康有为与制度化儒学

2021-06-02 来源：易榕旅网

Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their康有为与制度化儒学

甘阳唐文明张翔白彤东姚中秋姚育松陈明曾亦干春松陈壁生陈少明刘小枫

编者按

甲午之战以来，两甲子间，国祚屡迁。加之西潮涌入，传统式微，时至今日，中国已非百余年前之中国。然中国何以为中国，这一问题却历久弥新。康有为生于晚清内外交困之际，面对从传统老大帝国到现代民族国家转化这一不可遏阻的洪流，面对西方文明这一强有力的“他者”，而致思于儒学（教）制度化建设，冀望于传统内部开出新的文明形式。

儒学行内圣外王之道。然而，在过去相当长一段历史时期，儒学主要表现为内圣之学。固守心性一隅而无视世运民生之儒学绝非真儒学，所谓“制度化儒学”乃致力于彰显儒学应有的“外王”面向。康有为其时之所思所行，于当下仍具借鉴意义。

本专题内容节选自中山大学哲学系与中山大学岭南文化研究院于2014年6月26日～27日在康有为家乡广东南海联合举办的首届康园论坛“康有为与制度化儒学”研讨会的部分现场发言，录音整理后的文字已经发言人审阅。部分小标题为编者另拟。

甘阳：以稳健的态度来建立健康的保守主义

少明兄要我过来说两句，但是让我做主题说明实在是不敢当。我在来的路上才看到这些论文，现在只能说点自己的一些不成熟想法。

晚近这几年学界对康有为的兴趣似乎明显在增长，已有一些专著出版，同时我也看到了一些即将出版的成稿。我相信，今天这次会议对下一步康有为的研究肯定会是一个很大的推动。

大家都知道，对康有为的评价，无论在中国内地还是在港台地区甚至海外，实际上历来基本口径都比较一致。大体来说，就是比较肯定、甚至推崇康有为的前期，肯定他前期的变法思想和变法实践，但同时基本上是全盘否定康有为以后作为保皇党的改革思想和实践。我个人相信，今天或者今后康有为的研究，可能会有一个比较大的变化，如果我了解不错的话，近年比较不错的康有为研究正好反过来，即对戊戌变法之后的保守派康有为有更多同情的了解，甚至比较多的肯定。反过来说，今后可能会对他前期有更多的批判的考虑。我想这可能

我想，这大概是在中国当前的情况下，重新再思考当年保皇派对革命问题的反省，这种再思考也可以看成是对保守主义的再思考。康有为大概是唯一一个前后一以贯之反对革命的人。他之所以要保皇帝、保君主，基本上是希望中国避免法国大革命的道路，而走上英国、日本式的非革命的改良道路。在这点上，似乎晚清只有他一个人前后一贯，不遗余力，其他人包括梁启超都是反反复复。对于法国大革命的路线可能会造成的严重后果，康有为比任何人都认识得更清楚。从他前期给光绪帝的上书谈各国政治到后期他那些海外游记的比较政治思考，他对世界各国政治史的认识，对政治变革的认识，可能比今天很多人还要深刻。

当然，当时保皇党与革命党的争论是以政治的方式展开的，孙中山以后的中国，20世纪的中国，基本上是一个革命的中国。这也是为什么康有为的政治保守主义以后必然被全盘否定。我们现在是在革命一百多年的历史基础上，重新反思这段历史。但我想在这里提醒，我们不要陷入一个悖论和怪圈。我个人认为，假如今天仅仅以康有为的保守主义来反对和否定20世纪的中国革命，这未免太幼稚，不是政治成熟的表现，而可能陷入一个怪圈，实际上就是继续以革命的态度来反对革命。我比较关心的是，如何在一个后革命的社会重新培养一个健康的保守主义心态和态度，培养一种以保守主义的、渐进改良的态度看待目前问题和社会变革的方式。这当然只是我个人的一个看法。我比较忌讳的是一种似乎是同情后期康有为的保守主义姿态，实际上却仍然是在延续一百多年来的激进主义革命心态。我认为，历史发生的事情已经发生，重要的是，在已经发生的情况下，在百年革命以后，如何以一种比较稳健的态度，来建立一种健康的保守主义。

从这样一种保守主义立场出发，可能下一步更重要的问题，仍然是会涉及到对前期康有为的评价，特别是《孔子改制考》。我个人认为，从中国思想史上说，两三千年以来恐怕没有一本书像《孔子改制考》那样，破坏性如此之大。不太夸张地说，《孔子改制考》基本上象征性地颠覆和终结了中国思想文化学术的传统，破坏性非常大。比如，以后中国新史学的奠基人顾颉刚先生在自传中就说，他在小时候看到康有为的《孔子改制考》，从而认为中国古代的一切都是不可信的。对于这样一种对中国古史和文明传统采取的完全否定性的态度，《孔子改制考》的影响是非常非常之大。我们今天恐怕很难理解，当时《孔子改制考》对很多士人意味着洪水猛兽。这一点，对于我们今日重新思考儒家传统非常重要。

我以为，康有为的一个麻烦或许就在于，康有为虽然尊孔，但似乎往往是在尊孔的名义下，掏空了儒家文教传统一切具体的东西，似乎往往走向一种“抽象肯定、具体否定”的态度。他晚年提倡孔教、国教，但可以说孔教和国教的思想早在《孔子改制考》中已经有其端倪，因为“素王论”本身必然会导致这个走向。我个人觉得，我们对《孔子改制考》为代表的前期康有为对孔子和儒家的诠释，包括对晚清公羊学的基本倾向和趋势，都应有更多批判性的思考和讨论，而不能再像以前那样，从肯定变法而肯定晚清公羊学一直到康有为的“末

简单地说，我的基本看法是，康有为虽然在政治上是保守主义的，但在思想文化问题上却是极端激进主义的，而且这种思想激进主义似乎贯穿从早年康有为到晚年康有为的整个一生。因此，从我的保守主义立场看，整个晚清公羊学到康有为的“末世儒学”都是非常可疑的，这种“末世儒学”似乎更多是对儒家传统的偏离和背叛，是否能成为健康保守主义的思想资源很值得慎重考虑。

我觉得，这背后隐含的一个大问题，就是晚清公羊学以及康有为的《孔子改制考》或多或少有一种政治万能的倾向，总是过分地让学术和思想服从于实际政治的需要。也就是说，不是维护思想、学术的相对独立性，使其独立于具体的政治流变，而是以政治大变为前提，来规范思想学术的走向，这是一个非常大的问题，对我们今天仍然会是一个教训。我仍然认为，儒家真正的精神，是非常缓慢地通过教育的努力而逐渐正人心、齐风俗，而不是期待很快的政治改革的具体效果。这是“大政治”与“小政治”的分野。这大概也是我个人这些年只做教育这一件事的基本想法。我大概说这么几点，供大家批评。谢谢大家！

唐文明：现代儒门学者的教化制度改革

我写了一本关于康有为“孔教论”的书，写这本书的几个月里一直在想象、体会康有为在西樵山白云洞修炼时的那种感觉。这次会议由于时间短暂未能写出完整的论文，我大概把我想到的要点谈一谈。我主要想刻画一下现代儒门学者在教化制度改革方面的脉络。我聚焦于两个重要人物，一个是康有为，另一个是马一浮，一个在民国前，一个是“五四”后。我先谈一下康有为的改革，然后再谈谈马一浮，最后做一个总结。刚才甘老师讲到最近一批的康有为研究有一个现象，就是过去历史学界比较注重戊戌变法时期，比较重视康有为的后期，我自己做的研究是以孔教作为一个主题，比较注重早期，大概是康有为二十多岁的时候，特别是《教学通义》这本书，过去是被学术界忽略的。我觉得从教化制度改革的角度来看，《教学通义》可能是康有为最重要的著作，而他在戊戌时期、流亡时期以及民国以后关于教化制度的看法都与《教学通义》有非常密切的关系。我从几个方面来展开。第一，通过《教学通义》我们可以看到他对儒学的定位。书中有一章叫作“尊朱”，就是尊崇朱子的意思。康有为对理学有很高的评价，但是他又意识到理学的不足，强调今文经学的重要性，所以可以说他对儒学的基本定位是公羊学加理学。在年轻时写的诗歌里，他把朱子与马丁·路德、惠能相提并论，而且明确以朱子的志向为自己一生的志向。公羊学加理学的思路当然还需要细究，这里不去展开，但要指出，这个思路与康有为的老师朱次琦有很大关系，其实也是清代后期儒学自身发展脉络里出来的一个思路。清代出现了一个所谓“汉宋兼采”的思潮，因为当时

第二点要说的是，《教学通义》的主题就是教化制度的改革，它的基本思路我这里不去详细展开，只说一些跟孔教论相关的要点。他认为从《尚书》、《周礼》等文献可以看到，上古时代的教化制度有士大夫之教与庶民之教的区别，但是汉代董仲舒以后，一直到后来的科举制，基本上教化制度就只面向士大夫精英阶层，庶民之教在制度上有很大的缺失。对于宋代以后的乡约传统，他谈得不多，对科举制则有强烈批评。总的来说，他认为过去儒教制度设置方面比较忽略庶民之教，所以现在应当援引经典，恢复庶民之教。这是康有为教化制度改革的一个重要议题。重建庶民之教的具体方法就是设教堂、立教章以建孔教。人们一般都会说康有为的这个思路受到基督教的影响，但我觉得与其这样说，还不如说是康有为对现代政治的深刻把握导致了他的孔教论。他的整个论述脉络其实跟基督教没有什么直接关系。基督教当时在广东这一带发展很快，应该说这是他考虑孔教问题的一个现实触动，但他自己终其一生都没有对基督教做较深的研究，只是觉得以科举制为核心的儒教制度不足敷用，特别是他考虑到，现代社会是一个以庶民为主体的社会，所以庶民之教的问题就变得非常重要。《教学通义》中关于孔教的这个要点对于我们理解后来康有为的孔教思想有重要意义，无论是戊戌时期、流亡时期还是民国以后，康有为的教化制度建构方案有或大或小的变化，但这些变化都要回溯到《教学通义》才能得到恰当的理解，也就是说，《教学通义》里面讲的内容是一个基础性的东西。比如说在戊戌时期，孔教主张是作为科举制改革的一部分提出来的，这个跟《教学通义》的思路是一脉相承的。再比如说，在他戊戌时期的那个奏折里面，他明确地讲孔教会与学校的功能不同，也就是说学校不能替代孔教的功能，孔教面向的是庶民社会，而不是那些培养精英的学校。再比如说，过去有个非常流行的理解，认为“两考”——《新学伪经考》和《孔子改制考》——都是为了戊戌变法，这个看法其实有很大问题。这一点从一个现象就可以看出来。戊戌时期的一些更守旧的士大夫，好多人都同意康有为的具体改革措施，但不同意他的经学。以康有为那么聪明的人，完全知道他的经学会带来极大争议，如果他仅仅在意那些具体的改革措施，完全可以把经学的问题放置一旁，走一条类似于张之洞的路。但他不是这样，他其实很看重他的经学。可以说，当时康有为的教化制度改革方案是比较激进的，但他的整体的政治改革方案却是改良性质的。另外，从后来康有为改写的奏折看，戊戌时期的上书中包括《孔子改制考》，但茅海建指出其实没有。可以这么理解，他这么做就是为了那些政治改革措施能够被顺利接受。如果有人说“两考”主要是写给士大夫看的，与奏折呈给皇帝不同，也只能解释部分因素，毕竟经学的政治意义与君主制的关联在重要性上不亚于其与士大夫官僚制的关联。我们不能把“两考”仅仅看作是戊戌变法的一个思想工具。他对于儒教教化制度的转型有一个非常严肃认真的考虑，当然这个考虑仍然是放在一个更为整体的政治制度改革框架里的，这一点没有问题。

至于流亡时期以及民国以后康有为的孔教思想，主要聚焦于孔教与中国的关系上。我不再详细展开，他的基本思路并不是直接以经学建国，而是以经学建教，然后以教建国。在这个问题上我和曾亦、陈壁生的理解略有不同，我觉得他们两人的理解更接近廖平的思路，就

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their是直接的经学建国，而康有为其实不是这样。在他那里，国与教的关系是通过一个国教的概念联系起来的。教是超越国界的，但历史地看，中国与孔教有特殊的关系，孔教自汉以来就是国教，在现代以来也应当且能够成为中国的国教。这里面的深刻之处在于，他意识到仅仅从政治上考虑建国问题是不足的，所以，他的孔教国教论实际上是想说，孔教应当且能够成为维系中国的一个主导性的力量。由此可以总结康有为对于现代中国的基本构想，其中有三个要素是必须充分注意的。一个当然是共和，这涉及康有为对现代政治的理解，既是古今问题，也是中西问题。第二个就是君主制的意义，第三个就是孔教作为国教的意义。前段时间在上海开会我提出了一个看法：康有为是现代中国的立法者。既不是孙中山，不是毛泽东，也不是章太炎，康有为才是现代中国的立法者。立法者的意义可能需要经过几代以后才能被真正认识到，且在当时还可能是个失败者，因为立法者不一定有武装，可以是个没有武装的先知。而如果我们以此来看现代中国的话，就会发现，章太炎也好，孙中山也好，毛泽东也好，他们的思路都在康有为思想的笼罩之下。因此在我看来，目前中国思想界最重要的一件事是把康有为作为现代中国立法者的地位给确立下来，其他问题才可以高水平地展开讨论。

接下来讲一下马一浮。康有为对于政治的热衷使得他提倡的孔教主张在实践领域中没有取得实质的成功。民国前后，随着科学的观念日益获得空前的权威，现代大学兴起，人文科学与社会科学就成了接引传统的一个主要方式。而民国以来唯一对人文科学、社会科学保持清醒、一贯的批评态度的，就是马一浮。一个重要事件是，马一浮在接受蔡元培邀请任职教育部不久，就辞职了。原因是蔡元培主导的教育部要废经学。马一浮对此反对情绪非常强烈，同年他去新加坡道南学堂看到那里开经学，还专门写了一篇《新加坡道南学堂记》来表明心迹。所以，后来北大、浙大几次请他，他压根就不去，这也是基于他对人文科学、社会科学的批判意识。后来他在浙大讲学，有处境所迫的成分，但即使那样也还是讲了一个条件，就是要以大师的名义请他。这不能简单地归之于他个性的孤傲，而是有客观的义理考虑。马一浮首重六艺之教与六艺之学，认为人文科学、社会科学应当以六艺之学为基础，而不是相反，以方法论的名义将作为一个整体的六艺之学裁剪、割裂。这里我着重谈谈他的书院理念，原始材料见于他的《寒江雁影录》。他说他要建构的书院是仿效佛、耶，“在中土如佛氏丛林，在西洋如基督教会”，其主要的考虑是为了保持教统的不辍而要求新的建制必须“超然于政制之外”：“二氏之学虽衰微，而其徒犹有守之弗失者，以能超然于政制之外。昔之人王，但为外护而不予干涉也。”因此，他说书院的设置既不同于旧时与科举制有关联的书院，也不同于现在以人文科学为基础的大学研究所，“比之大学文科哲学系，比之国文专修馆，比之存古学堂，则为拟于不伦”。对于如何治经学，他有一个分别，就是通治门与别治门。通治门即群经通治，具体来说，以《孝经》、《论语》为主，再加上理学家的心性工夫理论。别治门即各经别治，要以群经通治为基础，就各个具体经典展开研究。前面我提到康有为的理学背景，虽然他对理学的批评很尖锐。可以看到，马一浮的思路也是非常注重理学，在这一点上可以说他和康有为的思路有很大的接近之处，尽管他对康有为有很多批评。在康有为那里，关键词是孔教会与今文经学，在马一浮那里，关键词是书院和六艺之学，虽然具体内容有很多差异，但如果放在一个历史脉络里看，可以说具有相承关系。甚至在工夫问题上，二者都有相似的归宿，即都是归宗于朱子。因此我们看到，关于书院的目的，马一浮说：“书

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their院确立六艺之教，昌明圣学。始于读书穷理，反身修德，终于穷神知化，践形知性。”与此相应，“其教学方法，体验重于思索，涵养重于察识，践履重于知解，悟证重于讲说。务令深造自得，不贵一偏一曲之知”。但这种注重心性的思路并不意味着马一浮的书院理念中完全失去了对“儒效”的考虑，他认为恰恰是通过这个方法才能挺立夷夏大防，并遥望天下太平：“所以立夷夏之大防，拯生民于水火，将使淳风被于万国，令闻垂于无穷。”在抗日战争的艰难处境中，他还提出了“破山中之夷狄易，破心中之夷狄难”的说法。

在评价过去的教化制度时，马一浮提出了两点批评。一个是说过去的“儒者不得位不能行其道，故不能离仕宦。其仕也，每为小人所排抑”。一个是说过去的“儒者有室家之累，不能不为生事计，其治生又别无他途，不免徇微禄，故每为生事所困”。因此他提出，“今欲学者深入，纵不能令其出家，必须决意仕宦，方可与议”。这里一定会有一个质疑，就是说如果连家国的责任都要放弃，那还成儒家吗？仔细体会马一浮的意思，我觉得他并不是说让所有学儒者都这样，而是说，他要培养一批专门从事儒教教育和传播的人，这些人不要去做官，而且最好家庭的负担也要轻。所以我觉得他这个思路要与基督教的制度来类比的话其实不太像教会，更像修道院加神学院，他培养的其实是传教士，这些传教士又可以再去教化民间。与康有为的全盘性思路相比，马一浮没有明确地考虑过国教的问题。但在“五四”以后的环境里，可以说马一浮的思路是与康有为的孔教论最为接近的一个，而且也是唯一的一个。这些都能够在儒教的教化制度改革方面给我们一些启发。

张翔：《孔子改制考》的政治含义

我对唐文明兄的发言有一个补充。《孔子改制考》在政治上有怎样的含义？有一条材料或可帮助分析。黄彰健在《戊戌变法史研究》的一开头就引用了康有为1901年左右写的《致赵曰生书》。根据我的有限阅读，康有为在这封给赵必振的信里很少见地检讨了他在寻求变法过程中的错误。康有为指出，在见到光绪帝之前和之后，他有一个变化。在没见到光绪帝之前，写《春秋董氏学》和《孔子改制考》的时期，他认为清朝没什么希望，于是“不得于上，则欲争于下”，大倡民权等等。而在见到光绪帝之后，他觉得可以有希望，一定要保持对光绪帝的信心。目前见到的这封信是残稿，但1903年康有为与梁启超等弟子辩论的主要要点在这封信里都有了。他自己并不认为失败的原因是改制或变法太快，他认为当时有快速改革的条件；他觉得失误在于当时不知道可以寄希望于光绪帝，于是企图经营湖南，“留为黄种之苗”。为什么保守派在湖南反弹最大？因为梁启超他们在湖南办学办报的启蒙，戊戌年春湖南已在传播“自立易种”的革命言论。从这封信反推，《孔子改制考》应该还是有它的政治企图的。

甘阳：问题是要用什么东西教化

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their 我也对唐文明的问题提一点疑问，即康有为提庶民之教的问题我觉得从根本上不过是梁启超“新民说”的意思而已。康有为认为儒家历来没有庶民之教实在是很奇怪的说法，儒家怎么可能没有庶民之教？根本的问题在康有为不满意儒家传统的庶民之教，而希望有“新教”，所以我说他根本上不过是和梁启超一样希望造就“新民”。儒家传统当然历来有其庶民之教，而且儒家的全部成功就在于其庶民之教极为普及，早已在中国深入人心。这个庶民之教不过就是两个字，“孝悌”二字足矣！问题就在于，康有为认为这不够，他认为不行，所以他认为儒家对庶民是没有教育。而这恰恰从根基上颠覆了儒家对庶民的教育，而不是说儒家对庶民没有教育。所以，这个地方我觉得恰恰是比较可疑而值得商榷的，康有为的前后期是一个问题，这里面恰恰意味着他从头到尾对儒学都有背离之嫌。我觉得这非常需要检讨，包括他以后的国教也是这个问题。全部的问题是要教育什么？教化什么？用什么东西教化？如果离开了传统儒家以“孝悌为本”的庶民之教而另起炉灶搞新的庶民教化，这当然会引出太多的问题，例如与梁启超“新民说”有何区别的问题。我感觉这似乎恰恰是他最激进的地方，而不是他保守的地方。我就想提这个问题，请文明考虑。谢谢！

白彤东：全民教育与庶民教育

唐教授讲康有为的书我读过。我一直有一个好奇的问题，就是：你对康有为的庶民教育这个说法怎么评价？因为如果放大来看的话，以我自己的理解，当时的中国需要的更多的是西方的工业化所要求的全民基础教育，而不是康有为所讲的庶民教育。你在书里面也说，宋明理学那套启迪民智的办法，看起来要比制度化的办法更有效些。我觉得，传统儒家可以接受工业化所要求的全民教育，但是对于以彻底平等为结果的庶民教育，不一定能接受。当然，这只是我的一个判断。讲得不对，还请纠正一下。

唐文明：狭义的政治改革配合上教化制度改革最好

我简单地回应一下。第一个是张翔提到的，其实我不是要推翻旧论，只是要说明：过去我们把《孔子改制考》都作为一种变法的工具，这个理解太过了。我觉得康有为对教化制度的改革有很深的考虑，否则他不会因为这个而去耽误他的政改。当然，在他看来，教化制度的改革也是有政治意义的。他的意思是说，狭义的政治改革配合上教化制度改革最好。比如说，对比一下张之洞的主张就很清楚。张之洞的意思就是政治改革就可以了，不需要什么教化改革。这里的差别恰恰在于，康有为意识到，直面时代的变迁，教化制度也需要改革。

甘老师提的问题，涉及到康有为的看法和我们如何评价这些看法两个层次。康有为的看法如我前面所说，一方面，他认为宋明理学已经意味着儒学走向民间道路，特别是乡约。这个看法当然是有道理的，沟口雄三有一个说法，大约可以粗略地表达这个意思，他说宋明理学的兴起意味着儒学教化中心的转移，宋代是从原来的君主转到士大夫阶层，明代则是从士

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their大夫转到庶民。这个看法不是没有问题，但大概也说明了宋明时代的社会转型与理学的关系。另一方面，康有为对宋明理学的教化方式和思路又有激烈批评，认为乡约的路走不下去了，必须走宗教式的教化道路。但他有这个想法也不是仅仅为了回应基督教的挑战，而是与他对儒学的理解和体验为基础的。联系到白彤东提的问题，因为他在西樵山静坐有强烈的宗教体验，所以说他的孔教论并非空穴来风，西樵山静坐对他的孔教论至关重要。所以他当然是觉得宋明理学比汉唐儒学更能启迪民智、成就民德，但民德的修成对于一般老百姓来说，必然要上升到宗教的层次，即使其核心内容是孝悌、仁义这些看起来比较简单的规范与美德。我觉得就这一点来说，很难说是一种颠覆，除非把宋明理学认为是对儒学的颠覆。但这个义理上的问题与制度问题又不完全对应。我想甘老师的意思可能是说古代的政治结构特别是君主制和科举制，在制度上保障了儒家对庶民的教育。这一点没有问题，但我觉得康有为意识到在新的时代里无法按照原来的构想去实施儒门教化。就这一点而言，可以说他的思路是对古代儒家的制度落实方式的一个颠覆。我在前面提到过，康有为年轻时把朱子比作基督教的马丁·路德和佛教的惠能，后来则自况为孔教的马丁·路德。这里包含着他的教化改革的一个自觉意识。某种意义上说，宋明理学相对于汉唐经学的变化，可以类比于天主教到新教的变化，特别是从注重礼乐制度到注重心性工夫的转变，是儒学变革史上非常重要的。而且，宋明理学就其诉求而言是基要主义的，他们认为他们阐述的是孔子的意思，而汉唐经学则更重视周公的意义。至于我们如何评价康有为的这些看法，在根本的一点上我和甘老师有很大的共鸣，就是说，这条道路还是不够保守。但是，在我看来，康有为的考虑其实是要回应卢梭。在卢梭的人民主权学说引来了以后，政治合法性发生了颠覆性的变化，你就不可能诉诸过去的君权神授或中国的公羊学。顺便说一下，康有为的公羊学首先并不是为了论证政治的合法性，而是为了夯实教化的基础。就是说，对康有为而言很清楚的一点是，他面对的是一个共和的难题，面对的是人民主权的概念。在共和时代，人民主权的时代，在民主共和作为政治前提的情况下，我们如何想象教化制度的建构呢？再搞一个政教合一的模式吗？康有为显然不会这么想。当然康有为也没有想象过我们现在的党国制模式。所以，在他的构想中，孔教只能且必须成为国教，从过去制度变革的角度来说，国教实际上是为了政治与教化的分离，这一点我在我的书中有详细分析；从新的共和政治的建构来说，国教是为共和保驾护航的重要举措。我的一个非常现实的考虑是，儒教要介入社会，不仅仅以学说的方式起作用，还需要考虑大学之外的其他制度建设。就是说，或许我们的内容可以更保守一些，但制度方面则需要创新。我也可以把我的这个看法叫作“新瓶装旧酒”吧。

姚中秋：从西式的教化迷信中拯救康有为

在我看来，康南海确实是中国现代思想史上一个最重要的人物，就像刚才唐文明所讲的，他是现代中国的立法者，几乎所有现代的思想，都可以从康南海的体系中引申出来。我觉得康南海特别重要的一点，也是他比其他人更敏锐的一点，正是他对于“教”的重视，他在建设现代国家过程中，特别重视“教”的问题。在现代国家中建立“教”，南海把这个问题提出来了。

但是，我看了他自己这些系统的论述之后，坦率地说，我是比较失望，因为他的论述充满了自相矛盾。所以他的孔教最后不能成功，是一开始就注定了的，而且还永远不能成功。所以像唐文明、陈明他们所期待的目标，照我的立场来说，就永远不能成功。

那么问题到底在哪？一方面我是比较佩服康南海，因为他作为中国教化体系的观察者，他对中国教化体系的描述其实是蛮准确的，跟我现在关于文教的论述是非常接近的。比如，他在一系列的论述中指出，孔子之教不是一个“神教”。孔子是一个先师，世人都是习孔子之学，孔子之教首先是一个“学”，它是通过“学”的形态表现出来的。普通民众习的是“文”，“文”的内涵其实十分丰富，“文”这个字，起码从《尚书》开始，应该就是我们这个共同体中最重要的一个字。最近两年，我在开《尚书》这门课，当初我读到“舜格于文祖”，始终都没有理解“文祖”是什么含义。最近这两年，我思考“文教”，包括孔子对于“文”的论述，才初步明白它的含义。“文”，它异乎寻常地重要，包括“文德”这个字的含义。

刚才唐文明讲到，康有为认为传统中国没有“庶民之教”。甘阳老师对此有一个反驳——我们这样一个超大规模的共同体，具有自己的凝聚力，并且不断生长，不断扩展，它怎么可能没有庶民之教？它一定是有，只不过我们现在有太多人是用西方一神教的模型来看待我们自己的教化体系。其实“教”就是“文”，比如说礼乐、礼俗、风俗，这些就是我们的教化教给普通民众的。

我想补充一点，其实中国的古典教化体系可以分成两层，它是一个双层的机构，一层确实是通过“士君子之学”养成一个士大夫群体，士大夫确实是通过学六经之文之类来塑造自己的身体和心灵，另一层的老百姓他们由士君子来兴起礼乐，包括修敕礼乐。另外还有一个在我看来非常重要的，在中国古典社会中，“神”是包含在“文”之中的，我们的教化体系由文教统摄神教，而且这个神教是附属的神教。我们现在在西樵山，西樵山就很典型，它有各种各样的神，可是这些神都承载一个共同的“文”，承载的都是儒家所守护的中国的价值体系。也就是说，诸多的神教都是文教的有机组成部分，或者我们把它划在孔子之后来说，就是孔子借各种神教来教化普通的庶民。一方面，他用自己的文本来教化士君子，使他们其中有“学而知之者”，包括“困而学之者”，对于那些“困而不学”之人，就只能“神道设教”。其实我们所讲的“神道设教”，就是把这样一套价值灌注到各种各样的宗教中去。所以，各种各样的宗教都是孔子之教的教化渠道。其中，它跟礼乐是相互交错在一起的，很多礼乐都是跟诸神教联系在一起的。所以，在我们所能观察到的普通庶民的生活，其实是在一个多神的宗教体系中的，甚至一个人可以同时信很多个教。

我们还可以讨论另外一点，唐文明有一本书《敷教在宽》，谈到儒家的价值不仅渗透在现在宗教学术语描述的那些低级的民间信仰中，也渗透在中国那些比较成熟、正统的大宗教中，比如大家都熟悉的佛教中国化。佛教的中国化就其本质而言就是佛教的儒家化，我们在

我想这就是我们所看到的中国教化体系的基本格局。简单地说就是，儒家是一个文教，它教化庶民有另外一套办法，它不是直接通过儒家士君子给庶民布道。所以，这是我们中国过去两千多年行之有效的一套教化体系。

康有为看到了这一点，但是他对此很不满意。他在几篇文献中描述了这个现象之后，认为我们这种教化体系太野蛮了。所以我自己深深地感觉到，我们在康有为关于孔教的论述中，可以看到他对于西洋“一神教”教化体系的迷信，而且他给出“一个野蛮、一个文明”这样的判断。

康有为的这个想法在过去一百年中影响极大，可能大多数知识分子都认为中国人这样的信仰结构以及中国社会这样的教化体系是野蛮的，而一神教的教化体系是高级的。当时康有为只不过是自己的一个观感，到我们这一代知识分子，可能受韦伯的宗教理论影响最大，韦伯的宗教理论塑造了我们对于西洋教化体系的迷信，我们认为，只有一神教的教化体系才是高级的。韦伯在《新教伦理与资本主义精神》就论证了新教和现代各种制度之间的密切关系。所以我们对一神教教化体系的迷信，可能比康有为还要严重，造成了很多的知识分子对于基督教的迷恋。所以我觉得这个问题非常严重。

康有为开启的这样一种中西之教对比，从一开始就走上了邪路。一开始对比，就觉得我们完全不如别人。现在的中西文化对比好像都是这样，只要一对比，就觉得我们不行，就必须全盘地自我否定。虽然唐文明辨析康的立教的想法不是受基督教的直接影响，但我觉得就我看的文献，康的立教就是直接受其刺激。包括现代，从蒋庆到陈明，他们的立教都是受基督教的刺激，无一例外。他们最担忧的就是基督教在中国的大规模传播。所以要应对基督教就必须另创一个教。可是他创教的方式是，创一个中国式的基督教，照基督教的模式创一个教。我觉得这叫“自降教格”。

在此我直接给出我的结论。中国这一套复合的、以文教为中心的教化体系，是最朴实而又最高明的教化体系。如果人类要寻找一个普遍的天下之教，就是中国模式，以文教为中心的教化体系。我只想说说它的一个优点，就是它可以跟所有的神教兼容，统摄它们，让这些宗教之间不要互相发生宗教战争。那我们在中国就可以看到这样一个历史事实了。就因为把文教灌注到所有神教中，所以神教中的极端部分就被抑制了。并且它能够让所有这些信神教的人仍然有一个共同的文化认同。就是因为这样一个共同的文化认同，我们构建了一个超大规模的政治共同体。

姚育松：从康有为的政治思想来探讨儒教精神在现代的政治实践困难

我要谈的题目是“从康有为的政治思想来探讨儒教精神在现代的政治实践困难”。但是我的动机不是不看好，我只是提出一个问题罢了。

我讨论康有为的政治思想，专注在两点。第一点，是他设立孔教会的主张；第二点，是他的立宪主张。

我讨论儒教精神在现代的政治实践困难，是根据两个样本。第一个样本是牟宗三先生代表的港台新儒家，第二个样本是蒋庆先生代表的大陆新儒家。当然，我这样的一个概括不是很好。但是，希望大家原谅。

考虑政治实践的困难，我必须强调的一点是：儒教在政治方面的实践是必要的。也正是因为这个必要，才会有这个困难。如果没有这个必要，就没有困难可言，因为它不需要。为什么说儒家在政治上的实践是必要的呢？我必须要解释的是，儒教是入世的，但儒教又是想要超越的。既然是超越的话，它就要追求一个救赎。它救赎，可是它又是入世的。那就有个问题了：要怎么在入世之中得到一种超越，得到一种救赎呢？我的看法就是导正秩序的使命感。而这个导正秩序的使命感的前提，是一定要有一个形式上的参照，然后根据各个形式参照用事实来符合形式。但因为现代已经失去了这样的形式，所以才造成了一个政治实践的困难。

接下来，我们就谈到康有为的政治主张。康有为面对的是中国现代化，而这个中国现代化的第一点就是：传统的以儒教为真理的政治形式是需要抛弃的，而改以立宪作为新的形式。而立宪的形式就是不能用责任来作为政治的基本点，而必须用权利。所以，康有为自己认为，政治一定要促进人人自主之权，还有平等。显然，这是不符合传统儒教的精神的。可是，他又要坚持儒教，那他就必须解释，到底什么东西才能成就现代的儒教？所以，他的想法里面就有表里两层。第一层，里的一层，是希望大同世界；但表的一层，他认为需要立宪、孔教，然后藉由君主的权力来达到这个理想。还有一点，讨论康有为政治思想的时候，必须讨论到他是一个时局的参与者，并且他有一种政治策略的考虑。在他早年（大概19岁时）的一篇文章里面，就可以找到他的思想原型，他说道，如果要实现一种政治，必须创造一种说法来改造人心。即便这个说法是编造出来的，也不妨碍。因为“王霸之辨”辨的不是动机，而是手段。显然，“王霸之辨”以动机作为标准，的确符合传统的儒家。可是，如果再仔细推敲一下的话，这对传统儒家是有点反叛的。因为传统儒家是以动机来推论效果，也就是说：我

康有为认为，要立宪的话，就要“去伦常化”，就是人人是平等的，要有一个统一的形式，要有一个参照的形式。但是我们可以发现，立宪和孔教会二者是互相需要的。首先来看立宪。我们知道，康有为是支持平等和人的自主之权的。显然，在康有为的立宪设想里面，君主并不是一个木偶，而是一个相当有权力的人。也就是说，他的立宪是君民共主，显然这不是太平等的。可是他为什么要坚持这一点呢？因为他认为，当时的中国人是一盘散沙，需要有一个传统的权威，而且只有君民共主，才能维持中国统一。所以，他支持立宪。但是，问题又来了。既然他认为中国人民是一盘散沙的话，难道君民共主之下就能成功吗？虽然他又认为，在政府之外、社会之内要设立孔教会，来启迪人心，但根据他的《孔子改制考》，他的孔教会是有一个统一精神的，这个统一精神就是要促进平等和人的自主之权。而再看一下他设置的孔教会的组织形式，会发现它虽然是孔教会，但他上奏给光绪皇帝的设计里面显然是不符合教会组织的。因为所谓教会，一定是上下垂直领导，才有统一教义可言。可是，康有为的这个教会更像是学会。因为它的神职人员是由下到上、公举产生。那么，设立这样的一个孔教会，既不追求统一教义，又没有一个垂直领导的组织，到底康有为的目的是什么呢？我认为，康有为的目的应该是，或者他认为孔教会的目的其实就是在启迪人心罢了。也就是说，它不需要有一个统一的教义，也不需要有一个统一的神。它只需要通过像学会的形式不断地讨论、不断地促进学问，然后不断地促进人们在观念上的平等和人人自主之权的观念，从而进入到大同世界。根据这一点，我认为立宪和孔教会是互需的，也就是说，立宪需要有国民资格，而国民资格怎么培养呢？就需要孔教会的设立。但是，孔教会的设立需要政府的权力把它定为国教，而定为国教当然需要光绪皇帝的支持。所以，他又要君民共主。这个我认为是康有为的政治思想。

接下来，我们要看看港台新儒家和大陆新儒家的比较，看看他们在政治实践上因为跟康有为的差别所可能产生的政治上的实践困难会是什么。首先来讨论牟宗三代表的港台新儒家。牟宗三代表的港台新儒家为了使儒教适应现代化，作了一个很大的区分：儒教的本体完全是形而上的，而这个形而上的本体要在现实上成立的话，必须要曲折地展开，而不能直接展开。这就是他著名的“良知坎陷说”。也就是说，必须承认有客观的规则。本体虽然是纯粹的，但要使之实现在现实中，必须要考虑现实有它的规则。这一点就是牟宗三先生的基本概念。那么，我们就可以发现到一个问题：按照牟宗三先生的想法，虽然是曲折地展开，但不能否认它的道德本体是纯粹无杂的，也就是说，不能以任何形而下的、现实的规则或价值来规范它，因为它是本体。既然它是本体，它要从本体开到现实的时候，就要面临一个从动机推论到效果的问题，在古代有一个很明确的形式，就是“君君臣臣，父父子子”。也就是说，在古代这个政治实践和道德实践是可以符合的。可是在现代世界里面、在民主政治里面，道德实践和政治实践是不可能符合的。也就是说，在牟宗三先生的想法里面，政治实践的困难在于：以纯粹的本体和纯粹的道德去展开政治的时候，一定会面临适应现代政治的问题。

第二个是蒋庆先生代表的大陆新儒家。蒋庆先生认为，牟宗三先生只是谈到了心性之学，而不能谈到政治儒学。他的政治儒学是说，这个制度本身需要表现儒教的精神。可是蒋庆先生也明白说，政治和道德是要分离的，所以不能像古代传统那样，制度本身就是为了实践道德。他不认同这样的观点。但是他又必须说制度要表现道德，那需要怎样做呢？他提出了他的“三院说”，即有三个院：第一个院代表民意，第二个院代表传统，第三个院代表儒教，就是由通儒或大儒来组成的议院。这样的方式与康有为做个比较，对康有为来说，制度是确立好的，就是要立宪，剩下的问题是儒家的理论能不能适应这个制度。所以，康有为的策略是改造这个理论。但是，蒋庆先生呢，制度要拒绝西方。所以蒋庆先生探讨的是改造制度，而不是改造理论。但是，问题就来了：还是那句老话，权力使人腐败，那么蒋庆先生有什么法宝，可以确保进入议院掌握立法权的这些大儒不会腐败？如果他们会腐败的话，恰恰就是为了要实践儒教而成立议院，而成立的议院反而破坏了儒教的实践。这是我认为蒋庆先生提出的儒教在政治实践上的困难。

我的结论就是，不管是康有为，还是牟宗三先生、蒋庆，他们必须承认的是，在现代世界道德与政治是要分离的。也就是说，因为政治与道德的分离关系，牟宗三先生说要从道德来推进政治，其实践困难在于：它不可能在制度上成功，只能通过在个人修养上的努力来达成。而蒋庆先生想要在制度上努力，我觉得很容易造成不可避免的、某种程度上的政教合一，造成的问题要不就是以政害教，要不就是以教害政。所以，我个人的一点小看法，可能要思考的应该是，既然现在是道德不断地从公共场域退出的时代，道德所追求的场域只能在内心世界里面。所以，真的要实践儒教，只能通过实践个人罢了。而如果要通过实践个人，就不能进入到政府。现代也强调一种公民社会，我觉得合理的方式是建立儒教的公民团体。这个儒教的公民团体是什么呢？我觉得就是一个值得讨论的问题了。

陈明：回到康有为

大陆新儒学的特征，问题意识上说是关心国家建构和国族建构，而不是现代新儒家的民主与科学，那是一种随西方文化冲击而来的被动反应；从学术范式来说是采取宗教话语或视角，而不是现代新儒家的哲学、伦理学话语或范式。很多人都反对我们的“儒教”说，其中一种论调就是受基督教影响云云。这也未免太小看了我们，太高看了基督教，太高看了自己对儒家经典与历史的理解掌握。其实，儒家经典有明确的上帝信仰，例如《尚书》、《诗经》里的上帝就既是创造者也是主宰。正是在这样一个悠久传统的基础上，孔子刺破混沌，在《易传》中指出“天地之大德曰生”，将那种面目模糊、自然宗教色彩浓厚的传统转成为人文色彩主导的儒教，由以卜筮为重点的天人沟通模式转向则天而行、以德行修炼为重点的天人合

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their一模式。儒家实践作用于世道人心，天地君亲师的牌位现在在很多地区依然存在。如果不对宗教作基督教式的狭义理解，儒教作为宗教的属性无可置疑。秋风坚持的“文教”说其实是“五四”以来既要区别于基督教又要对儒教的社会功能做出描述的尴尬说法。分析地说，文教的“教”是动词，以文为教，相对的是以法为教、以吏为师。儒家的文正是司徒之官所掌，是顺阴阳以明教化即神道设教，最高根据则是仁，董仲舒说得很清楚，“仁者天心”，即宋儒说的“天地生物之心”，也即孔子说的“天地之大德”。由此可知，文教之教也许不能作宗教解，但文教之文却很难说不是宗教。汉武帝独尊儒术，赋予儒教以政治功能，塑造了儒教的特点，对儒教本身来说影响很大，例如现实关注太过强烈，但这应该视为儒教的特点而不能据此否定其宗教品格——各宗教特点的形成显然无法在这里展开。简单说，从宗教视角理解、解读和描画儒家传统，不仅是出于对国家建构与国族建构的关注，出于对现代社会儒家传统如何重建社会基础的焦虑，也是对“五四”以来将儒家经典哲学化的拨乱反正，是对其内在属性品格的客观尊重和价值回归。

这也是正确理解康有为的一个基础。前阵子我在上海、北京的会议上反复讲过回到康有为的问题，这里还想再强调一下。

第一，回到康有为是回到康有为问题，即国家建构与国族建构。革命党的救国论、共产党的救国论以及自由派的启蒙论是近代以来最主要的政治叙事。它们分别以排满、共产主义、个人解放作为自己的政治目标。它们是随着内忧外患的激化和国际共产主义运动的介入而逐渐生长起来的。心理的失衡、情绪的激化使得人们将近代的挫折归因于文化，形成了启蒙主义的古今中西叙事。国际共运的历史哲学与此本质相通。这种思维上的澄清使中国问题真正得到凸显，中国道路和目标真正变得清晰。正是在这样的澄明中，“五四”的局限性被揭示，也正是在这样的澄明中，康有为被发现、被理解。在康有为处理的中国——这个由满族经武力征服而成的清帝国在维持其疆域规模、族群结构的前提下如何实现其向现代共和国过渡转型的问题面前，左派、右派的论述显得疲弱无力。

近代我们面临的挑战是西方列强侵逼下的生存危机，领土、主权的完整和生命财物安全的维持，所以救亡、寻求富强成为上上下下的共识。在这里，政府的绩效有效性成为衡量其执政合法性的最主要、最重要的指标。这与基于工业革命成果的社会重组及其由此而来的政治正义理解和追求是不能同日而语、等量齐观的。重要的差异就是个人权利，这是启蒙叙事的中坚范畴，在新文化运动中也借着一些文艺作品以易卜生主义之名大行其道，而实际上它与近代中国的当务之急存在某种紧张和冲突。由此可知，将启蒙方案神化是十分幼稚的。具有国际共运背景的共产主义原来也是作为“救中国”的方案引进来的。但是，无产阶级专政下的继续革命不仅导致全国政治内斗，国民经济也濒临崩溃。

因此，对这一康有为问题的强调不仅意味着儒家政治哲学的立场和智慧，也意味着儒家政治哲学的承诺和挑战。事实上，近代在这一轨道上工作的改良派、立宪派甚至更早的洋务派及其中体西用的思想主张，都是属于儒家思想的系统，代表着中国社会内部的主体的诉求

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their和主张。回到康有为就是回到康有为问题，回到这样一个思想谱系，这样一种诉求和主张，并由此建构起关于近代和当下中国政治叙事的框架。这首先意味着一种新的制度安排。在作为帝国转型之政治与法律的起始点——《清帝逊位诏书》里，权力的受让双方达成了“五族共和”的郑重承诺。作为制度的共和相对于家天下的帝制具有公、共、和的不同性质。公，意味着天下为公、人民主权；共，意味着共同目标、共同参与；和，强调公民美德，节制、协商、公益。某种意义上可以说，与儒家的政治哲学价值和原则若合符节。除了“大道之行也天下为公”，《礼记》里还有“均、富、安、和”的具体表述。如果说国家建构主要表现为一种制度安排的话，那么，国族建构则可以理解为国家建构的社会、文化和精神、心理的方面，即对这个国家的认同感与归属感。由于其性质、作用和渊源都具有独特性而不能为政治、法律等所化约，有必要专门讨论。这意味着社会文化层面的系统努力，即达成一种对于国家的认同感。儒教的国教论主张，应当从这一角度寻求理解。

第二，回到康有为是回到康有为思路。其特征是中庸之道，理性务实，即兼顾国家格局维持和制度正义落实，兼顾个人权利与国家认同，即不忘自强初衷，以清朝而非明朝的疆域范围和族群结构，均衡处理国家与制度，现实与理想，一元的政治、法律与多元的文化、宗教诸关系。因为康有为思考问题时对情境的把握是清楚的：外力冲击、少数族群主政、地域广阔、族群复杂。这注定了转型的艰难困苦，注定了只能渐进改良而不能幻想一蹴而就。康有为的中庸之道、理性务实就是不忘初衷，尊重事实、注重实效而不偏执理念、逻辑。

国家建构和国族建构是为了实现帝国的现代转型，而实现帝国的现代转型则是为了实现国家制度与社会结构的匹配，确保在丛林化的国际环境中维持自身存在，在社会治理中实现国民福祉。在这里，国家的保全、民生的维持是历史地优先于个人权利、宪政民主和信仰自由等启蒙方案中的价值排序。个人本位、程序决定不能接受，斗争哲学、乌托邦导向同样必须严拒。换言之，首先不应从所谓现代性事件来理解定位国家建构和国族建构，它首要的目标是本能的，“保国、保种、保教”。启蒙方案与乌托邦叙事只能作为救亡方案而被选择使用，不应也不能让理论吞并事实，手段变成目的——非常不幸，这是今天最大的问题之所在。

康有为思路体现在这样一段话中：“为国之道，先求不乱，而后求治。……今者保救中国之亟图，在整纲纪，行法令，复秩序，守边疆。万事之本，莫先于弥暴乱以安生业也。”这些可谓卑之无甚高论，但左派、右派之所以被称为老路与邪路，多少都是因为忘记了这一点。

第三，回到康有为是为了超越康有为。首先，康有为的“国权重于人权”在当时或者在实现次第上有其合理性，在今天，国家理性也仍然需要给予足够的重视，但人民主权的理念必须确立。尤其是在国内政治中“民权高于国权”的逻辑关系需要明确。治权的有效性永远需要保证，但主权在民的原则也绝对不能含糊。因为今天我们在工业化、城镇化等方面已经取得了长足的发展，“文明、平等、自由、自立”的问题能够也应该作为长期受忽略的短板加以补足完善。“中国梦”最现实的内容就是人民生活幸福，而幸福生活除开物质丰富就是

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their心情舒畅，因此个性表达、政治参与自然也就是题中应有之义。其次，儒教的国教论主张有必要调整为公民宗教思路，以更好地实现共和国的同质性建构，促进国族塑造。康有为看到了共和国至文化同质性建设的重要性，看到了儒教在这一过程中的重要地位和作用。但以国教论作为着手处却值得商榷。共和取代君主立宪，自然意味着公民身份第一，意味着政治法律之外的文化同质性问题需要在现代的政治法律框架及其原则之下进行。公民宗教或许是一种比较稳妥的替代方案。传统社会，中国人是通过儒教的教化、认同获得文化—国民的同质性的，儒教同时也经由这样的路径在政治价值奠基、社会整合凝聚等方面发挥重要作用。随着社会和制度的变迁，儒教已经很难获得当年那样的支持力度和基础，需要适应性更新，具体而言就是要借助现代政治原则和结构，将政治共同体由不甚清晰的利益关系基础导向明确的法律、经济关系的基础上来，既化解新的国家政治建构、公民身份建构与儒教间的张力，又在国家认同、社会凝聚上维持其积极功用。公民宗教思路，意味着将这个儒教的系统从历史上的政治性存在转换为当代的社会性存在，让它在公共领域通过开放性的竞争博弈，通过“文化市场”的选择获得自己相应的地位和影响力。

四是其实现可能。左派论域中的所谓国家实际是党，因为它的基础是阶级论。确实，从历史发生学角度看，国共两党都以救国为立党初衷和目标，因此都不能完全按照西方政党理论来理解定位，尤其是不能与选举制和代议制背景下的，以特定利益诉求为宗旨、以执政为组织和活动目的的政党相混同。右派所谓国家实际是社会（社会代理人的活动）。实际上，中国人所面临或所需要解决的是在西方列强进逼下，固有领土、主权与人民这三者的维持，以及由此而来的能够带领国人寻求富强的政府。在这个基本诉求的追求中，制度的正义性问题进而被提及。从发生学上讲，前者是后者的基础。但是，当正义的问题凸显后，它成为逻辑在先的议题。以致自由主义者常常不仅将其与前者分离甚至将二者对立起来思考和处理。正是在与右派的对峙中，左派为党国论找到了正当性基础。从儒家角度看，明确兼顾二者的地位意义并力求在现实中求取二者的平衡才是中庸正道。

国家、民族代替个人和阶级是以中国梦为标志的新一代意识形态话语的基本特征。这是对近代主题的回归，是对儒家理念的回归，也是对共产党“救中国”之立党初衷的重新体认。在这样的背景下提出回到康有为，不只有理论的意义，实践的意义同样巨大深远。

甘阳：不要低估儒家本身非常强大的生命力

我比较支持秋风的看法。刚才春松说，秋风都是意会，我觉得恐怕也不大对，因为基督教的影响在康有为这里应该是非常清楚的。当代的其他人我不知道，但蒋庆当然是受到基督教影响的，蒋庆早年被刘小枫“毒害”搞了好长一段时间的基督教，说蒋庆跟基督教没有关系是绝对站不住脚的。我觉得，在康有为这里，基督教的比附对他的压力是明显的。但是对于孔教会，我们不妨先抛开理论上的争论分歧，而看一下孔教会的实际效果，因为康有为当年建立的“孔教会”在香港一直延续存在到今天。香港的孔教会现在在香港主要是做什么呢？

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their主要是办小学教育，香港孔教会下大概有六家小学，但这些中小学的影响在香港当然是完全不能和香港其他中小学相比的，因为香港绝大多数最好的中小学都是基督教的。但我们是不是因为香港绝大多数学校是基督教的，就认为香港完全只有基督教影响而不是儒家社会的？我想大家对儒家的生命力是低估了。从香港的情况看，孔教会的作用非常有限，但传统的儒家伦理如孝悌在香港是非常强大非常明显的。比较有意思的是，香港相当多的、特别是天主教的中小学非常儒家化。我经常讲我个人的一个很有意思的经历。我在香港大学的时候有一次去开一个会，结果我走错了一个门，到了另外一个会场，发现那个会是上海的中学校长访问香港，是上海和香港的中学校长的一个讨论会。而上午他们刚刚参观完很多香港的基督教中学，上海校长们最大的一个好奇是：你们都是基督教学校，但所有墙上的校训都是儒家的，他们马上看到了这一点。所以，我们不要太低估儒家本身非常强大的生命力。而孔教会是不是一个最好的最有效的形式，甚至好像只有孔教会才可能推动儒家伦理，这可能是需要重新再考虑的。这是我的一点想法。

另外一点，刚才文明和秋风两个都说康有为是现代中国的真正立法者。这个我有强烈的异议。坦白地说，我认为真正的立法者非张之洞莫属，“中体西用”乃万古不易之理！不管你怎么反对“中体西用”，你都不能逃出它的范畴。中体西用是万世不易之理。所以我觉得张之洞才是真正的大立法者，也是中国现代保守主义的真正奠基者。任何人你反对也好，怎么样也好，你都逃不出他的范畴。而康有为的理论似乎没有一个是万世不易之理。我建议，下一次康园论坛可以专门开张之洞的讨论会。

唐文明：康有为思想中的卢梭问题

秋风一上来，就说康有为这个路子肯定不会成功，但是未来的事情很难讲，所以我觉得还是可以有个开放性的思路。在此我对他的这种比较粗暴的断言不去做什么反驳，只针对他的发言讲两点。

第一点是他的发言中因为对宗教的不了解而出现的一些错误。一个是关于一神教、多神教的问题。在《日本书目志》里面，有很多关于西方宗教进化的书。康有为显然看过。就是说，他有一个非常明确的宗教进化思想，即从巫术到自然神教，到西方所谓的启示宗教，再到启蒙运动时期提出的理性宗教或人文宗教。康有为认为孔教是比西方的理性宗教、人文宗教更理性、更人文的一种宗教。如何评价这个观点涉及很多问题，在此无法展开，但这是他非常有意识的看法，不是像秋风所认为的那样是一个简单的观感。另一个是关于多神体系，他讲的意思并不是说中国是个诸神竞争的场域，而是说在一个教里面的多神还是一神问题，读过弗洛伊德《摩西与一神教》的人都知道这里说的是什么意思。而且，我们的分歧中最难以讨论的一个因素就是我前面反复提到的，康有为的孔教论是基于他的宗教体验的。如果你没有这样的体验，谈起来难免风马牛不相及。

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their 第二点我希望提请大家注意，康有为后来讲国教，我认为最大的考虑是卢梭问题，可以叫作康有为思想中的卢梭问题，就是我前面说过的人民主权带来的现代政治根本上的不稳定性问题。卢梭有个公民宗教的论述，无论中西的研究者大都不太重视这个议题，其实是错失了卢梭思想的一个非常重要的方面。在儒教问题的讨论中，陈明虽然是误打误撞，算是抓住了要点。联系到刚才甘阳老师对张之洞的看法，张之洞的保守性是更强，当时很多士大夫都认同张而讨厌康，包括后来陈寅恪也表达过对张的认同。但是，我觉得在张那里没有共和问题，他没有康有为那样明确地意识到共和时代的到来不可阻挡。所以在这个意义上，我觉得即使康有为呈现出那么多的缺点和问题，但还得说，康有为是现代中国的立法者。另外一个饶有趣味的事件是，晚清时期很多反对孔教主张的士大夫在民国后都加入了孔教会，因为局势的变化让他们改变了态度。请大家想想这件事意味着什么？

曾亦：康有为的孔教主张是复杂多变的

前面干春松说我是教主，我自己可从来没这么说。而且，一般人都是说陈明想做教主。关于康有为的孔教学说，我以前写过这方面的文章，有不少想法。康有为建立孔教，其实有非常复杂的原因，至少不下十种。譬如，唐文明比较关注康有为《教学通义》时期的孔教主张，这主要是从教化的意义上理解孔教，与后来康有为在《孔子改制考》里对孔教的理解是不一样的。戊戌前后，康有为上书朝廷，要求全国遍设孔庙，并向国外传教，这又是另一种考虑。当时湖南巡抚陈宝箴给朝廷的奏折中还提到一种说法，即康有为认为宗教可以使中国富强，这种对孔教的态度近于韦伯对新教的理解。此外，康有为还提到一种原因，即孔教作为宗教，便于处理与西方人的教案纷争。至于学术上的渊源，则因为公羊学本有某种宗教倾向。到了民国以后，康有为推行孔教运动，则有了更多的考虑。譬如，他试图藉孔教之名，以行政党之实。而在公开的场合，康有为更多强调孔教对于维系道德与人心的功能。当然，我认为最主要的原因，还是康有为试图在现代国家中保留儒家的地位，甚至儒家能发挥更积极的功能。因此，我觉得应该对康有为的孔教学说有更全面的了解，而不是仅仅抓住某个时期的特定表述。

姚中秋：进化论和韦伯的思想真是毒害中国人民一百年

中国之“文”中是有神的，你就说，我们应该走上神教。中国当然有神道，但“圣人以神道设教”。而你现在这个做法，是把教直接变成神道。可是圣人讲的是以神道设教，是异于诸多神道本身。所以，儒家本身不是一个神道，但它可以通过各种方法，把它的这个教灌输于各种各样的神道。如果你把儒家改造成一个宗教，其实你把它给降低了，降低为诸神道之一。那么，儒家中国何在？你怎么保证这些神道传承中国之道？这是一个很大的问题。

我们需要立定中体西用的立场。我上周在北京一个论坛上讲的题目是“回到中体西用”。下周在长沙要办一个活动，主旨也是中体西用。从董仲舒到张之洞，讲的都是中体西用。我想，我们在座的所有人都不会说，我们对西方要保持一个封闭的态度。怎么可能？但是，中国要建立一个什么样的制度？很多关键的制度显然不是一个工程技术性问题，而需要灌注以中国之道。如果我们不去面对这样一个问题，而是匆忙建立起各种各样的制度来，必定有很大的问题，很难运转。我们今天讨论康有为，然后讨论到董仲舒，其实董子讲的就是这个问题，道与制的关系。

关于中国的教化体系，其实康有为也观察到了关键，孔子之教是根本，我把它称为“一个文教”。但是，它会通过多种渠道来实行教化，最重要的是三个：一个是政府，最重要的其实是政府，所以中国的政治其实应当叫“政教”，以教为政，以政为教。第二是教育，西汉中期，政府就建立了一套完整的教育体系。第三是神道，各种各样的神道，它都是文教实施教化的机制。

由此看来，中国这样一个教化体系，真的是很特别。所以我常讲，这世上的教化体系就两类，一类是中国式的，一类是非中国式的。非中国式的，就是神教中心的教化体系，西方世界，我们看得很清楚。晚近以来，这个体系被神化了。中国的文教中心的教化体系，反而被忽视，甚至被嘲笑。可是，这是一个最好的教化体系，那就是“一个文教，多种宗教”。中国古代是文教的天下，由此，所有人有一个共同的价值共识。但又有多元的神道存在。我们看到的这个事实，不是近一百年形成的，而是已经形成了两千年了。世界上所有大宗教，在中国都有信徒。但它们又有共同的地方，就像刚才甘阳先生讲到的香港天主教，它们又尊信孔子之教。我觉得，这是我们中国人民奉献给人类的最重要的智慧。

“远近”是我们中国人思考政治的一个核心范式。它允许多元的存在，所以它不会是一个一元的世界。文教中心的中国，跟一神教文明的区别就是，它恰恰不是一元的价值世界。如果我们用一个不恰当的说法，它有一个薄的共识，以此维持共同体的凝聚力。但是它又会给人们的神道信仰以广泛的自由选择空间。所以我想，我们对中国的教化体系，还需要进行深入研究。由此进而探索政治的另外一种可能，另外一种形态的政治。也许，对政治的概念，我们需要做一个重新理解。

张翔：从立全球公理之学到以大同立教

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their 近年康有为研究比较强调他在后期保皇中的行动，我比较同意甘阳老师昨天所说的，应该重视康有为激进的一面。就保皇而言，相对于张之洞或者苏舆，康有为并不是一个很合适的人，他对君主制的辩护比较弱。如果要充分把握康有为的思想，需要注意他激进的一面，注意他为什么会这样展开思路。康有为有过两次大规模的释经。第一次是流亡之前的《新学伪经考》、《春秋董氏学》和《孔子改制考》这一批。第二次是1900年到1904年的《春秋笔削大义微言考》等六本书，现存五本，包括重释“四书”。这一时期他在经学上有一个重要的调整（参见笔者在《古典研究》2011年冬季号及《中国哲学史》2014年第2期的相关文章）。今天这篇文章梳理的是康有为流亡前从“立公理之学”到“以大同立教”的思想历程。

康有为这一思想发展非常关键的一点是甲午战争失败的冲击。以中日甲午战争为界，可以看出他的一个思想变化。甲午战争之前，他强调《新学伪经考》里对刘歆篡乱“六经”、败坏后世近两千年儒学的批判。《新学伪经考》及前后一系列政论文章指出的基本要点是，在刘歆之后，就不再强调敷教于民、谋及庶人了。在甲午战争之后所写的《春秋董氏学》和《孔子改制考》中，论题发生了重大的调整。他转而指出，两千年来中国之学的核心问题是忽略了孔子讲大同、讲太平世的一面，认为这是刘歆造伪经之后最要害的问题。这是他思想变化的一个大概状况。这一调整包含的另一重要变化是，甲午战争前他强调的主要还是“立学”，即立全球公理之学，甲午战争后他主要强调的是“立教”的方面，而且是以孔子的大同学说为基础立教。

接下来要分析的是甲午战争对其思想发展的影响。一般的讨论都比较强调中法战争对其大同思想的影响。他确实在《大同书》的序言、1899年的《我史》以及日记中有相关追述。但是，在甲午之前的文献很少看到康有为展开对太平、大同的论述。因此我有一个判断，甲午战争战败对他的以大同“立教”的思路有一个很大的刺激。这个刺激从他的政论可以看出来，他对中国的失败、对中国成为全球霸权机会的丧失十分痛心。在甲午之前，他甚至认为可以直接攻击日本本土，也鼓吹海外扩张。这种痛心与他主张以孔子大同学说为基础立有全球影响力的宗教的主张，有密切关联。康有为主张立孔教，一方面是要抗衡基督教，另一方面是要超越，要强调孔教比西方宗教更高明。康有为论述孔教更高明，有一个“立全球公理之学”的中介。他是要反思两千年来中国之学，无论从不能敷教于民的角度，还是从不讲全球大同的角度来反思，核心要点都是首先要建立全球公理之学。他曾在《参政院提议立国之精神议书后》中坦承，曾想自己做教主，但后来发现孔子之道无处不在，无法超越，孔子之学是全球公理之学的最好载体，所以最后还是奉孔子为大地教主。孔子之道无处不在的关键，就是太平之世的阐发。在这个意义上可以把孔教称作全球的宗教。

最后对他的方法有一个讨论。如果从“变”的角度来说，大概可分为三种，即相对的“守”、一定程度的变、全变。我们可以看到康有为特别的地方，他是要“变”，有建立全球公理的设想，强调以大同为基础立教，但他也因此论证孔教在“人道”方面的优越性，这是“守”的一面，在“三千年未有之大变局”的变动中来“守”。他的思路是通过建立全球公理之学

干春松：康有为与现代中国

我关注的问题是，如何在现代儒学的视野下看待康有为在儒学发展脉络中的地位。我们知道，贺麟先生在1941年所作的《儒家思想的新开展》一文中已经提到“儒家文化和儒家思想的新开展”定位。这一定位后来被牟宗三先生描述为“儒学的第三期发展”议题。在牟宗三先生所著的《道德的理想主义》、《心体与性体》和《政道与治道》这三本书里都集中论述了此议题。牟先生提出了儒学第三期发展的问题。在他看来，儒家学术的第一阶段，是由先秦儒家开始，发展到东汉末年；第二发展阶段则主要是宋明理学的形成和发展；同时，牟宗三认为儒学的第三期阶段并没有开始，他只是期待着第三个阶段的到来。他规定了儒学第三期三个方面的任务：道统之肯定、学统之开出、政统之继续。他有一个简练的说法，即“三统并建”。黎汉基昨天讲，这三个方面之间有一种天然的敏感和内在的紧张感，而我们读他的书也会发现他存在一个很强的自我期许，即虽然他说他坚信存在儒学的第三期，同时期待第三期的到来，但他始终没有认定儒学第三期已经开始。这个“三期说”后来被杜维明所继承，但杜先生构建的三期说和牟先生相比已经有很大的转变。这个转变最大的特点是杜维明先生的“儒学三期”说带有很强的空间指向。杜先生从世界的眼光来看儒学的发展，他把儒学的第一期发展视为从曲阜到中国，第二期发展是从中国到东亚，第三期发展则是从东亚到世界。在杜先生跟我的一个私下谈话中，他说之前的儒学研究者最远只到过夏威夷，因此难以窥见世界的全貌。但是，在我看来，如果从杜先生的“世界”和牟先生的“三统并建”的第三期使命的期许来看，杜先生的“世界”则是比较“虚无”的世界。我可以通过刘述先的描述来解释这个“虚无的世界”。刘述先在概述杜维明先生思想的时候曾说，他（刘述先）虽然肯定海外新儒家开启了国际面向，但这些习惯于从多元视角看待儒家命运的学者，身上不再负担牟宗三先生所强调的单纯的中国文化主体性的担子，甚至放弃了儒家价值的“正当性”与“终极性”，而只是要把儒学放在多元世界文化里的一部分。于是刘述先的问题变成“理一分殊”的“两行”，即人类有一种普遍的正当性的价值，这就是所谓的“理一”，而儒家或其他的文明形态则可能从不同的侧面来呈现这种正当性价值，这即是所谓“分殊”。他强调并不是只有儒家具备这样的思想，而其他几个大的文明体系也都提供了这样的思路，那么儒家只是提供这种想法的路径之一，这样的多元主义是一种相对主义化的虚无主义。刘述先对牟宗三先生有一个简单的、不能称之为“批评”的批评，他认为牟先生等人身上的担子太重，导致了其他思潮对他们的批评。这也就是杜维明和牟宗三这些海外新儒家在“三期说”这个问题域上的新展开。

大陆学者更为了解的是李泽厚针对“三期说”所提出的“四期说”。这个四期说主要批评点在于针对牟宗三将儒学史“窄化”为“心性伦理史”。李泽厚认为，汉代的儒学有其特殊的历史格局，即它处于由封建制向郡县制转变的历史背景之下。在李泽厚看来，董仲舒和

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their《白虎通》这类形态的儒学不应该被归到先秦儒学这个大时期里边，他们的作用不能被轻易地抹杀。李泽厚的“四期说”描述的其他时期跟牟宗三先生基本上是重合的，但其对于儒学第三期或者说第四期任务的描述是不一样的。他的基本观点是西体中用。在李泽厚看来，中国社会的“体”已经改变了，所以我们要做的并不是牟宗三所言的“三统并建”，而是需要从“积淀说”中发展出来的文化心理结构这条路线来考虑儒家在现代中国生活中的意义。与此关联但比较纠结的是余英时先生的分析。余英时先生基本上不太愿意将自己纳入新儒家的阵营里，但他比较热衷于讨论自晚明开始的儒学民间化的倾向。他反对中国儒学的发展完全是由一个外在的冲击所导致，他认为在明末，儒学内在已经有一个转型。余英时先生对资本主义萌芽等问题非常感兴趣，他还提出了“建制化儒学”这样的说法，他说建制化儒学在晚明已经开始解体了，直到现代，儒学和制度的脱离是儒学找到殖民地的一个标志。总体而言，我觉得余英时的观点依然属于启蒙范畴之中。

牟宗三的三期说、杜维明的三期说以及李泽厚的四期说中都包含了一个有趣的问题，即怎么看待现代儒学的开端？怎么评价康有为在现代儒学开端中的作用？这个问题他们都忽略了。在牟宗三看来，现代儒学应该从梁漱溟和熊十力开始。我看到的唯一认为现代儒学应从康有为开始的学者是萧公权。在萧公权的《近代中国与新世界：康有为变法与大同思想研究》一书中明确提出了儒学的“四阶段说”，这个四阶段说分为先秦期、汉代期、宋明期和现代期。他认为现代期是从康有为开始，认为康有为从19世纪公羊学者获得线索，并用西方以及佛家思想给予儒学以一普及的意义，因此扩大了它的伦理与政治学说，他可能是开导了第四阶段的儒学发展。这样的分阶段方法与通常的现代新儒家研究有一个很大的不同。通常学者们认为现代新儒学的问题和人物都是从梁漱溟和熊十力开始的。包括刘述先都坚持这样的看法，大家或许坚持康有为是一个政治性比较强的人物，治学的思路不够纯粹。

但是，康有为到底是不是第四期儒学的开端人物？我认为这当然是毫无疑问的。我今天要提出的更为大胆的想法是文章中提到的“前康”和“后康”的讲法。如果从另一个坐标来审视儒学发展历程的话，儒学分期说可以分为“前康有为时期”和“后康有为时期”。这个说法我想或许会引起很大的争议。比如李泽厚就不同意这样的划分，方克立老师也不同意。昨天甘阳老师提到张之洞是现代保守主义的源头，我暂时还不能判断甘阳老师的具体理由是什么，但我猜测或许与李泽厚的谱系有所关联。因为在李泽厚的思考谱系中，康有为是自由主义的开端。李泽厚提出过三个思潮的区分，谭嗣同是激进主义的开端，张之洞是保守主义的开端，康有为是自由主义的开端。从这样三个开端说来看，甘阳老师的说法似乎是找到了依据。我现在来解释下为什么有“前康”和“后康”的区分。

一方面，我们首先可以找到一个例证，康有为曾在西樵山说“白云无尽先生去，洞口云飞我又来”，这个傲气就是康有为对自己的期许。唐文明也提到了康有为在西樵山的宗教式的体验，这个体验很大程度上是对自己使命感的体验，倒并不一定是纯粹的宗教体验。从此以后，康有为开始出现“素王”、“康圣人”等自我感觉，这个自我感觉与他后来学术的发展存在一定的关系，我理解为这是他在模仿“道统化”的过程，即他认为自汉以后的人没有

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their真正理解孔子的大同义，没有真正理解三世说，只是看到孔子在“据乱世”提出的一些思想，就认为这是孔子思想的全部，而没有看到孔子对于“升平世”和“大同世”的说法。最有趣的是他在《论语注》中的讨论，他认为《论语》主要是由曾子一系来记录的，而曾子却被康有为认为是比较笨的传人，与子贡等人记录“天道”思想不同，曾子只是记录了“孝”之类的思想。因此，康有为的自我期许包括重新发掘孔子的重要思想，比如“大同”义就是他认为很重要的内容。

另一方面，康有为的思索也存在一个外在的刺激，这是他对于他所处的时代的认识，即所谓如何理解“三千年未有之大变局”。自晚清面临如此大变局以来，历史的背景与延续数千年的宗法制社会的局面相比产生了巨变，中国不得不处于“三千年未有之大变局”的挑战之下。关于这个挑战的说法许多学者曾提到过，刘小枫也进一步区别了中国历史上曾遭遇到的佛教的挑战和晚清所遭遇到的来自西方的挑战之间的差别，这个差别其实就是“现代性的挑战”。这与以往所有儒学曾遭遇到的挑战是完全不同的，因为这个“现代性的挑战”真正构成了一种断裂。因此，从“三千年未有之大变局”的历史意义上来讲，康有为认为自己面临着比朱子更为猛烈的挑战。

第三个方面，是康有为问题的展开。在康有为的问题中有一个特别核心的诉求，就是他试图完成由王朝国家向现代民族国家的转变，这首先涉及到解决国家合法性的问题。从晚清的变法到20世纪20年代开始的国民党和共产党之间的党争，实质上是国家正当性建构的变迁。这样的变迁呈现出一个根本性的矛盾，即推翻清朝政权和延续华夏历史合法性之间的矛盾；其次是要解决中国与世界的问题。他在叙述“民族国家”的时候其实对“民族国家”已经产生了反思，在此基础上康有为要进一步处理华夷之别的问题。在我看来，康有为对这两个问题的处理形成了晚清中国思想史上两个真正的高峰史，他一方面明确要接受现代西方性的挑战，但是同时具备一种对于传统中国的明确感受。所以他既有中国建立民族国家的一套理论，同时又要考虑民族国家本身的不合理之处。当然，他解决问题的办法我认为还可以再讨论。康有为在《大同书》里提出了一种“超国家”的公正建构，他提出地方自治，然后在地方自治基础上形成一种松散的联合体式的政治共同体。第二，是关于孔教的问题。这其中也包含两方面的讨论。孔教一方面强调应当形成一个代表国家凝聚和民族认同的符号，对于建立国教他有着很复杂的想法。同时他依然认为可以存在一个大同教，依然可以存在一个普遍性的反思路径。康有为所思考的诸多问题都是前人从未思考过的，但他依然被那么多人质疑是否担当得起“前康”、“后康”这样一个历史转折点的地位。当然，康有为所思考的问题的复杂性决定了他自身的思考困境。这个困境体现为如李泽厚所言，晚清大量的宪政、议会、民权的思想都是康有为先提出来的，那么他是不是就可以被视为中国自由主义的源头？同时，康有为在《大同书》中对于平等思想的解释，是不是也可以开出现代左派所接受的一些想法？第三，他对于大同、公理的种种讨论，直接导致了儒家色彩与其自身的紧张感。在叶德辉等人看来，康有为已经不是儒家的代表了，而是“其貌若孔，其心则夷”，直到现在还有很多人怀疑他是否是一个真正意义上的儒家。因此，康有为自身思想的复杂性，以及儒家对他思想的怀疑，都是导致质疑他是否担得起历史转折点地位的重要原因。在我看来，我

陈壁生：康有为与经学的转折

我们今天谈康有为，有一个基本的背景，即我们是在“后革命时代”来谈论康有为的问题，这是谈论康有为的最基本的时代前提。如果正视这个事实，那么我们不仅要客观地描述康有为，而且要讨论康有为所提出的问题对我们今天的社会建设和思想建设的意义。在近现代学术人物之中，可能是康有为提供了最丰富深刻的对现代问题的关切，而且康有为对这些问题都做出过不同程度的回应，包括传统学问要怎么继续，中国要怎么走，中国更适合君主立宪还是民主共和，孔教是什么等等，这些问题，都是我们直到今天仍然关注的问题。像康有为这样的思想格局，在中国近代学术史上恐怕找不到第二个。所以，我们今天关注康有为，因为康有为提供了我们认识传统与现实的理论基础。而且，传统与现实之间是相互关联，而非彼此断裂的。传统，主要指经学；现实，主要是政教。康有为学术与政治的立足点是经学，不过，康有为的经学思想，和此前不同，在于他通过对经学的改造，重新激活了经学，以全面回应现代的变局。在其经学思想中，我认为有两个问题值得特别重视，一是经学的重建，二是孔教的提出。

首先看第一个问题，经学的重建问题。为什么一直到今天，仍然有人认为康有为的儒学不“正统”，就像很多人认为章太炎也不是儒家的正统，甚至在“文革”时期，还有人把章太炎看作法家的代表人物？因为在康有为的经学构建中，他的经学理论与传统的经学理论已经有了非常大的区别。从董仲舒以来的经学传统，一直到晚清，经学形态屡经变化，但是康有为的出现，对传统经学是一种重大冲击，其中最大的问题就是《新学伪经考》。昨天第一场曾亦兄已经谈过《孔子改制考》，这书跟康有为的变法思想有比较直接的关系。另一方面，《新学伪经考》则与康有为的经学思想有着比较大的关系。

那么康有为为什么要写《新学伪经考》？以前总是说《新学伪经考》与《孔子改制考》都是为戊戌变法提供理论依据，但事实上真的是这样吗？如果是的话，那康有为就是自找苦吃，因为维新变法前后，有太多人欣赏或赞同康有为的改革思想与改革措施，而非常讨厌康有为的经学思想，就像张之洞的幕僚陈庆年、学出诂经精舍的章太炎，在当时都想过写书，逐条反驳康有为。所以康有为《新学伪经考》的写作，不是服务于他政治改革的需要，而有着更深层次的意图。

那么这种学术意图是什么呢？清末民初，许多思想家都已经意识到一个新的时代正在到来，这个新时代，用李鸿章的话说，就是数千年未有之大变局。自汉代以来，经学成为传统政治社会的大宪章，成为政治与生活的价值来源。对经学的理解，与对现实的理解紧密结合在一起，因此，注经就可以议政，通经便能够致用。但是，随着西学东来，社会变革，经学

而康有为作《新学伪经考》、《孔子改制考》的努力，即是将经学系统化。经学必须成为一个完整的义理系统，这个学问才可以保存它的纯粹性和完整性。也就是说，康有为在思考一个问题：到底什么是经学？这个问题只有到了经学发生危机的时候，才成为问题。事实上，当时的许多大师级学者，所思考的问题都与传统学术的系统化密切相关。例如立根于小学、《春秋》学的章太炎，对经学的系统化认识，是将之历史化。而佛学大师欧阳竟无，则是用唯识论判教，最后连《大乘起信论》这样长久影响中国佛学思想的经典，也被宣布为伪经。

康有为的《新学伪经考》之所以要考证出新莽一代的经典都是“伪经”，与两汉之交刘歆所奠定的新学问有关。刘歆的经学，主要是发掘出《左传》替代《公羊传》而成为《春秋》学的正传，又确认《周官》为“周公致太平之书”，这样一来，出现了两种经学，一种是西汉的口传微言大义，即今文十四博士传统，另一种是刘歆的新出文献，即以《左传》与《周官》为中心的古文经学传统。问题在于，这两个传统内部有矛盾。到了东汉末年，许慎的《五经异义》最大程度地揭示了这种矛盾。经学可以有解经的差异，但不能有内部的矛盾，有差异，各行其是则可，有矛盾，则意味着经学无法继续成为国家教化的基本价值。可以说，《五经异义》是一个“许慎问题”，这个问题因为郑玄的出现而得到了暂时的解决，郑玄“括囊大典，网罗众家”，弥合了经学内部的矛盾，经学重新一统，这可以称为“郑玄方案”。但是，“郑玄方案”的问题在于抬高周公而压低孔子，将经学改造成为尧舜一直到周公、孔子多种圣人之法的集合。康有为的努力，是要在“郑玄方案”中重新拯救孔子，也就是说，提纯出一个可以在新时代里面作为唯一价值来源的孔子之法。所以，《新学伪经考》把古文经典赖以成立的《左传》和《周官》都说成是刘歆伪造的，而把《春秋》经视为孔子立法的集中表达。惟有如此，才能够让经学摆脱“历史”的束缚，而具有“真理”的意义。

我们今天在看待经学问题的时候，有必要强调的是，如果说经学对后革命时代的政治社会建构仍然有价值，那么肯定是完整的经学的价值，而不是某一部经或者某一句话而已。因此，像廖平、康有为、章太炎、曹元弼，对经学的重建建构，留下的经验便极其重要。

第二是关于孔教的问题。直到现在，对康有为的孔教论还有截然相反的态度，有的人对孔教欣赏得不行，有的人对孔教讨厌得要命。但是无论欣赏还是讨厌，首先就得建立在理解的基础之上。而康有为在不同时期对孔教的论述，又不尽相同，这增加了我们对其孔教论的诠释空间。

我觉得要讲清楚康有为的孔教论，首先要注意的问题是将之分为两个时期，第一个是辛亥前，第二个是辛亥后。辛亥前，传统的政治架构还在，政治不是共和制而是君主制，所以康有为的孔教论的基本背景，是在延续传统政治的前提下，改革教化系统，他甚至主张把民

对康有为的孔教思想，我觉得可以概括三句话，作为认识他的孔教论的基础。第一，孔教不是儒教。我们讲到孔子，事实上孔子有双重身份，一是作为儒家开创者的孔子，主要的著作偏重《论语》，而且儒家是诸子百家中的一家；一是作为经学开端的孔子，主要著作偏重以《春秋》为核心的五经，这样，孔子便不止是儒家的开创者，而且也是古代圣王文明的集大成者，而这一文明，乃是诸子百家共同的基础。在康有为这里，孔子主要是经学开创者，也就是说，是中国文明的立法者。康有为只谈“孔教”，而不谈“儒教”，因为“孔教”便定一是于孔子一人，而避免“儒教”在历史上的多样性。

第二，孔教不一定是宗教。在现在大陆的学术话语中，大凡谈到“教”，基本上都指宗教，而且是以基督教为典型的宗教。辛亥后康有为主导的孔教会，也有比较强的宗教色彩。但孔教会本来就是在一个特殊的历史时期成立的组织，当时许多对传统文化有感情的人，都加入了孔教会，像沈增植、劳乃宣等等，他们不见得赞同康有为的学术观点，而且他们对孔教的理解也非常不一致。

如果回到康有为的思想中，孔教会可能只是一个权宜之计。我们可以参考戊戌变法时期，湖南的皮锡瑞在《湘学报》发表的一系列演讲文字稿，其中多次提到“孔教”，并且是直接面向基督教的，但皮锡瑞的孔教就不是宗教。

同时，康有为的孔教思想中，孔教不一定是宗教，但可以建成一个宗教。尤其是当宗教问题成为国家政教之外的主要问题的时候，孔教的宗教化，不失为一条有益的思路，尤其是从“公民宗教”的角度看待孔教，是对康有为孔教论的继承和进一步发扬。

第三，孔教天然是国教。康有为的孔教不一定是宗教，但天然是一个国教。经过了泰西政教合一到政教分离的历史，现代人对“国教”的理解，通常是先有一个宗教，教权与政权结合起来，排斥其他宗教。但是，要认识康有为的孔教论，首先要看孔教的基础是什么。康有为的孔教，所赖以建立的基础是以《春秋》为主导的六经系统，而经学所面对的，是政治社会生活，其核心在于塑造国家政教，通过国家政教，来安排生活秩序。也就是说，孔教本来就是塑造中国文明、安排政治社会秩序的学说。从这个角度上，也可以看出为什么辛亥革命，孔教消失之后，才有孔教会，因为必须要建设一个孔教会，为已经消失的孔教提供一个基本的立足点。

而在康有为看来，孔教首先是历史性的，从董仲舒、汉武帝时代，中国已经是一个孔教国家，现代要重建孔教，目的便在于重建政治社会生活的核心价值，使这个国家成为一个有

近代以来，无论是国运还是学术，都处在一个转轨期，康有为的意义在于揭示出转轨期的种种问题，并且这些问题，可以延伸到对中国百年革命历史的理解。无论是经学的重建还是孔教的提出，对于我们今天认识传统，认识这一百年来的历史都有特别重要的价值。

曾亦：康有为面对的是三千年未有之大变局

康有为思想的巨大意义，正是因为他面临着三千年未有之大变局。从某种意义上说，康有为面对的问题，与三千年前孔子面对的问题，其实都是一样的。当初，孔子面对着“周文疲敝”这种局面，试图对周制进行改造，即通过作《春秋》而建立一套适应万世的新制度。同样，康有为也是面临着一种“大变局”，因而试图吸取西方文明成果，而为将来的中国建立一套万世不敝的新制度。因此，康有为和孔子一样，都是讲“改制”，这也是公羊学说在我们这个时代的最大意义。

另外，康有为关于“改制”和“伪经”的具体思考，一部分是来自廖平学说的直接影响，不过，从整个清代公羊学的内在脉络来看，却是由来有渐的。譬如，汉代公羊家就喜欢讲“孔子改制”，所以才有后来王莽的改制。至于康有为的《新学伪经考》，从逻辑上是可以追溯到刘逢禄的《左氏春秋考证》，以及龚自珍、魏源的辨伪和今古文意识。

干春松：从康有为的角度来回应国家建构的问题

之前对于儒学分期中的康有为分期问题，我试图给予一些说法，但是由于时间的关系不能具体展开。我认为学术史上每一个重大的变化都与社会的变革有着重大和密切的关系，由封建到郡县的转变，再到汉代的传统、佛教的冲击……种种学术史上的重大变迁都与历史和社会的重大变革息息相关。那么，现代化的冲击也意味着现代儒学的出现。我现在提出儒学分期中的“前康”和“后康”时期，是认为之前从梁漱溟开始的新儒家说，实质上是将儒学应当面对的问题和挑战进行了自我缩短和自我窄化，实际上儒学它不应该再仅仅应对革命的逻辑，不应该再仅仅应对诸如“五四”提出的模式的局限。而是我们应当回到康有为，审视康有为所思考的问题，关心康有为所要应对的挑战，因为他所要面对的挑战比梁漱溟等人要激烈得多。梁漱溟的许多问题早在康有为那里就已经开始了诸多讨论。

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their 我们对康有为问题的分析和讨论，看似是在探讨儒学的历史，但实际上是要探讨当下所面对的问题，即从康有为的角度来回应国家建构的问题，国家建构在当下并没有完成，还面临许多重大的核心问题，例如意识形态上的改革，怎么样去深化中国的核心价值体系，如何处理改革的深水区等等问题。对康有为问题的审视，看上去像历史编纂学的问题，实际上则是对儒学在当下的任务和使命的重新认识。

陈少明：康有为比他同时代的人站得要高

（会议快结束）终于等到可以松一口气的时候了。我来南海参加过的康有为学术会议有两次，这是第二次。第一次是在1984年的时候，距今差不多三十年了。为什么我要提到这一点呢？因为当时的印象特别深刻，把康有为和梁启超的纪念活动合起来进行，南海、新会两地政府还花了不少钱。刚好在思想解放的思潮中，为给他们说点好话提供了一个机会。可是，那个时候对于康有为所说的好话，最多的是说，改良主义的道路也是可以考虑的。而今天听了这个康有为的会，我最大的感触就是：康有为行情看涨，大家认为他比同时代的人站得要高。不单单是在座“康党”几个人，还包括非康党的，都有高看康的倾向。

在小枫最后评论前，我也简单地说几句。今天早上壁生提到的问题说，我们知道：后革命时代对康有为的评价，跟以前的评价一样，从正面上来说，基本上被毛泽东定位在“向西方寻求真理的几个中国人之一”。那也就意味着说，不管是左派还是右派，不管是怎么看待康有为，总是把他跟我们的现代历史进程连在一块儿的。以前不是有一个所谓中国现代发展三阶段说吗？也就是说，在器物、制度、思想变革的三环节中，康有为起码是跨越制度与思想变革两个阶段的。而且，前后两个阶段中所表现出来的倾向非常不一样。这就导致对康有为的评价的一个非常麻烦的地方。倒过来说，不仅仅是康有为的前后不一致，而且我们评价康有为的人也是处在不同时空中的。对康有为一开始就是有争论的，从政治到文化康有为不断受到批评，一直沿袭到今天。其实，我们也可以说是几代批评者之中的最后一代。我的感觉是，在试图赋予康有为正面意义的人当中，他们先后赋予的意义是很不一样的。但一个基本的或直接的问题就是：我们在讲制度问题、讲自己对当代政治生活的观察的时候，我们经常是在讲对现有状况的不满意。总的不满意是针对我们一直向西方学习，最后革命建成了新中国，但对新中国还有时下的状态很失望。但不满意的具体态度可分两种，一种认为我们向西方学习还是学得不够，没有把自由主义的政治制度搬到中国来，这是一般自由主义者的想法。另一种不满意是说，我们过去向西方学的一些东西需要检视，不能一味向前。可是应该退到哪里，这就比较复杂。上世纪80年代以前都说，康有为在戊戌变法之后，开始保守以至反动。可是我觉得，康有为的变化只是应对环境的对策不同，这个变化是由于中国社会变化得太快，导致其进退失据。所以我们在评论康有为变化的时候，应该充分考虑到这一点。余下的时间，我想应该由小枫来评论。

会议组织者陈少明教授安排我在会议结束时做一个“综合评议”，这既吃力不讨好，也是我力所不能任之的任务。坦率地讲，两天的研讨会让我学到很多东西，我只能谈谈自己的学习体会和一些观察，算不上评议。

首先值得一谈的是举办这次研讨会的意义。我们知道，在三十多年来的学术复兴历程中，康有为研究从未成为显学。据说，以康有为个人为题的全国性专题学术研讨会，这还是首次。倘若如此，学界一直以来并未重视康有为研究就是事实。的确，我们很少见到研究康有为的专家。大学中的中国现代思想史专业每年都会产生大量博士论文，以康有为思想为题的论文并不多见，在我有限的视野中，清华大学张翔博士的论文给我留下了深刻印象。据我所知，国朝学界唯一的一部有分量的康有为研究专著是四年前出版的曾亦教授的《共和与君主》（上海人民出版社2010年版）。这部专著颇富锐气，它提供的不是康有为思想导论一类庸常之论，而是果敢地深度切入重大政治哲学论题，在古学功夫和哲学思考两方面都相当可观。不过，我相信，有耐心认真读完这本书的人恐怕不多。毕竟，如今的我们对康有为的问题和由康有为所引发的问题不感兴趣。

与康有为研究门庭冷落形成鲜明对比的是，晚近十余年来，关于政治儒学、儒教、儒家宪政的新颖论述日益兴盛，出现越来越多的康有为式的儒家抱负。这次研讨会给我们提供了一次机会：让今天的康有为式的儒家抱负面对康有为本人的抱负。这恐怕是本次研讨会主办者的意图所在，也是研讨会的当下意义所在。

所谓康有为式的个人抱负指的是对儒教中国的历史命运有自觉的承担。显然，如今的康有为式儒家抱负与康有为本人的抱负所身处或面对的国家机运已经相当不同：康有为时代的中国挨打受欺凌，如今的中国至少不会挨打，至于是否不再受欺凌，恐怕仍然会有不同的认识。如今的中国不仅不会挨打，而且日益富强。奇妙的是：面对挨打的处境，康有为提出了改制的激进“变法”诉求，如今日益富强的中国仍然面临“变法”压力。仅仅这一点已经让我们有理由重新审视康有为当年的抱负。

因此，百年共和的历史成就是如今重新审视康有为思想和政治抱负的历史前提。毕竟，康有为所企望的民权、平权、国富民强等等已经在相当程度上得以实现。另一方面，自五四新文化运动以来，现代自由主义意识形态已经在中国知识界扎根。我们很难说当今的自由主义意识形态与共产党政制完全没有观念上和历史上的内在关联，但共产党精英群体的精神品质与儒家传统同样有观念上和历史上的内在关联。倘若如此，当今的康有为式的儒家抱负就面临这样一个涉及思想处境的问题：如果康有为的历史身影既相当激进又极端保守，如今的我们又该如何怀有康有为式的儒家抱负呢？在共和百年后的今天重新审视康有为在学术和政治两个方面的历史作为，不仅涉及如何吸取康有为的经验和教训，而且是当今的康有为式抱负自我审视的一次难得机会——康有为有如西樵山的湖水，他是一面镜子，当我们在细看

本次研讨会有近二十篇论文，中心议题却可以大致归纳为：一、如何理解康有为的思想主张；二、如何理解康有为的学术语境；三、当今的儒学制度化思考与康有为有怎样的内在关联。

第一个中心议题中最富刺激性的是康有为的君主政体观和“大同”理想，因为，从百年共和之后的语境来看，这两个思想观念不仅具有不同的历史命运，而且看起来还相互矛盾——毕竟，君主政体依赖于内在的等级秩序，与“大同”理想并不相容。张翔博士考察的康有为的“大同”论，不是一个实证史学问题，或者说，不是何时以及如何提出“大同”论的问题，也不仅是一个怎样的“大同”论的问题，而是一个政治哲学问题。何况，从百年共和的历史实践来看，“大同”论并非仅仅是百年前的一种思想论说，也曾经是百年共和革命历史之中的政治实践。显然，要探究这一问题，就不能不涉及到毛泽东，以至于不能不提出康有为的抱负与毛泽东的抱负之间的关系问题。换言之，如果康有为担当的是儒家中国的抱负，毛泽东的抱负也是儒家中国的担当。然而，如果没有事先从哲学和思想史层面澄清平等理念本身的对错，这个问题就不可能得到恰当审理。如何看待形而上学含义的“平等”理念本身，对我们自身是一个哲学拷问——尽管这个拷问尚未开始。

曾亦教授讨论的康有为思想中的文质之辨，不仅涉及到君主制与民族国家建构的关系这一思想史问题，而且涉及君主制理念本身的对错这一政治哲学问题。西方近代民族国家建构的主要理论支撑，在一开始并非自由主义的民主制理论，而是我国学界从未认真考察过的绝对王权君主论。在我们的思想史教科书或文化史通俗读物中经常可以见到对“君权神授”说的呵斥，但我们谁也没有见过“君权神授”说本身长的是什么样子，并不清楚其法理究竟是怎么回事——除非我们对博丹（Jean Bodin， 1530～1596）、胡克（Richard Hooker， 1554～1600）、波舒哀（Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet， 1627～1704）的论著有深入的了解，而他们的论著迄今大多尚无中文译本。事实上，直到18世纪初，绝对王权君主论在欧洲仍然占据支配地位。自洛克到法国启蒙运动的代议制民主论成为显学之后，绝对王权君主论仅仅成了政治修辞不正确的理论，而非成了法理上甚至实践上不正确的理论。否则，我们无法解释这样的政制现实：如今没有任何一个民主的共和制政体不带有君主制的政制要素。就政治思想史而言，虽然中国传统政制长期施行君主制，但我们对中国古代儒、道、法诸家典籍中所阐述的君主制政治法理的认识迄今极为初浅。不妨设想，如果康有为对西方近代的绝对王权君主论有所认识，他对中国古代的君主制政治法理的认识恐怕也会不同，因为他毕竟熟悉古代典籍。反过来说，即便我们了解西方近代的绝对王权君主论，我们也未必能认识到中国古代君主制政治法理的底蕴，因为我们对古代典籍已经太过陌生。

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their 问题的复杂性还在于：早在博丹之前，马基雅维利（1469～1527）就提出了一种对后世影响深远的新式君主论。不用说，这种新君主论同样是为了建构民族国家而提出来的。可是，在这种新君主论中，君主政体与“大同”观念的不相容问题似乎已经不复存在。由于我们不清楚康有为是否了解或在多大程度上了解欧洲近代的无论绝对王权君主论还是马基雅维利的新君主论，我们也就很难评价在他身上君主政体与“大同”观念是否相容的问题。

上述问题把我们带到理解康有为的学术语境议题：康有为面对儒教中国的现代危机时自己拥有怎样的知识储备？这个问题涉及两个方面：一，康有为可以动用的中国传统思想资源是什么；二，康有为对咄咄逼人的西方文明政制的认识究竟如何。就前一个方面而言，曾亦教授和郭晓东教授两位公羊学专家的论文让我们看到，在应对儒教中国的现代危机时，康有为可能更多凭靠的是自体自根的“心”气，而非公羊家的习传学理。如果与其说康有为传承的是公羊学统绪，不如说传承的是心学统绪，对我们认清当今据说凭靠公羊学传统提出的政治儒学提案当会有很好的启发。

关于康有为对西方文明政制的认识，研讨会热烈讨论过的话题有两个：首先是基督教与强国的关系问题，然后是“变法”改制与维持帝国形态的关系问题。康有为建立孔教的构想的确受到基督教在中国传播的刺激，然而，虽然康有为既谈及保罗也谈及路德，他未必清楚西方基督教的教会建制在长达一千多年的历史进程中究竟是怎么回事——尤其罗马教皇国与欧洲其他王国或大小公国乃至神圣罗马帝国之间的关系，未必清楚路德事件本身及其无意中所导致的宗教改革是怎么回事。就前一个问题而言，基督教与强国的关系问题并非如我们以为的那样简单，因为，欧洲近代国家在走向强势政治单位时，几乎无不力求摆脱罗马教会中央集权制的制约。宗教改革运动与其说是一个信仰事件，不如说是一个欧洲的国际政治事件。所谓“政教分离”诉求，不过是欧洲的绝对王权国家要排除罗马教会的帝国式权力的诉求而已。倘若如此，我们又该如何看待基督教与强国的关系问题呢？

路德事件还涉及到所谓“异端”问题，而教会打击异端（甚至到后来设立宗教裁判所）是否具有正当性，这样的问题会让康有为建立孔教的构想受到严峻考验。事实上，基督教会的建制建设从一开始就没有离开过这样一项专项行动：不断打击教会内部的异端。在罗马帝国的最初三百年里，初代基督徒一再受迫害，但在受迫害的基督徒内部，教会自身也迫害被视为异端的基督徒。路德在世的前后一百年间，罗马教廷打击异端的行动频仍，路德本人也被判为“异端”。我们会认为，路德抨击教会神职阶层的腐败有理，却被判为异端，实在没有道理，罗马教廷实在太专制……但教会神职阶层的腐败并非路德时代才有，路德也并非基督教史上第一个挺身而出与腐败做斗争的经院修士。中世纪的克吕尼改革就起于经院修士的反教会腐败行动，然而，意大利修士希尔德布兰德（Hildebrand，1020～1085）非但没有因为反腐败被判为异端，还当上了教皇。希尔德布兰德的教会改革旨在纯洁教会建制的担纲者阶层的精神品质，提出了一系列防止神职阶层腐败的制度性措施，从而巩固了大公教会的传统建制，甚至强化了教皇国的“主权”。与此相反，路德的反教会腐败行动直接指向传统的建制权威，以“因信称义”的神学主张使得“异端”成为正当行为，不仅最终使得大公教会

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure to Xiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientifc concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their的建制性法权彻底崩塌，而且使得标新立异成为西方后来的新知识人必不可少的品质要素。尽管新教教会本身同样传承了在教会自身内部严厉打击异端、维护教会建制权威、约束思想自由的传统，路德的“因信称义”却成为后来的自由主义思想要素。如果康有为了解这些历史的实情，他就得面对儒家／儒教传统中的“异端”问题——有趣的是，在同时代的一些儒教士眼里，康有为是不折不扣的儒家／儒教异端。

基于今天的学术语境，康有为对西方的帝国观念的了解显得十分粗浅。可是，与康有为相比，我们对西方帝国的观念乃至历史的认识是否已经成熟，同样是个问题。一般教科书迄今仍然把罗马帝国西部沦陷于日耳曼蛮族之手视为罗马帝国的灭亡，对罗马帝国首都东迁之后这个帝国还存活了一千年的历史事实视而不见。由于西方政治史学界长期以奥古斯丁的双城理论为看待罗马帝国问题的起点，极少有人关注东罗马帝国的帝制论及其与东方基督教政治神学的关系，我们的理论关注视野也不会投向这个千年帝国及其政制法理。晚近的著名意大利学者阿甘本的《王国与荣耀》重新审理彼得森（Erik Peterson）与施米特在1935年至1970年间的那场关于“政治神学”的历史性争论，由此发掘东罗马帝国的政治神学法理，从治理与荣耀的关系入手探究西方政制机制中的某种终极结构之类的东西，并与现代民主政制的法理问题联系起来。这个例子表明，即便西方政治理论学界的视野也长期受到自身意识形态的限制，未必能看清自身的帝国理论的历史真相。如果我们不用独立于西方政制理论的目光来审视西方的政制历史，我们对中华帝国自身的法理问题也很难获得恰切的认识。罗马帝国初期的希腊语思想家曾打造（甚至可以说伪造）出亚历山大大帝本人在世时未必有的亚历山大帝国观念，以图在精神上抗衡或影响正在形成的罗马帝制。查理曼帝国存在的历史时间很短，但查理曼帝国作为观念却有很长的生命力，在拿破仑征战的马背上，在黑格尔的精神现象学中，都可以见到这种帝国观念的幽灵——就在一个月前（2014年5月27日），维也纳艺术史博物馆（Kunsthistorisches Museum）开展一个名为Väter Europas（欧洲之父）的特展，以罗马皇帝奥古斯都和查理曼大帝的事功为主题，可见欧洲人迄今缅怀自己的帝国辉煌。面对西方近代民族国家政治法理的挑战，康有为对中国帝制传统的情怀和历史担当提醒我们必须自觉检审：共和百年之后的今天，我们对西方文明政制的认识是否有了实质性的长进。

在第三个议题方面，姚中秋教授的文教与宗教之辨和唐文明教授对康有为倡立孔教为国教论的考察等论文，体现了当今的儒学制度化思考与康有为的抱负有难以割断的内在历史关联。可以理解，在这次研讨会上，这样的议题显得最富刺激性，因为它激发的值得思考的问题本身富有刺激性。如果说康有为建立孔教的设想与他对中国人“一盘散沙”的切肤之痛有关，百年共和之后的今天再度出现这样的设想是否还与这一切肤之痛相关呢？如果相关的话，又该如何理解毛泽东打造的共和国曾经让中国不再是“一盘散沙”？

制度化儒学的提法对应的是心性化儒学。一个有趣的对比是，在如今的基督教欧洲，真正有基督信仰的庶民并不多，但教会建制仍然健在。与此相反，虽然没有孔教建制，据说信孔教的庶民却不少。倘若如此，制度化儒学的关切就不得不注意到宗教的建制化问题，用韦

Thank you very much. ----The Constitution Party rules address the series really is a qualified party members earlier this year, all party members to the Central \"series of party rules, and address of the party Constitution, be qualified party members\" learn education is an important decision. XI Jinping, Secretary General chaired a Politburo meeting in February, were devoted to educational programmes and made an important speech recently personally approved specific programmes, many important instructions. On April 6, 13th, 15th, the Central and autonomous regional party Committee, the municipal party Committee held educational symposium, and related matters For specific deployment, we held on March 4, Hongshan district party working Conference also proposed to carry out this activity. All together this forum today, main purpose is to study and implement in depth General Secretary XI Jinping on \"two\" important instructions for learning education, studying and implementing theCentral and autonomous region Party Committee and municipal party Committee \"two\" spiritual education Symposium, arrangements for district-wide learning education. The following, I would like to stress four points, mainly talk about \"learning\" and \"doing\" issue, and strive to make people really figure out why, what to learn and how they learn, what to do, how to do it, eventually reached little success, is also leading a lesson in party lecture. After both leaders and the cadres, regardless of Branch Secretary or an ordinary party member, to implement certain boundaries education \"give a Party lecture\" requirement, practice speaking, speak much fanfare, innovation way, down to Earth, ensuring educational success. First, you know, pay special attention to education and to resolutely overcome sluggish thinking, and boredom \"two\" study and education, possibly quite a few comrades, saying \"education every year, almost every year\" fool fool, I feel that with this in mind who may be many. If carrying this idea in mind, what does that tell, how the political consciousness is not strong and not see the pulse of the situation, no, the \"Rip van Winkle\confused in the end do not know what's going on. To realize \"two a\" learning practice activities and education is the education of the party's mass line, \"three-three\" special education was another important practice in implementing the requirements of strictly administering the party. Comrade XI Jinping pointed out: \"the deployment of ' doing ' education, is to promote the inner-party education from ' critical few ' their expansion into the vast number of party members, extending from the concentrated education to regular education. \"After 18, Central Committee of the party must handle party, strictly administering the party, and has carried out the party's mass line education practice and\" three-three \"special education, but focus on the leading cadres above the county level. The \"two\" study and education, is carried out in thewhole party and all the party members. This is implemented strictly administering the party, an important measure toXiaoping theory and the important thought of the three represents and the scientific Outlook on development. Such changes were made, is conducive to implementing the innovation of Marxism in China, especially the scientific concept of development the strategic task of arming the whole party, play grass-roots organizations in promoting the scientific Outlook on development into the grass-roots level, and to implement the important role. Third, how to use the contents of the new Constitution guiding party building through studying the essence of the new Constitution, the flexible application of the essence of the Constitution in party building, and I think the key to grasping the following: to catch the discipline, focus on strengthening the party's rules and regulations binding. To strictly observe and carry out the party's political discipline, ensure the centralism and unity of the whole party. Party cadres, especially leading cadres, both doers, but also have a strong sense of political awareness to dry line, line, not lack of ability to work, become a talker; hard work isSkill, political direction, unable to understand when confused. Flag of the CPC Central Committee and the Committee's requirements into Department's request, to a holistic and concerted efforts, subject to the overall situation. Second, cadres and strive to play an exemplary role of party members and cadres of hardworking and clean, emphasizes lead, shift, led. Lead is to adhere to set an example, to lead by example, deal with the relationship between individuals and parties, real lead role shift is in order to strengthen the sense of responsibility, creating a fighting force; lead is to adhere to strict requirements, strict management and strict supervision. Three catch basis and strive to enhance the combat effectiveness of the party organization. To according to Constitution on grass-roots party of requirements, to implementation good basic system, for members for, regardless of party positions has more high, administrativterms has more big, any when are to has Organization concept, active participate in organization activities, consciously accept party of supervision; to do based sex work, management good members, service good members, grass-roots party to using members organization received turned, and members thought reported, and party of Conference and dues pay, opportunities, master members of basic situation, care members life. Four to focus and work hard to resolve. Comrades, the above is what I give you guidance in the new Constitution. Hope every Member of the party to pass the tutor, deepen our understanding of the Constitution in the party's guiding ideology advancing with the times, consciously link their own thinking and practice, after careful study, read and carefully understand, think, relate, apply what they have learned. Not only runs through the mass line of the party Constitution to learn the new educational practice all the time, but also to harvest as a good starting point to learn, study and work to do better in the future, and strive to create a new situation for school education contribute their伯的提法，就是宗教的教士阶层问题。对于所谓制度化儒学的理论关切来说，恐怕至少有两个重大的理论问题——也是历史问题——需要有心人花费心力去探究：首先，古代帝制中国的儒家／儒教建制究竟是怎样的；第二，如何理解共产党建制与传统儒家政制的关系？中国古代的儒教士不仅生活在官僚阶层中，也生活在乡绅阶层中，但要切实搞清楚传统儒家／儒教的建制形态，并不容易。就第二个问题来说，探究的艰难并非在于，如今的共产党伦理是否还能容纳儒家政治伦理。上个世纪80年代——或者说改革开放之初，中共中央组织部研究室选编过一本书，题为《古人谈从政育人教子》（北京大学出版社1987年版），印了五万多册，“供做领导工作的干部阅读”。其中的内容以元代张养浩的《三事忠告》（牧民忠告、风宪忠告、庙堂忠告）为主，配上颜之推《勉学》、诸葛亮《诫子书》、韩愈《师说》、颜元《学辩》、魏源《及之而后知》和彭端淑《为学一首示子侄》，“供从事教育的干部”和“负有教育子女义务的干部阅读”——总之是党的干部得阅读。干部是什么人？干部就是牧民、从事教育和负有教育子女义务的精英。由此看来，儒家政治伦理的优良品质至少曾经活在老一辈共产党精英阶层的血脉之中（毛泽东的“老三篇”实际浸透着儒家政治伦理的某些精髓）。不过，从政治理论上讲，建制化的教士伦理从来就是而且只能是精英伦理。在大公教制度中，教士／神父阶层的精英伦理不同于平信徒伦理，不可能也不应该用要求或约束教士的伦理来要求或约束平信徒。从长达一千五百多年的大公教教士伦理制度来看，其历史生命力首先在于教士／神父阶层对自身的严律伦理（尤其独立的修院制修士伦理）——大公教建制中的腐败问题在历史上曾经多次非常严重，凭靠严于律己的教士精英伦理，大公教会总能让自己在因拥有土地和财富而败坏之后自我革新。就第一个问题来说，制度化儒学的理论关切从历史上需要搞清楚的是，儒家／儒教是否有类似的精英伦理。

最后值得提到，晚清中国经历了洋务派、维新派、革命派三大“运动”，如果当今中国实际上基本实现了洋务派力图实现的目标，康有为与百年共和的关系仿佛就变成了这样一个问题：如果当年的洋务运动是在有德性卓越的君王及其强有力的儒生官僚阶层的背景下出现的，还会出现康有为的问题吗？或者说，还会有后来的仓促接受西方现代法理的事情吗？洋务派持守“中体西用”原则，南海圣人康有为则以其独特的心志开放了这样一个问题：既然“方今当数千年之变局，环数十国之觊觎，既古史所未闻，亦非旧法所能治”，变法是否也得触及“中体”？既然“夫方今之病，在笃守旧法而不知变，处列国竞争之世，而行一统垂裳之法”，康有为似乎就有理由变革“中体”。如果康有为的改制思想的底蕴本身就有激进政治要素，他后来的倡立孔教为国教论即便不是自相矛盾，也为时晚矣。百年共和之后，无论我们如何理解，“中体”之“体”已经受伤，否则，不会有“西体中用”这样的颠倒提法，以至于任何如今想要恢复儒家政治品质的企望都显得不过是愿望而已。话说回来，历史没有“假如”意味着，人们能够遇到的似乎仅仅是机运。如果我们遇到的是另一个康南海——心性上与阳明儒学品质不同的康南海，又会怎样呢？尽管历史没有给我们提供这样的机运，至少给当今关切制度化儒学甚至力图重建儒家政治理论的康有为式的抱负提供了属于自己的机运。

甘阳：中山大学博雅学院（Gan Yang， Liberal Arts College， Sun Yat-sen University）唐文明：清华大学哲学系（Tang Wenming， Department of Philosophy， Tsinghua University）张翔：清华大学公共管理学院（Zhang Xiang， School of Public and Management， Tsinghua University）白彤东：复旦大学哲学学院（Bai Tongdong， School of Philosophy， Fudan University）

姚中秋：北京航空航天大学人文与社会科学高等研究院（Yao Zhongqiu， Institute for Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences， Beihang University）

姚育松：中山大学哲学系（Yao Yusong， Department of Philosophy， Sun Yat-sen University）陈明：首都师范大学政法学院（College of Political Science and Law， Capital Normal University）曾亦：同济大学人文学院（Zeng Yi， School of Humanities， Tongji University）

干春松：北京大学哲学系（Gan Chunsong， Department of Philosophy， Peking University）陈壁生：中国人民大学国学院（Chen Bisheng， School of Chinese Classics， Renmin University of China）陈少明：中山大学哲学系（Chen Shao-ming， Department of Philosophy， Sun Yat-sen University）刘小枫：中国人民大学文学院（Liu Xiaofeng， School of Liberal Arts， Renmin University of China）

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康有为与制度化儒学