学会归纳概括词汇
概括词汇有时可以在文章中找到，有时要注意常见的搭配和文章的结构另想它词。在平时练习中注意运用和记忆。 概括性词汇：
原因和结果 cause(s) (of…..); reason(s)( for….); analysis ( about..) effect(s); result(s); consequence(s) 态度观点 比较 异同 优劣 attitude(s) ( to/ towards…); opinion(s) (on/about….) comparison(s) between A and B difference(s); similarity(similarities) benefit(s); (dis)advantage(s); (in)convenience; strength(s); weakness(es) 目的 建议预计 问题 方式方法 purpose(s); aim(s); goal(s) advice; suggestion(s); tip(s); prediction; forecast problem(s) means (of….); method(s)(of…) ; way(s)(to do); approach(es)(to doing) ; solution(s) to sth; how (to do….) 总结概括 特点 重要意义 定义主题 来源用途 种类 步骤过程 措施行动 评论评价反应 summary; conclusion feature (s); characteristic(s) significance; importance; meaning definition（定义）; theme(主题); topic（话题） source（来源）; origin（起源）; use; usage; function（功能） kind; type; category steps; procedures; process measures; steps; action(s) comment(on/about…); remark(on/upon); assessment(评估); response (to .sth) ; reaction(to sth) 背景信息简介 事件时间地点 background information(on/ about….); brief introduction(to…) event(s); time; place 和人有关的名词 birthday, birthplace, death, nationality, education, appearance, salary, activity(activities); achievement(s) 和地方有关的名词 a place of interest, a tourist attraction, tourism, destination, area, location, history, climate, population, culture—cultural, politics—political; economy---economic; custom(s), tradition(s), transport/ transportation; the living conditions 和疾病有关的名词 definition; cause(s), symptom(s); prevention; treatment(s)
例： A smart card is a card that is carried with either a microprocessor and a memory chip or only a memory chip that is not programmable. The microprocessor card can add. delete, and deal with the information on the card, while a memory-chip card can only do one thing.
Smart cards, unlike magnetic stripe cards, can do many different things and hold a lot of information. In this way, they do not need to get information from a faraway place when they are used.
Today, there are several kinds of smart cards, all of which are very popular in the market: IC (Integrated Circuit) Microprocessor Cards Microprocessor Cards (chip cards) offer a larger memory and better security than the traditional magnetic stripe cards do. Chip cards can also hold data. These cards are used for many things. Thus, chips have been the main platform for cards that hold a secure digital identity. Some examples of these cards are: Cards that hold money.
Cards that provide safe access to a network.
Cards that allow setting stop boxes on televisions to remain safe from privacy.
Optical Memory Cards Optical memory cards look like cards with a piece of CD on the top. Optical memory cards can store up to 4MB of data. But once written, the data can not be changed or removed. Thus, this type of card is good for keeping records, such as medical files, driving records or travel histories. Today, these have no processors in them (although this is coming in the near future). While the cards are almost as cheap as chip cards, the card readers are expensive.
Title: Smart cards
(1)___________ IC Chip Cards (2)____________ A larger memory & Better security Hold data (3)_____________ Not mentioned (4)____________ Popularity Large memory Low cost of Optical Memory cards Store much data Good for doctors Drivers and travelers to keep records Cost not much Unchangeable data No processors Expensive car readers cards
附：任务型阅读中的高频词：
1.使某人能够做enable / allow sb to do 2.不能做某事fail to do 3.绝非易事no easy job 4.避免做avoid doing 5.包括……including sth= sth included 49.一开始in the beginning 在……开始at the beginning of… 50.使某人想起；提醒某人注意 remind sb of sth 51.和……和谐相处live in harmony with 6.导致result in= lead to=contribute = live harmoniously with to=bring about = cause= give rise to 52.对……造成损害do /cause damage to.. 7.符合需求meet/ satisfy / suit one’s needs/ 53.成本高at high cost wants/ demands/ requirements 54.以认可……in recognition of…. 8.充分利用make the most of=make the 55.阻止某人做prevent / stop/ keep sb from best(use) of= make full use of 9.依靠depend on=be dependent on 10.建立在……基础上be based on 11.做某事有困难have difficulties with sth have difficulty / trouble (in) doing sth 12.参与participate in =get/be involved in 13.献身于，投入于devote ….to sth/doing 14.一刻，四分之一quarter 56.保持健康keep fit/ healthy 57.鼓励某人做encourage sb to do 在某人鼓励之下under one’s encouragement 在某人指导之下under one’s guidance 58.成功地做manage to do= succeed in doing 59.受伤(v) injure 受伤(n) injury 受伤(adj) injured 十年decade 一个世纪century 15.和……相似be similar to 16.熟悉……be familiar with 17.重要/有价值/有用/有帮助 60.遭受……suffer from…. 61.被限制到be limited to n/ doing 一个……的限制a limit to… 61.人们普遍接受… It is widely(=generally) accepted that. be of importance/ significance/ value/ use/ 我认为……是可接受的 help= be important/ significant/ valuable/ I think it acceptable that… useful/ helpful 18.在……帮助下with the help of =with the aid/ assistance of…. 19.在某人许可之下with one’s permission 20.开始存在come into being/ existence 21.影响……have a…effect on = affect 22.被……取代be replaced by/ with 23.在上升中be increasing/ rising =be on the increase/ rise 在减少中62.获得成功achieve success; 达到目的achieve one’s goal 63.除了..之外还有in addition to= besides= apart from=as well as… 除了..没有apart from=except=but =other than 64.在……方面取得进步 make progress=an advance in sth 65.对……厌倦be bored with=be tired of =be fed up with be decreasing/declining/ 66.谨慎（n）caution 谨慎(adj) cautious 67.结合（v）combine 结合(n) combination dropping=be on the decrease/ decline 24.除了做……别无选择 have no choice/ alternative/ option but to 68.和sb交流communicate with do 25.对……负责；是……成因 be responsible for= take responsibility for 26.对……有害do harm to= be harmful to =have communication with 69.对….自信be confident of… =have confidence in… 70.由……组成consist of= be made up of 27.对……有好处be good for=do good 71. 对…作出贡献 to=be beneficial to = be of benefit to….= make contributions to=contribute to.. benefit sb/ sth 28.对……造成威胁be a threat to sth = be dangerous to …. 72.被控制住be controlled =be under control 73.处在灭绝的危险中in danger of dying out 74.为某人树立榜样set an example to sb 29.意识到be aware / conscious of 75.符合某人的期待 提高意识raise/ increase one’s awareness come/ live up to one’s expectations of 30.有机会利用/进入have access to…. 31.和……相等；胜任于be equal to… 32.有规律的/地regular(ly) 33.舒适的/地 comfortable-comfortably 76.面对……be faced with= face 77.成长(v) grow 成长(n) growth 78.缺少实际经验lack practical experience =be lacking in …..= be short of…… 因为缺….for lack of…. 34.大多数the majority of the students= 79.身心健康physical and mental health most of the students = most students 35.占多数in the majority 占少数in the minority 36.大的百分比a large percentage of… 37.毁坏(v) destroy 毁坏(n) destruction 38.可得到的available 39.建立set up=found=establish 组成form a team/ band 40.消失(v)disappear 消失 be healthy physically and mentally 80.积极的positive 消极的negative 81.现象 phenomenon→phenomena 82.受某人欢迎be popular with=among 欢迎(n) popularity 83.使某人满意satisfy 满意(n) satisfaction 84.全心全意为人民服务 serve the people heart and soul (n) 85.社会(n) society 社会的(adj) social 86.各种各样的varieties of=a variety of disappearance 41.对…感到自豪be proud of=take pride in = various +名词 42.描述(v) describe 描述(n) description 43.起……作用play a role in… 44.保持平衡keep a balance （动词）vary 87.某人/某事可能be likely to do 88.实现realize sth=turn sth into reality 45.考虑……consider …..= take….into 89.随着……发展with the development of.. consideration/ account 90.A不同于B 46.和……有联系be related to= relate A differs from B= A is different from B to=be linked with/ to= be connected with/ 91.改善，提高(n) improvement to = be associated with 47.以纪念/以对某人表示敬意in honor of 48.以庆祝in celebration of
【备考建议】
1.注重词汇和语法的记忆和运用
许多考生最大的障碍就是词汇。重视词汇不仅要大量背生词，而且要注重“猜词”能力的培养，善于运用构词法来扩充词汇。不仅要求在单词量上有突破，而且要把高频词学到位. 2.加强阅读训练
阅读是一个语言知识输入的过程，同时也是文化体验的过程。平时在阅读训练当中既要注重文章细节理解，也要注重文章主旨理解，更要注重文脉逻辑的理解。
【经典导引】(江苏省2012届高三百校大联考一模试题)
阅读下面短文，根据所读内容在表格中的空白处填入恰当的单词。 注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
What Should You Do When an Earthquake Hits?
If you find the ground shaking beneath your feet，there's an international consensus on how you should act. Earthquake safety boils down to tht-ee basic steps：
1 . Drop to the ground.
2. Take cover by getting under a sturdy deck or table. 3: Hold on to it until the shaking stops.
If there isn't a table or desk near you，drop to the ground in an inside corner of the building and cover your head and neck with your hands and arms. Do not try to run to another room just to get under a table.
If you are in bed，hold on and stay there，protecting your head with a pillow. You are less likely to be injured staying where you are: Broken glass on the floor has caused injury to those who have rolled to the floor or tried to get to doorways.
If you are outdoors，move to a clear area if you can safely do so；avoid power lines，trees，signs, buildings，vehicles, and other hazards: If you're at the movies ox a sports game，stay at your seat and protect your head and neck with your arms. Don't try to leave until the shaking is over, Then walk out slowly watching for anything that could fall in the aftershocks.
If you're driving a car，pull over to the side of the road，stop，and set the parking brake. Avoid overpasses, bridges, power lines，signs and other hazards. Stay inside the vehicle until the shaking is over: If a power line falls on the car，stay inside until a trained person removes the
wire.
If you're by the shore，drop，cover and hold on until the shaking stops. Estimate how long the shaking lasts. If severe shaking lasts 20 seconds or more, immediately evacuate to high ground as a tsunami(海啸）might have been generated by the earthquake: 1Vlove inland 3 kilometers（2 miles）or to land that is at least 30 meters（100 feet) above sea level immediately. Don't wait for officials to issue a warning. Walk quickly，rather than drive，to avoid traffic．debris and other hazards
If you live downstream for a dam，you should know flood-zone information and have prepared an evacuation plan. Latastrophie failure is unlikely，but dams can fail during major earthquakes.
The main point is to try not to move and to immediately protect yourself as best as possible where you are. Earthquakes occur without any warning and may be so violent that you cannot run or crawl；you therefore will most likely be knocked to the ground where you happen to be. You will never know if the initial jolt will turn out to be start of the big one
In addition，studies of injuries and deaths caused by earthquakes in the US over the last several decades indicate you are much more likely to be injured by falling or flying objects（TVs，lamps，glass，book cases，etc.）than to die in a collapsed building. \"Drop，Cover，and Hold on\" offers the best overall level of protection
Theme:71_______ to be taken during an earthquake: Drop,Cover and Hold on When you are indoors ● Get under a desk/table or drop to the ground in an inside comer with your head 72.______ with your hands and arms. ● Don't move to other places, 73._______ you might get injured by broken glass. When you are outdoors ● Moving to a clear area and 74.______ staying near power lines are recommended. ● You are 75.______ not to leave until the shaking is over. When you are driving When you are by ● You should 76.______ over to the roadside and keep away from dangerous places like overpasses , bridges or power lines. ● You should walk inland to a higher place to 77._____ from a the shore possible Tsunami. When you live downstream ● You should 78._______ a plan for necessary evacuation if you live downstream from a dam. Conclusion: You should stay 79.______ you are and protect yourself in an earthquake, because you are 80._______ likely to die in a collapsed building than to be injured by falling or flying objects. 【解析】
71. Measures/Steps/Action根据文章第一段中的on how you should act可以推知是在地震发生时应该采取的措施，因此用take measures/steps或take action。
72. covered根据文章第二段中的cover your head and neck with your hands and arms可知是用手和臂膀来遮住头部，句中使用动词的过去分词表示被动。
73. or/otherwise/since根据文章第三段内容可知转移到其他地方的危险可能是被碎玻璃刺伤，因此用otherwise或or来连接前后两个句子，表示假设，或用since连接，表示原因。
74, avoiding/not和前面的Moving to a clear area两个并列的动名词短语作句子的主语。 75. supposed/expected表示“不应该”的意思时，应该使用be supposed/expected not too 76. pull根据文章第五段中的pull over to the side of the road可知。 77. escape根据文章第六段内容可以推知应该步行逃离(escape)该区域。 78. prepare根据文章第七段中的have prepared an evacuation plan可以推知。 79. where全文都说应该呆在原处，因此说stay where you are。 80。 less根据文章最后一段的内容可以推知两者之间的关系。 实战训练
﹙一﹚
No one knows who made the first ice cream. Some people think water ices and milk ices may have been made by the Chinese between three thousand and a thousand years ago. In that timt, the dish reached India. The Indians, in turn, many have passed on the secret to the Arabs and Persians.
Marco Polo, an Italian who traveled widely in the thirteenth century, noted that he found the Chinese had long been making ices out of fruit juices and milk. From the fourteenth century on, ices became popular first in Venice and then throughout Italy.
At first ice cream was a luxury﹙奢侈品﹚ in France. Only rich people had the money to buy it. Then , in 1660, a young man from Sicily, Francisco Procopio, arrived in Paris. He opened a shop that sold ice cream at prices people could afford. Then his ice cream became so popular that other shops were opened.
About 1640, King Charles introduced ice cream to England and soon ice cream quickly became popular in England too.
Americans now eat more ice cream than any people in the world. But they are not the only ones who are fond of it. Greeks are also fond of ice cream. In the large cities of Germany there are many small shops that sell only ice cream. Ice cream shops are not as common as in England, although large London stores do have soda fountains﹙﹚.
Ice cream sodas first became popular sometime in the 1880s in the United States. In fact they soon became too popular to suit some of the good people of Evanston, Illinois. They thought it was not proper to drink soda on Sunday. A city law was passed to stop the ice cream soda on Sundays. To keep within the law, it is said that one man served ice cream with syrup﹙糖水﹚ .
Throughout its long history, ice cream has been a favorite dish, But only in this century has it been made with so many different tastes. People today can select from more than 240 flavors.
In Asia The ﹙1﹚ of Ice Cream ·Perhaps first in China at﹙2﹚ a thousand years ago ·Then﹙3﹚ to the Indians, the Arabs and the Persians In ﹙4﹚ ·First popular in Venice and then all ﹙5﹚ Italy ·Popular in France due to a young man from Sicily, Francisco Procopio who opened a shop selling ice cream affordable to common people ·﹙6﹚ in many small shops in the large cities of Germany ·Not as many ice cream shops in England In the · Americans eat the largest ﹙8﹚ of ice cream in the world ﹙7﹚ ·Ice cream soda was not allowed to be . ﹙9﹚ on Sundays in Evanston, Illinois Conclusion Ice cream is of different tastes and people have more ﹙10﹚nowadays ﹙出处：2012江苏省质量调研篇高考全真模拟试卷八﹚
﹙二﹚
Equal Opportunities for Quality Education
It is widely accepted that human resources are playing a very important part in China’s economic growth. Education, which greatly affects the qualities of human resources, has undergone rapid developments in recent years.
Last year, China had more than 2 million graduates from colleges or universities, and another 3.5 million graduates from vocational schools.
Despite the great developments in education, in the era of reform, lawmakers exposes and criticized many problems in the developments of education , which trouble, if not anger, the public.
One of the most glaring problems is that in China’s vast rural areas, even the most basic education is not available to some children. And elsewhere, even if they have access, the facilities available for them are still a far cry from those in cities.
Official statistics show that at the primary stage, there are a big number of rural students who drop out of school because they do not have the money to pay their tuition fees.
At college level, there have been some big increases in tuition fees over the last few years. So, some students from rural areas have also been forced to abandon their dreams.
China has a long tradition of valuing education and Chinese parents are willing to save each and every penny to support their children’s schooling. But in a nation of more than 1.3 billion people, upholding equal opportunities in the education sector is a discouraging task.
The central government is delicated to quickening the development of the cause, It will cancel rural school fees and offer the children in poverty－stricken areas financial support so they can all enjoy the equal education and complete the nine－year compulsory schooling programme.
The most important part of the issue lies in the amount of cash put into it. On the other
hand, it is more than an issue of fiscal input﹙财政收入﹚. The unbalanced distribution of resources between rural and urban schools risks slowing down the future of China’s vast rural areas, where two thirds of the population live.
Education is undoubtedly the long－term lifeline of citizens. Good education promotes more than personal well－being or the fulfillment of individual ambition. As individual ability grows, the nation will become stronger and more prosperous.
Equality in education is vital to the sustainability of our nation’s economic progress. It has a big impact on every citizen’s quality of life, so the government must do all it can to achieve this goal.
An overview of As China’s economy grows, education, which has a great ﹙1﹚ on the qualities of human resources, has experienced great developments. ﹙2﹚ in he In ﹙3﹚ of great developments., what worries the public is that there are development education of still children in vast rural areas who have no ﹙4﹚ to the most basic education and the facilities available are far from ﹙5﹚compared with those in cities. Serious consequences A large number of rural primary school students have to quit school because they can’t ﹙6﹚ their education. With the college tuition fees increasing sharply, rural students have no ﹙7﹚ but to give up their dreams. ﹙8﹚ Of solving To ensure ﹙9﹚ in the education for rural students, the central the problems government will cancel rural school fees and provide them with financial support, The distribution of resources between rural and urban schools should be ﹙10﹚, which will surely accelerate the development of vast rural areas. Conclusion Equality in education makes it possible for individual ability to grow, which guarantees our nation’s economic prosperity. education in China ﹙出处：2012满分计划高考英语一轮复习模拟试卷四﹚
答案解析 （一）
1. 根据第一段句意和文章的最后一段中的Throughout its long history 可知History 2.根据第二段第二句话可知 least ，at least至少 3, 根据第四段填introduced
4. 根据文章中出现的国家的名字，他们都属于欧洲国家，所以Europe 5.根据第二段最后一句话中的throughout Italy.可知填over ／ around
6根据第五段的句意填. Available ，something be available to somebody 某事被某人获得或使用
7.由第五段可知 USA
8.由第五段第一句话Americans now eat more ice cream than any people in the world.转换而来amount ／ quantity
9.由第六段最后一句话可知 served
10.由最后一段的俄最后一句话 People today can select from more than 240 flavors.中的select转换而来，所以填choices
（二）
1.填effect/influence/impact。从文章第一段Education, which greatly affects the qualities of human resources…可知答案。
2.填Problems。从文章第三段的problems in the developments of education可直接得出答案。 3. 填spite。从文章第三段Despite the great developments in education, in the era of reform,转换而来。
4. 填access。从文章第四段even the most basic education is not available to some children和even if they have access可知答案。
5. 填enough。从文章第四段, the facilities available for them are still a far cry from those in cities.可知答案。
6. 填afford。从文章第五段because they do not have the money to pay their tuition fees. 可知答案。
7. 填choice。从文章第六段some students from rural areas have also been forced to abandon their dreams. 可知答案。have no choice but to do sth.意为“别无选择只能做某事”。 8. 填Ways。文章第八、九两段都是讲述政府解决教育问题的做法，故填Ways。
9. 填equality。从文章第八段so they can all enjoy the equal education可知答案。
10. 填balanced/equal。从文章第九段The unbalanced distribution of resources between rural and urban schools可知答案。
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