1. Expressions that signal the Topic and Plan of a lecture:
For the Topic:
Our topic today is …
Today’s topic is …
We’re going to discuss …
We’ll be looking at …
I want to talk about …
I am going to talk about …
What I want to talk about today is …
Today I am going to focus on …
I’ll give you an overview of …
Let’s continue our discussion of …
Last time we discussed …, and this week we’re going to …
For the Plan:
First we’ll look at …, then …, and finally we’ll move on to …
We’ll start out with …, and look at …
I am going to cover …, and then …
We’ll discuss a few examples/types of …
Today I’m going to look at two aspects of …
Now, what I want to do is discuss the causes of …
We’ll look at several ways that …
I’ll be covering two areas of …
What I want to do today is compare … and …
I want to give you some background on …
There are a few things we’ll be covering today …
2. Expressions that signal a Transition:
Now …
Let’s start with …
First, let’s look at …
First we’re going to look at …
Next, let’s talk about …
Next, I’d like to discuss …
Let’s look at / take a look at …
Let’s move on to …
Now that we’ve talked about …, let’s talk about …
That’s enough about … Let’s go on to …
3. Expressions that signal a Definition:
That is, …
In other words, …
X, meaning …
By X, I mean …
What do I mean by X? Well, I mean …
What is …?
Let me define that: …
The definition of that is …
4. Expressions that signal an Example:
For example, …
For instance, …
Take X for an example …
…, such as …
Here are some examples: …
Let me give you an example …
Let’s look at a few typical examples: …
5. Expressions that signal an Explanation:
Let me explain …
Let me clarify …
What I mean is …
What I’m saying is …
That is to say …
Let me show you what I mean. …
Let me say that another way. …
Let’s look at how this works. …
So I hope you can see how this works. …
6. Expressions that signal Important Information:
This is important: …
It’s important to note that …
Listen to this: …
Pay attention to this: …
I want to point out …
I want you to notice that …
I’ll say that again. …
Let me repeat that. …
You should write this down. …
7. Expressions that signal Generalization:
This leads us to believe …
I hope you can see …
We can infer from this that …
What can we infer/conclude from this? …
This shows/proves/illustrates that …
8. Expressions that signal Cause and Effect:
Causes:
What is the cause of this? Well, …
Why is this? Well, …
This comes from (the fact that) …
This is due to …
The reason(s) for this is(are) …
One explanation is …
This is caused by …
This came as a result of …
Effects:
This leads to …
As a result/consequence, …
One effect of this is …
This results in …
Consequently, …
Therefore, …
9. Expressions that signal Comparison and Contrast:
Comparison:
Similarly, …
Likewise, …
In the same way/fashion, …
Both X and Y …
Like X, Y …
What do X and Y have in common? …
Contrast:
On the other hand, …
On the contrary, …
In contrast, …
Compared to X, Y is more/less …
While/Whereas X …, Y …
Unlike X, Y …
The difference between X and Y is …
10. Conjunctions that signal Connections between Ideas
To show Addition
and, also, besides, further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, next, too, first, second
To give Examples
for example, for instance, to illustrate, in fact, specifically
To Compare
also, in the same manner, similarly, likewise
To Contrast
but, however, on the other hand, in contrast, nevertheless, still, even though, on the contrary, yet, although
To Summarize or Conclude
in other words, in short, in summary, in conclusion, to sum up, that is, therefore
To indicate Sequence or Order
first, second, firstly, secondly, thirdly, next, last, finally, subsequently, ultimately
To indicate Logical Relationship
if, so, therefore, consequently, thus, as a result, for this reason, since
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/trans1.html
Skilled writers use transitional expressions with care, making sure, for
example, not to use “consequently” when “also” would be more precise. They are also careful to select transitions with an appropriate tone, perhaps preferring “so” to “thus” in an informal piece, “in summary” to “in short” for a scholarly essay.
In the following paragraph, taken from an argument that dinosaurs had the “‘right-sized’ brains for reptiles of their body sizes”, biologist Stephen Jay Gould uses transitions with skill.
I don’t wish to deny that the flattened, minuscule head of the large bodied “Stegosaurus” houses little brain from our subjective, top-heavy perspective, but I do wish to assert that we should not expect more of the beast. First of all, large animals have relatively small brains than related, small animals. The correlation of brain size with body size among kindred animals (all reptiles, all mammals, for example) is remarkably regular. As we move from small to large animals, from mice to elephants or small lizards to Komodo dragons, brain size increases, but not so fast as body size. In other words, bodies grow faster than brains, and large animals have low ratios of brain weight to body weight. In fact, brains grow only about two-thirds as fast as bodies. Since we have no reason to believe that large animals are consistently stupider than their smaller relatives, we must conclude that large animals require relatively less brain to do as well as smaller animals. If we do not recognize this relationship, we are likely to underestimate the mental power of very large animals, dinosaurs in particular.
—Stephen Jay Gould, “Were Dinosaurs Dumb?”
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