长难句补充
1.Totally without light and subjected to intense pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth’s surface，the deep—ocean bottom is a hostile environment to humans，in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void of outer space．
由于完全没有光，而且承受着比在地球表面大数百倍的极大压力，深海底部对人类而言是一个充满敌意的环境，在某些方面就像外层空间一样险恶和遥远。
2.Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country's impressive population growth．
要理解二战之后20年中的加拿大，就必须了解该国惊人的人口增长。
3.As a result，claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publicized and form the basis for folklore．结果，那些认为只食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点广为人知，并成为一些民间说法的基础。
4.There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural vitamins are
superior to synthetic ones，that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior to unfertilized eggs，that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains and the like．
关于天然维生素优于人造维生素，受精蛋比未受精蛋的营养价值更高，未经熏蒸消毒处理的谷物比经过处理的好等等报道屡见不鲜，但都没有得到证实。
5·The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be undertaken also in the North，though
less spectacularly．
南方极为严重的困境使北方同样需要开始重建(尽管不像南方那么引人注目)这一事实显得不太重要。
6·The new accessibility of land around the pe riphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real estate development and fueled what we now know as urban sprawl．
现在可以获得这些环绕几乎每个大城市边缘地区的土地，这一可能性激发了一场房地产开发的热潮并造成了我们现在称为城区无计划扩展的现象。
7.But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how
there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth．
但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临产的怀孕鱼龙群。
8.Amid rumors that there were prehistoric mammoths wandering around the unknown region and that somewhere in its wilds was a mountain of rock salt 80 by 45 miles in extent，the two captains set out．
当时有一些传言，说有史前的猛犸在这一陌生的区域活动，而且在这一区域的某个地方有一座巨大的盐石山，其面积达80英里长50英里宽。就在这些传言中，两位上尉出发了。
9. In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord，and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group，a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth century．
17世纪时风琴、敲弦琴和拨弦琴成为键盘乐器类的主要成员，这种至高无上的地位一直由它们保持，直到18世纪末被钢琴所取代。
10．A series of mechanical improvements continuing well
into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality，finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound，from a liquid，singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance．
持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，改善金属框架，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了一种具备无数音调效果的乐器——这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。
11．The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito(Pretty Town)by the Spanish, rose in five terraced stories，contained more than 800 rooms，and could have housed a population of 1，000 or more．
最大的一座后来被西班牙人称为Pueblo Bonito(美丽的城镇)，是一个五层梯式楼，有800多问房子，能够容纳1 000人以上。
12．Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent”，the film has never been，in the full sense of the word, silent．
虽然我们习惯于将1927年以前的电影叫做“无声电影”，但是就“无声’’这个词的完整意义上说，电影从未真正的无声过。
13.For a number of years the selection of music for each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra，and very often the principal qualification far holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces．
在好些年内，为各部影片选择配乐的权力完全掌握在乐队指挥或队长手中，而通常担任这种职位的资格与其说是技巧或鉴赏品位，不如说是个人拥有音乐作品的丰富收藏。
14·Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity，the number of species in a particular ecosystem，to the health of the Earth and human well-being．
在对物种和动物栖息地加速消失表示关注的同时，人们也越来越认识到生物多样化，即一个特定生态系统中物种的数量对地球的健康以及人类幸福的重要性。
15.The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests does not seem surprising，considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the bulk of the species．
考虑到组成大部分物种的昆虫的巨大数量，认为半数的已知物种栖息在世界的雨林中这一事实看起来并不令人吃惊。
16.To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea，it helps to think small．
要充分认识海洋生命的多样性和丰富性，从小的角度思考有帮助。 1 7.Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks，but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house．
科学建立在事实上，就像房子用砖砌成一样。但收集的事实不能被叫做科学，就像一堆砖不能被称为房子一样。
18.The variation between the hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific activities．
两个半球之间的不同与身体的哪一部分用于进行特定的活动是对应的。
19.In a period characterized by the abandonment of so much of the realistic tradition by authors such as John Barth，Donald Barthelme，and Thomas Pynchon, Joyce Carol Oates has seemed at times determinedly old-fashioned in her insistence on the
essentially mimetic quality of her fiction．
尽管处于一个以抛弃大量现实主义传统(以作家约翰·巴思、唐纳德·巴塞尔姆和托马斯．品钦为代表)为特征的时代，乔伊斯·卡罗尔·欧茨因为坚持自己小说本质上模仿的特点，有时候看起来是一个坚定的守旧派。
20．If it were not for this faculty，they would devour all the food available in short time and would probably starve themselves out of existence．如果不是具有这种能力，它们就会在短时间内吞掉所有能得到的食物，而且很可能会因饿死而灭绝。
21．Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures，as are social classes．
个人主义和社会阶层在民间文化群体中的发展十分薄弱。 22．People in the United States in the nineteenth century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation's economy would bring social chaos．
19世纪的美国人因为害怕国家经济中史无前例的变化会带来社会混乱这一前景而提心吊胆。
23．Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation's labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits．
伴随着这一增长的是一个结构变化，它以经济的不断多样化和国家劳动力从农业到制造业和其他非农业职业的逐渐转化为特征。
24．As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home．
随着男人和女人在社会中扮演的角色被限定得更加严格，他们在家中的角色也是如此。
25.Surrounding the column are three sepals and three petals，sometimes easily recognizable as such，often distorted into gorgeous，weird，but always functional shapes．
围绕着蕊柱的是三个萼片和三个花瓣，有时很容易辨认出来，但经常被扭成华丽、奇特但总是有用的形状。
26．With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it，young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression．
随着二战带来的持续繁荣以及随之而来的经济增长，年轻人比大萧条中的同龄人结婚成家更早，而且养育的家庭比他们的前辈更大。
27．The railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature；furthermore，in its manifestation of speed and noise，it might be a despoiler of human nature as well．
铁路可以，事实上也是自然的掠夺者；而且，在其速度和噪音的表现上也可能是人性的掠夺者。
28．In the railroads' prime years，between 1 890 and 1920，there were a few individuals in the United States，most of them with solid railroading experience behind them，who made a profession of writing about railroading--works offering the ambience of stations，yards，and locomotive cabs．
在1890年到1920年间铁路的黄金时期，美国有几个人(他们大多有丰富的铁路经验)以写铁路题材为职业——作品围绕车站、停车场和机车。
29．On the other hand，when it comes to substantive--particularly behavioral-information，crows are less well known than many comparably common species and，for that matter，not a few quite uncommon ones：the endangered California condor，to cite one obvious example．
另一方面，当涉及实质性的，特别是行为方面的信息时，乌鸦就不如许多比较而言很普通的鸟类那样为人所知；而且，也不如许多很不寻常的鸟类，举一个明显的例子，如像濒危的加利福尼亚大秃鹫那
样为人所知。
30．Keen observers and quick learners，they are astute about the intentions of other creatures，including researchers，and adept at avoiding them．
乌鸦是敏锐的观察家和快捷的学习者，它们对其他生物(包括研究人员)的意图感觉非常敏锐，并且善于躲开它们。
31. These researchers have sought to demonstrate that their work can be
a valuable tool not only of science but also of history, providing flesh insights into the daily lives of ordinary people whose existences might not otherwise be so well documented.
这些研究人员已经力图证实他们的工作不仅可以成为科学而且还是历史的宝贵工具，为了解普通人的日常生活提供崭新的观点，否则这些普通人的生存状态不可能被记载得这么好。
32. Legend has it that sometime toward the end of the Civil War (1861-1865) a government train carrying oxen traveling through the northern plains of eastern Wyoming was caught in a snowstorm and had to be abandoned.
传说在内战（1861-1865）快结束的某个时候，一列载着牛群的政府的火车在穿过怀俄明州东部的北部平原时遇到了暴风雪，因此不得不被遗弃。
33. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.
教育是一个终生的过程，早在人们上学之前就开始了。它应成为人的一生中不可缺少的一个成分。
34. Life’s transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an
evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.
生命从海洋到陆地的过渡可能是一个像生命起源那样的进化挑战。
35. In agriculture, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nations’ farmers the visible.
在农业上，这一变化的标志是谷物升降机、皮棉打包机厂、货栈和商品交换的出现，对全国的众多农民来说它们是反对农民的大阴谋的明显标志。
36. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contactors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building.
仍然有像金属制造厂一类的工厂，在那里个体承包商管理在同一幢楼里的本质上是手工艺品所有人的工场。
37. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant.
但随着制造业中挣工资的人数从1880年的270万上升到1900年的450万到1920年的840万，像费城的包德温机车工厂这样的大型工厂的数量也大幅增加，
同时普通工厂的规模也剧增。
38. What we today call American folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary, everyday “folk” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art of all kinds, and especially for portraits.
我们今天所称的美国民间艺术确实是被普通民众所有、所创和所享的艺术。随着日渐繁荣和不断增加的空闲，这些民众为各种艺术，尤其是肖像艺术创造了一个市场。
39. But in the heyday of portrait painting—from the late
eighteenth century until the 1850’s—anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner as such a portraitist was called.
但是在肖像画的全盛期——从18世纪晚期一直到19世纪50年代——任何一个稍有艺术能力的人都能够成为一个人们所谓的绘画者
40. The sculptural legacy that the new United States inherited from its colonial predecessors was far from a rich one, and in fact, in 1776 sculpture as an art form was still in the hands of artisans and craftspeople.
新生的美国从其殖民地时期的先辈那里继承的雕塑遗产远远谈不上丰富，而且，实际上在1776年雕塑作为一种艺术形式仍然掌握在手艺人和工匠的手里。
41. On the rare occasion when a fine piece of sculpture was desired, Americans turned to foreign sculptors, as in the 1770’s when the cities of New York and Charleston, South Carolina, commissioned the Englishman Joseph Wilton to make marble statues of William Pitt.
在少数情况下，当需要一件精美的雕刻品时，就像1770年纽约和南卡罗来纳的查尔斯顿城委托英国人约瑟夫威尔顿制造威廉皮特的大理石雕像一样，美国人求助于外国人。
42. Add to this the timidity with which unschooled artisans—originally
trained
as
stonemasons,
carpenters,
or
cabinetmakers—attacked the medium from which they were to make their images, and one understands more fully the development of sculpture made in the United States in the late eighteenth century.
这个再加上没有受过学校教育的艺人——他们最初是被训练为石匠、木匠或家具木工的——对待他们要制作成雕像的媒介物的胆怯，使人更充分地了解18世纪晚期美国雕刻艺术的发展。
43. Instead of trying to keep down the body temperature
deep inside the body, which would involve the expenditure of water and energy, desert mammals allow their temperatures to rise to what would normally be fever height, and temperatures as high as 46 degree Celsius have been measured in Grant’s gazelles.
沙漠哺乳动物并不试图将体温控制得很低，因为这么做将会涉及水和能量的消耗，而是允许体温上升到平常是高烧的温度——有人在格兰特羚羊身上曾测到高达46摄氏度的体温。
44. Rent controls is the system whereby the local government tells building owners how much they can charge their tenants in rent.
租金管制是政府借以告诉房主们他们可以收取多少租金的系统。 45. They were spurred by the inflation of the 1970’s, which, combined with California’s rapid population growth, pushed housing prices, as well as rents, to record levels.
它们受到了20世纪70年代通货膨胀的刺激，这次通货膨胀与加利福尼亚人口的迅速增长结合在一起，将房价与租金推到了创纪录的水平。
46. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well: that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony.
其中也蕴含一个美学原则：用于雕刻的媒介物有一定的美和富于表现力的特性，雕刻家必须使他们自己的审美感与这些特性融为和谐的一体。
47. With the turn-of-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and
masks, there arose a new urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium.
随着世纪之交的手工艺运动和非传统灵感源泉（像非洲形体和面具）的发现，出现了一种亲自实践、亲手制作艺术和与媒介物直接接触的新要求。
48. The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms.
普通红隼单独栖息和狩猎，但较小的红隼群体栖息群体进食，很可能因此一只鸟可以从其他鸟那儿了解到在哪儿可以找到成群的昆虫。
49. In the 1500s when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day Pueblo, Hopi, and Zuni peoples.
16世纪西班牙人进入后来成为美国西南部的地方时，他们遇到了今天的皮埃布噜人、霍比人和株尼人的祖先。
50. During the 1940’s electron microscopes routinely achieved resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement.
20世纪40年代，电子显微镜通常比可见光显微镜的分辨能力更强，而X光显微镜的表现却没有改进。
51. What they do is look at familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish, harmful and affected.
他们所做的就是这样一个角度来看待熟悉的环境，使这些环境看上去愚蠢、有害或做作。
52. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. 讽刺作品使我们摆脱了自满情绪，并在愉快和震怒之中认识到：许多我们毫无疑问地接受的价值观是错误的。
53. With spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar objects into incongruous
juxtaposition and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract platitude.
讽刺作品用自然流露的嘲讽态度再设了视角，将熟悉的事物自相矛盾地置于一起，使用个性化语言，而不是抽象的陈词滥调。
54. It has lived because readers appreciate a refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they lived in a world of platitudinous thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy.
它之所以存在，是因为读者欣赏它使人耳目一新的刺激，他毫不客气的提醒：他们活在一个充满陈腐思想、廉价的道德说教与荒谬哲学的世界里。
55. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies attribute to them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of humanity.
军人很少拥有人们在电影中赋予他们的那种理想，普通民众也很少奉献他们的生命为人类无私的服务。
56. In addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation.
除了在专攻似乎是一个狭窄领域时不得不成为多面手以外，研究人员还面临着关于原始材料的文献很少或者根本没有这一问题。
57. Moreover, the degree to which cones are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the best.
而且球果自然地轻微开口或紧紧关闭的程度有助于确定哪些喙的设计是最好的。
58. It was she, a Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all thirteen colonies.
就是她，一位巴尔的摩的印刷商，出版了《独立宣言》的最早的官方版本，即包括《独立宣言》签署者名字并因此预言所有13个殖民地的支持的早期版本。
59. By comparison with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to the galaxies are in comprehensibly large, but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the distance that light travels in one year.
与这些熟悉的尺度相比，到太空的距离远得难以理解，但它们也通过使用一个时间的标尺而变得更加容易对付了，在这种情况下是光在一年内走过的距离。
60. The primary reason was skepticism that a railroad built through so challenging and thinly settled a stretch of desert, mountain, and semiarid plain could pay a profit.
主要原因是存在一种怀疑主义，人们怀疑途经如此富于挑战性、人口稀疏的大片沙漠、山脉和半干旱平原的一条铁路能否获得利润。
61. The argument that humans, even in prehistoric times, had some number sense, at least to the extent of recognizing the concepts of more and less when some subjects were added to or taken away from a small group, seems fair, for studies have shown that some animals possess such a sense.
人类甚至在史前已经有数字感、至少到有些物体被加到一小组里或者被拿走时能够辨别出“多了”还是“少了”的程度，这一观点似乎很合理，因为研究已经表明有些动物就有这样的意识。
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