例1
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
例2
Importing the grain, which would have been expensive and time consuming for the Dutch to have produced themselves, kept the price of grain low and thus stimulated individual demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods.
○ Buying imported grain led to the Dutch demanding that other foodstuffs and consumer goods be imported.
○ Because the Dutch were able to import inexpensive grain, they had money available to create a demand for other food products and consumer goods.
○ Keeping the price of grain low was a primary goal of the Dutch at a time when they could not produce enough grain to provide for all their needs.
○ The demand for other foodstuffs and consumer goods forced the Dutch to import grain and other products at a time when maintaining low prices was especially important.
例3
Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to have many of the lighter particles, including seagrass debris, moved out, whereas beds in weak current areas accumulate lighter detrital material.
A. Light particles and debris collect in some seagrass beds, but are washed out of those affected by strong currents.
B. Seagrass beds under the influence of strong currents tend to accumulate many of the lighter particles from other beds
C. The strength of the currents determines how quickly accumulated seagrass debris is moved out of the beds.
D. Seagrass debris and other light particles are often moved from areas of
strong currents to areas of weak currents.
例4
Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively short-lived in geological terms.
○When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.
○Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.
○Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature, but only for a short time.
○Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.
例5
He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.
○Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.
○Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.
○Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.
○Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.
例6
In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them—even while building materials have changed dramatically.
○Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.
○Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.
○When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide
strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.
○Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not changed over time because they are based on physical laws.
例7
If the pores are large, the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold, and it will drain away; but if the pores are small enough, the water in them will exist as thin films, too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place; then the water will be firmly held.
○Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but it strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.
○Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.
○Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.
○If the force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops, the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.
例7.5
The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.
○Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.
○Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.
○The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.
○Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.
例8
Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.
○Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind
turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.
○Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.
○Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.
○Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.
例8.5
The West had plenty of attractions: the alluvial river bottoms, the fecund soils of the rolling forest lands, the black loams of the prairies were tempting to New England farmers working their rocky, sterile land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soil depletion and erosion.
o Because the West had more rivers and forests than the East, its soil was more productive.
o The fertile soils of the West drew farmers from regions with barren soils.
o Farmers living in western areas of the United States were more affected by soil erosion than farmers living in eastern areas.
o The soil in western areas of the United States was richer than soil in eastern areas.
例9
It is significant that the earliest living things that built communities on these islands are examples of symbiosis, a phenomenon that depends upon the close cooperation of two or more forms of life and a principle that is very important in island communities.
○Some of the earliest important examples of symbiosis—the close cooperation of two or more living things—occur in island communities.
○Symbiosis—the close cooperation of pairs or small groups of living organisms—is especially important in these island environments.
○The first organisms on these islands worked together closely in a relationship known as symbiosis, which is particularly important on islands.
○It is significant to note that organisms in the beginning stages of the development of island life cannot survive without close cooperation.
例10
The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional
responses.
○The Fore's facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.
○The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when they told their stories.
○The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions that is seen in Western culture when they acted out stories.
○The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.
例11
The structure of the backbone shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.
○Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.
○The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evidence of its missing fluke.
○Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.
○By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.
例12
Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold that inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impulses are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impulses on other people, including their parents, because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. ■ Yet children, also fearing their parents‘ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impulses. ■ The Freudian perspective, in a sense: sees us as “steam engines”. ■ By holding in rather than venting “steam”, we set the stage for future explosions. ■ Pent-up aggressive impulses demand outlets. They may be expressed toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expressed toward strangers later in life.
According to Freud, however, impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand expression.
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