20XX年12月英语词汇学期末考试题型与要求
I. Multiple Choice (15*2=30).
( ) 1. _____________ refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words.
A. Inflection B. Derivation C. Prefixing D. Suffixing (句段尽量取自教科书)
1) Lexicology is the study of the vocabulary or lexicon of a given language. It deals not only
with simple words, but also with complex and compound words.
2) Morphology is the study of the forms of words and their components. The major purpose of
morphological study is to look at morphemes and their arrangements in word formation.
3) Semantics is the study of meaning. It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural
language.
4) Etymology is the study of the whole history of words.
5) Lexicography involves the writing and compilation of dictionaries, especially dealing with
the principles that underlie the process of compiling and editing dictionaries.
6) The word is an uninterruptible meaningful unit of linguistic structure consisting of one or
more morphemes. The main features of words are: 1) a word is a sound or combination of sounds which we make voluntarily with our vocal equipment; 2) a word is symbolic and used to stand for something else; 3) the word is an uninterruptible unit; 4) a word has to do with its social function; 5) a word may consist of one or more morphemes; 6) words are part of the large communication system we call language; 7) a word occurs typically in the structure of phrases.
7) English words can classified into lexical words and grammatical words. Generally speaking,
lexical words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and verbs. Grammatical words are words like pronouns, prepositions, demonstratives（指示词）, determiners（限定词）, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and so on.
8) The semantic field theory takes the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a
listing of independent items, but is organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component, such as the concept of color or kinship.
9) Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit which may constitute words or parts of words, an
arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and a linguistic unit that cannot be further analyzed. 10) Lexeme is an abstract linguistic unit with different variants, a unit of lexical meaning, and it
takes no account of the inflectional endings it may have or the number of words it may contain.
11) Morph refers to any concrete realization of a morpheme in a given utterance.
12) Allomorphs refer to morphs which are different representations of the same morpheme, the
alternate phonetic and/or spelling forms of the same morpheme.
13) Bound morphemes are those that must be joined to other morphemes. Free morphemes are
those that need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.
14) Denotation is defined as the relationship that holds between the lexeme and a whole class of
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extra-linguistic objects, including persons, things, places, properties, processes and activities. The relationship of reference holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular occasions of its utterance.
Sense is defined as a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language, independently of the relationship which holds between those words or expressions and their referents.
Leech distinguishes seven types of meaning in language: conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning, affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning.
Stem refers to the word to which inflectional affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word.
A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root. A root can be bound or free. The bound roots are generally derived from the Greek and the Latin language.
A base is a lexical item to which affixes of any kind can be added. It is a morpheme that gives a word its meaning.
Polysemy refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings. It is an invaluable factor of economy and flexibility in language.
Homonymy refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape. Homograph refers to a word which is spelt the same as another word but has a different meaning and sometimes a different pronunciation.
When two words have the same spelling and pronunciation, they are called full homonyms. Homophone refers to a word that sounds the same as another word but has its own spelling, meaning and origin.
The history of English has been divided into four periods: the language from 450 to 1066 is known as Old English; that from 1066 to 1500 Middle English; that from 1500 to 1800 Early Modern English; that since 1800 Modern English.
The most striking difference between American English and British English lies in vocabulary.
Native English vocabulary is made up of Anglo-Saxon words.
Root creation refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship whatsoever with any previously existing word.
Onomatopoeic words are originated from the specific sounds occurring in the real world. Ejaculations are words that attempt to imitate instinctive vocal responses to emotional situations.
Inflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words.
Affixation (derivation) is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base (root or stem). Compounding refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.
A change in word class without the addition of an affix is known as conversion. It is also called zero-derivation.
Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.
Clipping is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables is shortened
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without a change in meaning or function.
Initialisms are the results of putting together the initial letters, or occasionally the first two letters, of the orthographic words in a phrase and using them as words.
When initialisms are pronounced with the names of the letters in them, they are called alphabetisms. When they are pronounced like individual words, they are acronyms.
Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.
Synonymy refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words. The two types of synonymy are strict synonymy and loose synonymy.
English synonym pairs may differ in different geographical varieties of English, in the style or formality of the context in which a word may be used, in connotations, in the use of registers, in etymology, in collocation, etc.
Antonymy is the semantic relation that holds between two words that can (in a given context) express opposite meanings.
The three types of antonyms are gradable (contrary) antonyms（相对或两极反义词）, contradictory or complementary antonyms（绝对或互补反义词）, and converses (conversives)(逆反、换位、关系反义词).
Hyponymy refers to the notion of inclusion whereby we can say that“an X is a kind of Y”. A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word and serves as specific examples of a general concept. The more general term is called the superordinate term. Meronymy is the part-whole relation in any pair of items.
Collocation is the meaning relations that a word contrasts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.
Idioms are conventionalized multiword expressions.
In English, multiword verbs are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles.
For each lexical item, an entry usually contains four main types of information: (1) its standard phonological representation; (2) the possible sequences of morphemes into with it enters; (3) its syntactic properties and (4) its semantic representation.
The headword is the base form from which the word is entered and assigned its place.
A thesaurus categorizes words only according to their semantic similarities, without regard to shared form or ancestry.
A dialect is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language’s speakers.
Social dialects or sociolects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, sex and a number of other social parameters.
Register is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation. Halliday defines it as a variety of language distinguished according to context, which consists of the field of discourse(语场), the relations between participants or tenor（语旨）, and the mode of discourse（语式）. Register is a variety of use, in the sense that each speaker has a range of varieties and chooses between them at different times.
Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming(appropriate) than it really is.
Slang is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the
speaker’s dialect or language.
58) Jargon is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group.
59) Amelioration(elevation) refer to the development of more favorable meaning for words while
pejoration(degradation) involves the development of a less favorable meaning for a particular word.
Ⅱ. Complete each of the following blanks according to the requirement in the bracket that follows it (2*15=30).
1. There were ducks ______________ (an onomatopoeic verb) on the lawn. Key: quacking
III. Analyze the formation of each of the following words (some of them underlined) (2*10=20). 1. unfair
Key: affixation, formed by “un-” + “fair”
(词汇主要限定在Chapter 4的练习1,3,4,5,7,8,9中)
III. State the relationship obtained between each of the following groups of words (2*5=10). 1. flower; tulip, rose, carnation, daisy Key: hyponymy
（词汇主要限定在Chapter 5的练习1,2,3,4,5,6,7,9中）
V. Translate the following sentences into Chinese (5*2=10).
（内容主要限定在Chapter 5的练习1,2,3以及P98的谚语中）
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