I. Choose the best answer and then put the letter of your choice in the given brackets. (30%)
1. The minimal meaningful units in English are known as ______. A. roots B. morphs
C. stems D. morphemes ( ) 2. The most important of all the features of the basic word stock is ______. A. stability . B. productivity
C. polysemy . D. all national character ( ) 3. Old English vocabulary was essentially ______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.
A. Celtic . B. Hellenic
C. Italic . D. Germanic . ( ) 4. In modern times, ______ is the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A. borrowing B. backformation
C. creation D. semantic change ( ) 5. The words “motel” and “comsat” are called ______.
A. blends B. compounds
C. acronyms D. initialisms . ( ) 6. The word “teachers” contains three morphemes, but the word “shortenings” has ______ morphemes.
A. two B. three
C. four D. five ( ) 7. Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. A. concept B. world
C. context . D. sense ( ) 8. Transfer as a mode of semantic change can be illustrated by the example: ______. A. dorm for “dormitory” B. fond for “affectionate”
C. dish for “food” D. TV for “television” ( ) 9. The word “mouth” in the phrase “the mouth of a river” is regarded as a ______ motivated word.
A. morphologically B. etymologically
C. onomatopoeically D. semantically ( ) 10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into initialisms and acronyms depending on the ______ of the word.
A. pronunciation B. spelling
C. function D. meaning ( ) 11. Frogs croak, but elephants ______.
A. neigh B. squeak
C. bleat . D. trumpet ( ) 12. The antonyms “present” and “absent” are ______ terms. A. relative B. contrary
C. contradictory D. graded ( )
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13. The idiom “scream and shout” is a good example of ______. A. reiteraton B. alliteration
C. repetition D. juxtaposition ( ) 14. Ambiguity arises due to all the following except ______. A. polysemy B. synonymy
C. homonymy D. structure ( ) 15. The order of meanings in CCELD indicates the ______ changes of words. A. grammatical B. morphological
C. semantic D. phonological ( )
II. Complete the following sentences with the proper words or expressions given in the course book. (15%)
1. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given __________________ and meaning and syntactic function.
2. English has evolved from a ____________________ language (Old English) to the present analytic language.
3. Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as ___________________ morphemes.
4. A ________________ is known as the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.
5. Although reference is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of _______________ it can refer to something specific.
6. The second major language known in England was the _________________ of the Roman Legions.
7. Conceptual meaning is also known as ____________________ meaning.
8. The relationship between sound and meaning is _________________ and arbitrary. 9. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of __________________ inclusion.
10. The same word may have different ___________________ meanings as shown in “do, does, did, done, doing.”
11. Synonyms may differ in the ___________________ and intensity of meaning. 12. The word “famous” is ___________________, but the word “notorious” is derogatory.
13. Characterized by semantic unity and ______________________ stability, idioms do not allow changes as a rule.
14. Linguistic context can be subdivided into ____________________ context and grammatical context.
15. So far as the language is concerned, LDCE and CCELD published in Britain are both _____________________ dictionaries.
III．Decide whether the following statements are true or false and then put in the brackets the letter “T” if the statement is true or “F” if it is false. (15%)
1. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. ( ) 2. English words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. ( )
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3. Danish, Icelandic, Flemish and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages. ( ) 4. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and pronouns are thought to be content words, which are also known as notional words. ( ) 5. The word “miniskirt” is a semantically motivated word. ( ) 6. There is a reversative prefix in the word “unwrap”. ( ) 7. The words “AIDS” and “UFO” are regarded as acronyms. ( ) 8. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “shorter”. ( ) 9. Homonyms are generally defined as words different in meaning but identical in sound and spelling. ( ) 10. In the idiom “chop and change”, alliteration is used. ( ) 11. The word “disease” originally meant “discomfort”, but now it means “illness”, so it has undergone degradation of meaning. . ( ) 12. Context may prove very valuable in guessing the meanings of new words. ( ) 13. In some idioms, a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of
speech, only resulting in synonymous idioms. ( ) 14. One of the unique features of CCELD is language notes. ( ) 15. Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs is a specialized dictionary. ( ) IV. .Answer the following questions. (20%) 1. What are the characteristics of Old English?
2. What are the differences between a root and a stem?
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3. What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?
4. What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?
5. How is context classified?
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V. Analyze and comment on the following.
1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words in terms of free morphemes and bound morphemes, and then explain the differences between the two kinds of morphemes.
idealistic antecedent lighthouses
2. Comment on the following two sentences in terms of superordinates and subordinates.
a. Trees surround the water near our summer place.
b. Old elms surround the lake near our summer cabin..
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《英语词汇学》模拟试卷 （—）
参考答案
I. 选择题
1. D 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. C
II. 填空题
1. sound 2. synthetic 3. inflectional 4. morpheme 5, context 6. Latin 7. denotative 8. conventional 9. semantic 10. grammatical 11. range 12. appreciative 13. structural 14. lexical 15. monolingual
III. 是非题
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. F 1o. T 11, F 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. T
IV. 问答题
1. Old English was mainly Anglo-Saxon spoken by the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. It had a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. It was a synthetic language.
2. A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. The root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word. A stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in “cat” and “teach” or a root morpheme plus one or more affixational
morphemes as in “foolish” and “unacceptable”. Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added, but a root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
3. Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms, Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms formed from initial letters are pronounced as normal words. 4. Conceptual meaning (also known as denotative meaning) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Conceptual meaning, being constant and relatively stable, forms the basis for communication as the same word has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same language, but associative meaning, being open-ended and indeterminate, is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, and so on.
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5. Context is used in different senses. In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentence, in which a word appears. This is known as linguistic context which may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the whole book. In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation as well. This is called
extra-linguistic context, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background.
V．论述题
1. 1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes: idealistic (ideal + ist + ic), antecedent (ante + ced + ent), lighthouses (light + house + s).
2) Of the nine morphemes, “ideal”, “light” and “house” are free morphemes, but all the rest –ist, -ic, ante-, -ced-, -ent and –s are bound morphemes. Of the six bound morphemes, -ist, -ic, ante- and –ent are derivational morphemes and –s is an inflectional morpheme, while –ced- is a bound root.
3) Free morphemes which are independent of other morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences, but bound morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound to others to form new words.
2. 1) The relationship between some words used in the two given sentences is hyponymy.
2) In the first sentence, “trees”, “water” and “place” are all superordinates while “old elms”, “lake” and “cabin” in the second sentence are all subordinates compared with the corresponding expressions in the previous sentence.
3) The second sentence is clearer than the first one because subordinates are vivid, precise and concrete.
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