclosure
B. 1. exposure 2. displeasure (or pleasure, if someone thinks that’s funny!)
3. departure 4. disclosure; pressure 5. enclosure
VI.
A. 1. d 2. a 3. f 4. g 5. h 6. b 7. c 8. e
B. 1. feedback 2. breakup 3. takeoff 4. setbacks 5. breakthrough 6. build-up
Structure
VII.
1. a) their laughter and conversation sound as if they’re enjoying each others’ company.
b) Their laughter and conversation sound as if they were in the same room with us.
2. a) the secretary has been working in her office late every night this week, as if her boss is under serious deadline.
b) The secretary has been staying in her office late every night this week, as if she had no home to go to.
3. a) you’re so pale! You look as if you’re getting sick.
b) You’re so pale! You look as if you had seen a ghost.
4. a) he acts as if he has a very high opinion of himself.
b) He acts as if he were the heir to the throne.
Cloze
VIII.
1 prone 2 in the long run 3 preclude 4 obsessed 5 though 6 distinguishing
7 positive 8 beneficial 9 Even if 10 therapy
Translation
IX.
成功鼓励人们重复过去的行为，因而远不及失败这个老师来得好。你可以从一次极糟的晚会中学会如何举办一次成功的晚会，从第一次不当的选房中学到下次选房时要注意些什么。即使一次看似彻底的失败也能激发新的思路，引起方向的改变。
X．
1. Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
2. Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
3. A mature person is one who is good at turning failure into success.
4. She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice skating that she never prepared herself for challenges of the real world.
5. He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company had gone bankrupt.
6. When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
7. The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
8. In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid of. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.
Reading analysis
XI.
Presentation of one point of view: people are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls ‘the two-valued orientation.’ We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success of a failure.
Presentation of a contrasting view: in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible.
Support for the contrasting view: as Hayakawa points out, there’s a world of difference between ‘I have failed three times’ and ‘I am a failure.’ Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.
Structured writing
XII. one example, for reference:
People are generally to the belief that a silent room is the best place to study. We act as if quiet surroundings were crucial to concentration. But in fact, noisy rooms can be more educational than quiet ones. When I study in my dorm room, for example, the constant noise my roommates make actually helps me think.
第五单元
Text comprehension
II.
A. 1. f 2. t 3. f 4. t 5. f 6. f 7. t 8. t 9. f 10. f
B. 1. N 2. N 3. I 4. I 5. N 6. I
Vocabulary
III.
1. sponsor 2. determination 3. claim 4. prospective 5. minimum 6. ultimately 7. eligible 8. employment 9. setting 10. loans
11. exhibit 12. priority
IV. The exact translations, definitions and synonyms may, of course, vary somewhat, but here are some answers for reference.
1. come up with; translation:筹划
2. take some time off; definition: arrange for a break/ a vacation/ some free time
3. throws herself into; definition: participates very enthusiastically, wholeheartedly, etc. in
4. get by; synonym: make ends meet, manage to survive
5. on his own; synonym: independent adjust to; synonym: get used to
6. tired of; translation: 厌倦了
7. stay up; translation: 熬夜
8. ended up; definition: finally and unexpectedly (won)
9. as of; synonym: starting from
10. get put down; definition: run into setbacks, barriers, etc.
V.
1. gets off (work) 2. couldn't take it 3. dependents 4. postpone
5. make your dream come true 6. alongside 7. look back on
8. end up with a cold
Word building
VI.
1. I missed the train this morning because I overslept again.
2. don't pay any attention to his crazy stories- he just has an overactive imagination.
3. the company ended up with 20, 000 unsold copies of the book because their sales director overestimated the demand.
4. as a result of the crowds of people coming from the surrounding countryside looking for work, the city has become overpopulated.
5. I’ve been overeating lately and have decided to go on a diet.
6. Most teenagers agree that their parents are overprotective.
7. I didn't mean anything unkind. Jane’s simply being oversensitive.
8. A cliché is an expression that’s become uninteresting because it’s overused.
VII.
1. novelist 2. nationalist 3. activist 4. idealist 5. psychologist
6. economist 7. terrorists 8. Sociologist 9. typist 10. marxist
VIII.
A. affection calculation collection combination introduction declaration election invitation interruption plantation projection sensation donate negotiate generate organize
B. 1. negotiate 2. sensation 3. projection/calculation 4. combination 5. donate 6. affection 7. calculation 8. generate
Structure
IX.
1. If only you could say longer in Britain- your English might improve.
2. children may enter the club only if they are accompanied by adults.
3. if only you told me you had a spare ticket for the show.
4. you can go to the sky-diving exhibition only if you promise you won’t try if yourself.
5. the students at this university are allowed to take up part-time employment only if it doesn’t interfere with their studies.
6. If only she hadn’t told my mother, everything would have been all right.
X.
1. having traveled a lot, he knows a great deal about other culture.
2. having finished all her housework, she decided to see what was on TV.
3. having spent nearly all our money, we couldn’t afford to stay in a hotel.
4. having forgotten his telephone number, she didn’t know how to get in touch with him.
5. having cleaned the windows, he started to mop the floor.
6. having taken the medicine you gave me, I feel much better.
XI.
1. Seeing so many people around her living in poverty
2. Bringing up the subject at the meeting
3. Looking back on the past
4. Staying up late studying before an examination
5. Working full-time and being a full-time student
6. Living at home rent-free
Translation
XII．
要做到工作学习两不误很困难。“我要一直熬夜学习，每天一大早又要去上班。我上课时很难集中思想，上班时也很难受，因为我实在太累了，”她说。不过她第一学期最后还是得了两个A。
XIII.
1. The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.
2. With small income from her restaurant job, marry could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
3. During her first semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify the scholarship.
4. Anyone who wants to find employment in/ with that company must have at least a master’s degree; if not a Ph. D. otherwise he or she will not be accepted.
5. Only if you completely throw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
6. In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
7. A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
8. When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
Cloze
XIV.
1. knowing 2. out 3. inquired 4. stunned 5. priority 6. stunning
7. available 8. As 9. up 10. make 11. on 12. get 13. ultimately 14. first 15. assume
Reading analysis
Cause 1: Priscilla soon found that her restaurant job just didn’t pay enough for her to mand ends meet.
Effect 1: so I went the landlord of my apartment building and asked if there was any cleaning work I could do.
Cause 2: since he felt sorry for me.
Effect 2: he agreed to give me thirty hours a month.
What markers and structures does the author use to organize the cause-and-effect descriptions? The markers are: hearing this, so, since.
Structured writing
XV. One example
Some working students end up earning/making more money than their teachers. Knowing this, they feel/are more sympathetic. Priscilla says, “Since I can afford better food and clothes than my teachers (can), I make special efforts to be cooperative in class.”
第六单元
Text comprehension
II.
1. Because he is a star in the sense of a celebrity and in the sense that his expertise is related to astronomy.
2. He is paralyzed except for a few muscles, and he has lost his ability to use his voice.
3. These are examples of the family’s eccentricity.
4. He means that he regards Galileo as the first scientist to closely observe the world and to base his ideas about science on observation.
5. He was very gifted without having to work hard, and he hung around with an ‘elite group’ of intelligent students.
6. It seems to be meant as an example of his quick and insightful mind- but to
me it sounds as if hawking just happened to know the answer to this particular ‘puzzle’ (so do I, now!)
7. His physical awkwardness, his messy uniform and his speech impediments.
8. It’s an example of Hawking’s eccentricity.
9. He gained appreciation for and interest in life.
10. They mean that it showed how determination and ambition can help people overcome seemingly impossible obstacles (i.e. Hawking’s severe disabilities).
11. it helped him focus on his real gift: theoretical research.
12. he means that civilization has evolved to the point that having physical disabilities like his doesn’t mean a person can’t make a meaningful contribution to society.
Vocabulary
III.
1. insight 2. obstacles 3. paralyzed 4. poses 5. proclaimed
6. predicted 7. Initially 8. eccentric 9. gap 10 inherit
IV.
Slight variations in the exact wording are possible, but the general idea for each revision is :
1. Hawking has been proclaimed a genius and Einstein’s heir.
2. His father was a doctor specializing in tropical diseases.
3. Ancient astronomers maintained that the earth was the center of the solar system.
4. Hawking was part of an elite group of bright students who listened to classical music.
5. He acknowledges that his disease was a crucial factor in focusing his attention on theoretical research.
V.
1. Big industries that are responsible for a lot of pollution pay special taxes that finance environmental clean-up projects.
2. We bought these chairs only last year and they are falling apart already.
3. Each of us has to work out the problems posed by life in our own way.
4. Haven’t your parents ever said anything about your hanging around with such eccentric friends?
5. Just as Jane put the glass on the table, the cat jumped up and knocked it off.
6. Fascinated by the stars and planets, the boy dreamed of becoming a professional astronomer someday.
7. Many educators say that an ability to perform well on tests has nothing to do with true intelligence.
8. Alfred was at once a great philosopher and a talented musician.
9. Plenty of people who have trouble in school when young later turn out to be creative genius.
10. Of course you have trouble learning if you never bother to look up new words in the dictionary.
Word building
VI.
1. anthropology 人类学 2. archaeologist 考古学家 3. astronomer 天文学家 4. biological 生物学的 5. chemistry 化学 6. chemist 化学家7. cosmology 宇宙学 8. cosmologist 宇宙学家 9. mathematical 数学的 10. mathematician 数
学家 11. philosophical 哲学的 12. philosopher 哲学家 13. psychology 心理学 14. psychological 心理学的 15. sociological 社会学的 16. sociologist 社会学的
VII.
1. telegram 2. television 3. communication over long distances
4. treat a patient a long distance away; provide medical treatment from a distance 5. information in the form of text
Structure
VIII.
1. Originally located in London, the museum was moved to Hertfordshire in 1946.
2. Asked what his plan was for the coming year, the manager promised to further develop the domestic market.
3. Composed in 1878, this symphony is based on a classical Chinese love story.
4. Designed for visitors to touch or play with, many modern museum exhibits are at once entertaining and educational.
5. Aided by technology, science helps mankind to gain increasing control over
the environment.
IX.
1. A star scientist in more ways than one, Steven Hawking has achieved far more than most people ever dream of.
2. An Italian mathematician and astronomer, Galileo was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both literally and figuratively.
3. A figure of classroom fun, hawking spoke with a slight lisp inherited from father.
4. A group of some forty students, the Poetry Society holds regular meetings where the members recite their poems.
5. A fascinating combination of ancient and modern China, Beijing attracts huge numbers of tourists from around the world every year.
Translation
X.
他被称为“活着的最有才华的人”，“20世纪后期最伟大的天才”，以及“爱因斯坦的继承人”。因《时间简史》一书而闻名遐迩为众人所知的斯蒂芬霍金是一个多重意义上的明星科学家。霍金擅长于用一种为非科学家所喜爱的文体揭示宇宙的奥秘，这种天赋使他声
誉鹊起，也使他的书在英国和美国都成了畅销书。该书因在《星期日泰晤士报》十大畅销书名单上持续了184周，并在全世界销售了500多万册而在《吉尼斯世界纪录大全》上赢得了一席之地——对一本科学书籍来说，这简直是前所未闻的成功。
XI.
1. Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.
2. Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its/ it earning a place in the ‘top-ten’ list one the radio.
3. Located to the northwest of London, Oxford University is well known/ noted far and wide for its academic excellence.
4. An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept of time and space.
5. This medical research is aimed at finding new treatments for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.
6. This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university. A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in theoretical research.
7. Two years ago, bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager.
Luckily he won a scholarship to the state university.
8. Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof. white, the then Chair of the Physics department, recalls: “ He impressed me as a very bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
Cloze
XII.
1. Accompanying 2. Behind 3. device 4. pose 5. awkward 6. remaining 7. out 8. into 9. by 10. ___ 11. govern 12. in 13. ___ 14. as if 15. ultimate 16. At last
Reading analysis
XIII.
Example 1: one of Hawking’s science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: “Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?” while the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: “Add the milk after pouring, of course.” (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.)
Example 2: another teacher relates how hawking and his friends built a simple
computer—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centers had any computers at all.
Structured writing
XIV. One example, for reference
Some famous geniuses had very surprising beliefs. Thomas Edison, for example, was sure that magic creatures lived in his garden, and he never traveled on the 13th because he was afraid it would be bad luck. Another example is Charles Darwin, who claimed ghosts visited him every Sunday.
Unit1
l 老伴60多岁中风去世时，那位72岁的退休教授不胜悲痛。无人依靠的生活对他来说将是非常困难的。
When his wife died of a stroke in her sixties, the 72-year-old retired professor was overwhelmed by grief. Life would be too difficult for him without anybody to rely on.
l 两位业余画家上个月在伦敦举办了一次个人画展。许多人前去参观，其中包括一些著名的专业画家。
Last month two amateur painters held an exhibition of their pictures in London. Many people went to see it, including a few celebrated professionals.
l 当20世纪80年代中期，7名宇航员在“挑战者”号的灾难中遇到困难时，全世界一下子陷入了震惊与悲痛之中。
When seven astronauts died in the Challenger disaster in the mid-1980s, it plunged the whole world into shock and grief.
l 在结束了其第二届首相任期之后，她仍积极参与政治事务。当政府遇到困难时，她屡次前来帮忙。
After completing her second prime ministry, she remained actively involved in political affairs. She came to the rescue several times when the government was in difficulty.
l 大选失败之后，史密斯博士隐退到一个小村庄，在那里尝试工作。
After his failure in the election campaign, Dr. Smith retired to a small village, where he tried his hand at farming.
l 只要你一辈子不停地努力工作，你在回忆里往事时就会感到心满意足的。
As long as you keep working hard all your life, you will recall your past with a glow of satisfaction.
l 我们现在必须唤醒人们认识到环境保护的重要性。否则很快就为时太晚了。
We must awaken people to the importance of environmental protection, or it
will be too late.
l 那位官员因卷入一件政治丑闻而被撤职。如果早知会落到这般地步，他当初也许就会以不同的方式行事了。
That official was removed from office for being involved in a political scandal. Had he known this would happen, he might have acted differently.
Unit2
l 我们班女生占大多数。相比之下，他们的班级全由男子组成。
Female students constitute the majority of our class. By contrast, their class is made up of males only.
l 美国孩子通常每天看三小时电视，而中国孩子必须将放学后的大部分时间用于做家庭作业。
American children can usually watch TV (for) three hours a day, whereas their Chinese counterparts have to work on their homework most of the time after school.
l 他开发的一系列新研究方法使他获得了巨大的成功。他说这一切都得归功于他父母的鼓励。
His development of a series of new research methods led to his great success.
He said he owed all this to his parents’ encouragement.
l 讨论直接涉及他的未来，而他却被排斥在外，对此他表示愤慨。
He resented being excluded from discussions that directly concerned his future.
l 这些问题连续不断地出现，这表明这台新仪器必须重新调试。
The fact that these problems are continually showing up suggests that this new device has to be readjusted.
l 张华是近年来涌入美国一流大学的亚裔学生之一，他说他的许多思想都基于传统的中国哲学。
As one of the many Asian students who have surged into the best American universities in recent years, Zhang Hua says that many of his ideas are based on the traditional Chinese philosophy.
l 首先，杨先生如此努力工作并非只是为了钱。他一心为了教育青年人并设法激励他们在各方面都取得进步。
To start with, it is not merely money that makes Mr. Young work so hard. He is committed to educating the young and tries to motivate them to get ahead in life.
l 我们剩下的时间不多了，于是我们把车开得更快，希望能及时赶到机场。
As time was running out, we drove even faster in hopes that we could make it to the airport in time.
Unit3
l 当那份临时性的工作结束时，人家给乔治提供了一份永久性的工作，他马上就接受了。
When this temporary job came to an end, George was offered a permanent job, which he accepted at once.
l 为了确保他们在日本的合资企业盈利，那些美国公司比之语言翻译来说更需要文化翻译。
To ensure that joint ventures in Japan are profitable, the American companies need cultural translators even more than language translators.
l 作为一名文化翻译，乔治渴望帮助那些就许许多多事情来向他求救的日方雇员，包括属于他专业知识范围内和之外的问题。
As a cultural translator, George was eager to help the Japanese employees who came to ask his advice on a great many matters, both within and outside of his field of expertise.
l 乔治用某种方法说服美方经理接受了日方会计师的决定，从而缓解了两人之间的冲突。
Somehow or other, George persuaded the American manager to go along with the Japanese accountant’s decision, thus smoothing over the conflict between the two.
l 美方经理与日方经理之间的确有时会发生冲突和争论。但由于双方都很有见识进行妥协，才防止了这些冲突和争论激化为感情大战。
Conflicts and arguments do arise at times between the American managers and their Japanese counterparts. But since both parties have the good sense to compromise, these conflicts are prevented from escalating into big emotional battles.
l 所有的日方雇员，包括人事经理在内，都很感激乔治在他们遇到的众多问题上所给予的经常帮助。
All the Japanese employees, the personnel manager included, appreciated George’s frequent help with the multitude of problems they ran into.
l 我的日语口语还不足以很好地表达我的思想，所以如果我有时说了些愚蠢的话，请不要生气。
My spoken Japanese is not good enough to express myself well. Please don’t get offended if I sometimes say stupid things.
l 张大夫对中医有精深的了解，英语也掌握的不错，所以他完全有资格培训前
来中国学习中医的外国医生。
With a solid understanding of traditional Chinese medicine and a good mastery of English, Dr. Zhang is highly qualified to train foreign doctors who have come to China to study Chinese medicine.
Unit4
l 庇护孩子不让他们知道自己已经失败对于他们的成长和发展是绝对无益的。
Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.
l 爱默生认为在失败和成功之间并无天壤之别。
Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.
l 一个成熟的人是一个善于把失败变为成功的人。
A mature man is one who is good at turning failure into success.
l 她醉心于在溜冰方面取得的成功，从未对现实世界的挑战做好准备。
She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice-skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.
l 当他得知自己的公司已经破产时，完全崩溃了。
He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company bad gone bankrupt.
l 史密斯先生在谈到他的成功时，往往夸大其辞。
When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.
l 这家公司开始只卖收音机，但现在已扩大营业范围，销售电脑了。
The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling computers as well.
l 事实上，失败并不是可怕的东西。一旦我们学会应用它，它就能对我们的成长和发展做出积极的贡献。
In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.
Unit5
l 这所大学只提供给普里西拉一小笔贷款，余下的钱得靠她自己去筹划。
The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.
l 凭着她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，玛丽几乎无法维持生活。因此，她已在所住的公寓大楼里找了一些清扫大楼的工作做。
With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.
l 在头两个学期她经常熬夜学习，因为她知道必须在班上取得最高的平均积点才有资格获得那份奖学金。
In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.
l 任何人想在那家公司找到工作，即使没有博士学位，至少也得有个硕士学位，不然就不会被录用。
Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a mater’s degree, if not a Ph. S. Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.
l 只要你全心全意地投身于学习，你终将会达到你成为一名考古学家的长远目标。
Only if you threw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.
l 在办公室里贝思看上去一直很开心，脸上随时带着微笑。但在内心深处她已
厌倦了做秘书。她想做点有创意的事情。
In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.
l 我父亲是来自墨西哥的农业季节工人。当我被华盛顿大学录取，成为我家上大学的第一人时，他高兴极了。
A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.
l 普里西拉回忆起初艰苦奋斗年月时说，在工作和学习之间取得平衡是不容易的。
When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.
Unit 6
l 专攻理论宇宙学的英国科学家斯蒂芬·霍金被公认为二十世纪末叶最伟大的天才。
Stephen Hawking, a British scientist specializing in theoretical cosmology, has been proclaimed the greatest genius of the late 20th century.
l 每推出一张新唱片，这位歌手总梦想着它能跻身电台的排行榜前十名之列。
Every time he releases a new record, the singer dreams of its earning a place in the “top-ten” list on the radio.
l 位于伦敦西北的牛津大学以其学术成就而闻名遐迩。
Located in the northwest of London, Oxford University is noted far and wide for its academic excellence.
l 作为一位智力超群的伟人，爱因斯坦使现代人对于时空有了全新的概念。
An intellectual giant, Einstein was responsible for modern man’s new concept of time and space.
l 这项医学研究的目的在于找到医治遗传性血液疾病的新疗法，因为现在使用的药物不能治愈这些复杂的疾病。
This medical research is aimed at finding new treatment for inherited blood diseases, because the drugs now in use cannot cure these complicated diseases.
l 今年是我校建校一百周年纪念。我校最初是一家私塾，现已成为一所以理论研究见长的世界名牌大学。
This year is the one hundredth anniversary of the founding of our university. A private school initially, it has now become a world-famous university specializing in
theoretical research.
l 两年前，鲍勃对他餐馆经理的工作感到厌倦了；幸好他获得了一份州立大学的奖学金。
Two years ago, Bob was feeling bored with his job as a restaurant manager. Luckily, he won a scholarship to the state university.
l 当被问及斯蒂芬在大学时是什么样的学生时，当时任物理系系主任的怀特教授回忆道：“他给我的印象是个非常聪明的学生，具有一种对物理本能的洞察力。”
Asked what kind of student Stephen was at college, Prof. White, the then Chairman of the Physics Department, recalls, “He impressed me as a very” bright student with an instinctive insight into physics.”
Unit7
l 他在尝试制订促进思考艺术的新计划时脑子里闪过了一个绝妙的主意。
A brilliant idea flashed into his mind while he was trying to formulate a new plan to promote the art of thinking.
l 不管你怎么看他，都没有理由怀疑他是蓄意造成这一骇人故事的。
Regardless of what you may think of him, there is no reason to suspect him of bringing about this horrible accident deliberately.
l 他转过身来正好看见玛丽在聚会中途悄悄离去，因而感到非常不安。
He turned round just in time to catch Mary sneaking off in the middle of the party, which greatly disturbed him.
l 他那些尖刻的话使我想起了他对足球教练的强烈不满。其实它们纯粹是来自偏见，并使他自己为大部分队友所疏远。
His sharp words reminded me of the strong resentment he feels toward his soccer coach. Actually they come from pure prejudice and most of his teammates shun him for it.
l 现在整个书房归乔治独用了，他准备把沙发搬出去以腾出地方来放他的新书桌。
Now that George has the whole study to himself, he is going to move the sofa out to make room for his new desk.
l 他对工作忽视太久了，别说一个星期，就是一个月也不可能赶完它。
He has neglected his work for too long and it is impossible for him to catch up on it in a month, let alone in a week.
l 解决他的问题的最好办法是向精神病专家作些咨询。但如果他拒绝这种咨询怎么办？
The best solution to his problem lies in seeing a psychiatrist for counseling. But what if he refuses such counseling?
l 虽然他声称是现实主义者，但他好像对他的公司资金正在耗尽且可能很快就会陷入困境这一事实视而不见。
While he claims to be a realist, he seems blind to the fact that his company is running out of funds and will be in serious trouble soon.
Unit 8
l 不成文的规定比成文的规定更有力地规范着我们的生活和行为。
The unwritten rules govern our lives and behavior more strongly than the written ones.
l 在图书馆和教师里当你和某人在交谈时你并不提高嗓门。事实上，我就从没见任何人在那些地方大声尖叫过。
When you are talking with someone in libraries and classrooms, you don not raise your voice. As a matter of fact, I have never seen anyone screaming at the top of their lungs in those places.
l 当他喊过：“该死，西尔维亚”后发现拥挤在餐馆里的所有人都在惊讶地看着他时，弹压的脸涨得通红。
He blushed when he found that everyone in the crowded restaurant was looking at him in surprise after he yelled, “Damn it, Sylvia.”
l 尽管比赛很激动人心，但坐在看台上的八万名观众却没有一人离开座位。正如鲍勃·格林所说，那道无形的屏障一直是有效的。
Regardless of the emotion of the contest, none of the 80,000 spectators sitting in the stands left their seats. Just as Bob Green says, the invisible barrier always holds.
l 每天早晨六点半，运动场上已挤满了跑步和做早操的学生。这本身是一个充满希望的征兆，说明越来越多的学生已认识到身体好的重要性。
By six thirty every morning, the playing field is already full of students jogging and doing morning exercises – which in itself is a hopeful sign that more and more students have realized the importance of keeping fit.
l 由于某种原因莉莉没有为法语测试做好准备。但作为一个诚实的姑娘，她决不会在考试中作弊，正如她不会说谎一样。
For some reason, Lily was not well prepared for the French test. But being an honest girl, she would no sooner cheat on an exam than tell lies.
l 我认识一个定期给墨西哥的父母寄钱的农业季节工人。他把这看作是理所当然的事。他常说：“你应该赡养自己的父母，是不是？”
I know a migrant farm laborer who sends money to his parents in Mexico on a regular basis. He regards it as the right thing to do. He often says, “You’re supposed to support your parents, aren’t you?”
l 我们生活在一个由法律、不成文的规定、习俗和传统主宰的社会里，没有它们就会一片混乱。
We are living in a society which is governed by laws, unwritten rules, customs and traditions; there would be chaos without them.
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