四六级听力：简短对话题型归类和应试全策略
时间：2009-07-14 点击数：1304
（一）数字与计算题
“数字与计算”是早年大学英语四级统考中的听力测试的最常考项目之一，常见的计算题包括时间、价格、年龄、距离、速度等。出题形式可分为计算型、辨认型和替换型。以加减计算题为主。
相关词汇与表达：more， less ， late ， early， fast ， slow ， ahead of schedule ， delay， postpone ， decrease ， bring forward， times，twice ， double ， a quarter， a half ， the day before yesterday ， by noon， half an hour
「例一」
A ） $1.40 B） $4.30 C） $6.40 D） $8.60
W ： Here is a ten-dollar bill. Give me two tickets for tonight 's show， please.
M ： Sure. Two tickets and here's a dollar forty cents change.
Q ： How much does one ticket cost？
「例二」
A ） 5：10. B ） 5：00. C ） 4：30. D ） 5：15.
M ： I wonder if Sue will be here by five o'clock.
W ： Her husband said she left home at half past four. She should be here at ten after five and a quarter past five at the latest.
Q ： What time did Sue leave home ？（2001.6/7）
二）职业、身份和相互关系题
这种类型的题目相对比较简单。首先，四个选择往往是4 种不同职业或者是表示两个对话者之间关系的词。如husband and wife， boss and secretary ，librarian and student 或customer and repairman等。选择项的特点决定了提问的内容。了解这一点后，在听音过程中，就可以把注意力集中到一些关键词或词组上，以便作出准确判断。其次，提问的方式比较单一固定。
1 、常见的提问方式是：
What's the man/ woman？
（六）肯定与否定题
听力测试题有很多对话常通过某种否定形式来表示肯定含义，或是利用肯定形式表示否定意义。其目的是考查学生的快速反应能力和基础知识掌握的程度。
1 、常见的以否定形式表示肯定意义的结构有：
cannot wait+不定式或can hardly wait+不定式（急于…，迫切希望…）；cannot与much（或too ， enough ， sufficiently ， over ，构成的合成词）连用（无论怎么也不为过）；cannot help doing （禁不住做…）；cannot but do（不得不，必然）；cannot help but do（不得不）；have no choice/alternative but to do （除做…外别无选择，非做…不可）；nothing but（只有，只不过）；另外，还可以通过各种比较结构来表示肯定含义，最常用的有：nothing less than （和…一模一样，完全是）；more A than B （与其说是B ，不如说是A 或是A 而不是B ）；less A than B （与其说是A ，不如说是B 或是B 而不是A ）；not so much A as B（是B 而不是A ）；A not so…as B（A 比B …），表达的正好是原结构中形容词或副词的反义。
2 、常见的以肯定表示否定的意义的有：anything but（根本不）；used to （过去常常，是对现在的情况的否定，说明现在已不这样做）；too …to…（太…以致不…，这一结构的不定式表示否定意义）；prefer…to…（该短语否定的是介词短语部分，表示“不喜欢或不会做”等）；would rather…than（宁愿…而不，这一结构否定的是than后的动词，would …rather than 与其用法相同。）
「例一」
A ） She is going to give up biology.
B ） She spends half of her time on biology.
C ） To her ， biology is difficult ， but math is not.
D ） To her ， math is even more difficult than biology.
M ： What do you think of biology ？
W ： It 's given me a hard time， though it is not as difficult as math.
Q ： What can we learn about the woman？
「例二」
A ） She is eager to know what the present is.
B ） She is not anxious to know what it is.
C ） She doesn't now what she is asked to wait for.
D ） She really doesn't care about the present.
M ： What did your parents buy you for your birthday？
W ： I don't know. But I can hardly wait to see it.
Q ： What does the woman mean ？
三）因果关系题
提高这类测试题的应试能力，考生必须学会分析选择项。根据选择项特征确定测试的具体类型。即该题是就原因提问还是就结果进行提高；同时根据选择项中的主语、人称代词的性质明确听音的重点，即是集中注意力听男声部分还是女士的谈话。就原因提问的测试题，其选择项特点较为明显，通常都由because 引导。但也不不少含蓄型的题目。这类测试题的选择项没有because ，不过，只要认真分析一下选择项的谓语部分也能加以确定。
「例一」
A ） He must meet his teacher. B） He must attend a class.
C ） He must go out with his girlfriend. D） He must stay at school
to finish his homework.
W ： John ， do you want to go swimming with me today ？
M ： Sure ， but I can't leave now. I have an appointment with my professor at three o’clock.
Q ： Why can't John go swimming now？
「例二」
A ） He doesn't enjoy business trips as much as he used to.
B ） He doesn't think he is capable of doing the job.
C ） He thinks the pay is too low to support his family.
D ） He wants to spend more time with his family.
W ： If I were you， I would have accepted the job.
M ： I turned down the offer because it would mean frequent business trips away from my family.
Q ： why didn't the man accept the job？（2000.6/8）
What does the man/ woman do ？
What's the man 's /woman's job/ profession/ occupation ？
What's the probable relationship between the man and woman ？
What's the probable relationship between the two speakers？
在听音过程中，只需集中注意力听清对话，根据对话提供的有效信息，便可
以比较快地作出正确选择。
2 、相关词汇和表达：
1 、营业员与顾客（shop assistant and customer ）
What can I do for you ？ / on sale/ Can I help you？ / out of style/
ready-made/ receipt/ check-out stand/ size/ color/ fit/ look round
2 、饭店服务员与顾客（waiter/ waitress and customer ）
menu/ seasoning/ order/ treat/ go Dutch/ steak/ ham/ bill/ Dutch Treat/reserve/make a reservation
3 、图书管理员与学生（ librarian and student）
borrow/ renew/ library card/ library catalogue/ loan desk/ due/ overdue/fine/ finish reading
4 、医生与病人（ doctor and patient ）
What's wrong ？/ What seems to be the symptom？/ What’s the matter？/ indigestion/ stomache/ be operated on/ give an injection/ chest pain/ feel worn out
5 、教师与学生（ teacher and student）
tuition/ registration/ required course/ compulsory course/ optionalcourse/ elective course/ drop out/ quit school/ credits/ attendance/pass course
6 、空姐与乘客（airhostess and passenger）
take off/ board/ fasten seatbelt/ land/ depart/ departure time /extinguish cigarettes
7 、老板与秘书（ boss and secretary ）
copy/ make arrangement/ break down/ inform
「例一」
A ） Husband and wife. B） Father and daughter
C ） Doctor and patient. D） Teacher and student.
W ： Have you found anything wrong with my stomach？
M ： Not yet. I'm still examining. I'll let you know the result next week.
Q ： What's the probable relationship between the man and the woman？
「例二」
A ） A railway porter. B） A taxi driver.
C ） A bus conductor. D ) A postal clerk.
W ： Excuse me， Sir， I'm going to send this parcel to London. What's the
postage for it？
M ： Let me see. It 's one pound and fifty.
Q ： Who is the woman most probably speaking to ？
「例三」
A ） Colleagues. C） Employer and employee.
B ） Husband and wife. D） Mother and son.
W ： John, what are you doing on your computer？ Don't you remember your promise？
M ： This is not a game. It 's only a cross word puzzle that helps increase my vocabulary.
Q ： What is the probable relationship between the speakers ？（2003.1）
（七）计划与行动题
行动类题是四级听力测试中最常见的题型之一。题量较大。
1 、某人计划或打算做什么。选择项常以动词原形或动词不定式形式出现；也有以句子形式出现的选择项，这类选择项的谓语部分常出现will，be going或be to.解题时，应
首先根据选择项确定提问的对象，即男士还是女士计划或准备去做某事，这样听音时就可以集中注意力去听相关部分，尤其是谓语动词。
「例题」
A ） Look for a more expensive hotel.
B ） Go to another hotel by bus.
C ） Try to find a quiet place.
D ） Take a walk around the city.
W ： I don't think we can find a better hotel around here at this time.
M ： Let's walk a little further to see if there is another one. I just can’t bear the traffic noise here.
Q ： What will the speakers most probably do？
2 、某人正在做什么。选择项通常是动词的-ing形式。有时也会出现句子，但其谓语动词都是进行时的形式。这类测试题的提问方式比较单一，一般都是What's the man/ woman doing now？或What are they doing now ？这种类型的测试往往比较简单，只要集中注意力听清对话中的谓语动词基本都能作出正确的判断。
「例题」
A ） Looking for a young lady.
B ） Looking for her wrist watch.
C ） Looking for a young gentleman.
D ） Looking for a man wearing a wrist watch.
W ： Excuse me， sir， but have you seen a young gentleman looking for his wrist watch ？
M ： A young man， Madam？
Q ： What 's the woman doing ？
3 、某人提出去做什么。这类测试中，对话中的一方针对另一方提出的要求或建议，主动提供帮助。试题的选择项通常为动词原形或动词不定式。解题时，通常要集中注意力听清楚对话中第二个人的谈话，特别是谓语动词。
「例题」
A ） Go out to work. B） Listen carefully to John.
C ） Be calm and patient. D ） Do the easiest thing.
W ： I'm really angry at John. He never listens to me.
M ： Take it easy ， Alan. Things will work out.
Q ： What does the man advise Alan to do？
（八）推理判断题
推理判断是英语四级听力测试中最常见的题型之一，难度较大。因为说话人表达思想的方法比较含蓄，不能为选择书面答案提供直接的信息，这就要求考生利用语音语调和逻辑推理的思维过程来判断对话的内在含义，领会说话人的真实意图。听力理解不但要听懂具体的话语，而且要能听懂隐含的意义，能判断讲话人的意图等。这类题型在近几年的考试中题量大，而且有增加的趋势。
「例一」
A ） Jane is looking for a summer job. B） Jane is packing for the summer vacation.
C ） Jane is on her way home. D ） Jane is eager to go home for the vacation.
M ： Is Jane looking forward to going home for the summer ？
W ： She is counting the days.
Q ： What does the woman imply？（1999.6/7）
「例二」
A ） Go on with the game
B ） Draw pictures on the computer.
C ） Review his lessons.
D ） Have a good rest.
W ： Mark is playing computer game.
M ： Should he do that when the final exam is drawing near？
Q ： What does the man think Mark should do ？（2002.6）
「例三」
A ） The exam was easier than the previous one.
B ） Joe is sure that he will do better in the next exam.
C ） Joe probably failed in the exam.
D ） The oral part of the exam was easier than the written part.
W ： Listen to me ， Joe. The exam is already a thing of the past. Just forget about it.
M ： That 's easier said than done.
Q ： What can we infer from the conversation？（2003.1）
「例四」
A ） The man is usually the last to hand in his test paper.
B ） The man has made a mess of his midterm exam.
C ） The man has bad study habits.
D ） The man is a diligent student.
M ： I'm exhausted. I stayed up the whole night studying for my midterm math exam.
W ： But why do you always wait until the last minute ？
Q ： What does the woman imply？（2004.1）
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