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谈公示语的汉英翻译

2022-05-16 来源:易榕旅网
湖南师范大学硕士学位论文谈公示语的汉英翻译

姓名:***申请学位级别:硕士专业:英语语言与文学指导教师:***

20080401

中文摘要公示语,在我们生活中必不可少,它涉及到了我们生活中的方方面面。随着中国加入世贸组织,许多城市开始了他们国际化的城市建设。越来越多的外国友人来到中国工作、旅游和学习。因此在很多公共场所能经常见到公示语的双语化现象,这对于他们来说就非常必要了。但公示语汉英翻译的现状不容乐观,存在很多错误,这些错误导致了语用的失误,也损坏了我国的国际形象。许多关于公示语汉英翻译的论文发表在翻译的学术期刊上,有关公示语汉英翻译研究的网站也已经建立,第一届公示语汉英翻译的研讨会于2005年在北京第--#b国语学院举行。公示语的汉英翻译引起了翻译界越来越多的关注,其讨论也越来越热烈。该论文综合讨论了公示语的汉英翻译,分析了公示语的功能和语言特点,比较了中文公示语和英文公示语的不同之处。公示语主要有指示、提示、限制和禁止功能,其根本要求语言简洁明了,通俗易懂,避免生僻词汇等。中文公示语的英语译文,能够给外国友人提供帮助,为中国的国际化发挥了不可缺少作用,英语译文的质量好坏也关系到我国的国际化形象。可是,如果我们足够细心的话,就可以发现目前的汉语公示语的英文翻译存在很多的问题,比如拼写错误、语法错误、词汇错误,还包括文化的误读,硬译和中文式的英语。作者认为,这是因为汉语V公示语和英文公示语在词语搭配、文化内涵、表达事物角度以及词域方面有很大的不同。论文结合纽马克的交际翻译理论和奈达的功能对等理论,提出了一些公示语的汉英翻译办法。纽马克认为不同的文本应该采用不同的翻译策略并将各种文本主要分为三种类型,即表达型文本、信息型文本和呼唤型文本。公示语主要是给读者提供相关信息并要求读者做出或者不做出相关行为举动,属于呼唤型文本应采用交际翻译的策略。与语义翻译相比较,交际翻译更加注重读者的因素,使得译文更加容易让读者明了。而汉语公示语的英语译文对于外国读者的效用应该与汉语公示语对于中国读者的效用相等,也就是说他们应该有相等的功能效用。因此,奈达的功能对等翻译理论就是从事公示语汉英翻译的译者应该遵循的另一条法则。出现在不同场所的公示语,其用法也不同。因此,根据公示语的用法和出现的场合可以将公示语分为:交通指示公示语、道路公示语、公司单位名称、旅游景点公示语和一些公共场所(比如电影院、商场和公园)的用语。景点所用公示语没有包含在本论文的讨论范围之内。北京第二外国语学院成立的公示语翻译研究课题小组,组长吕和发认为,单位名称等服务提示类的公示语主要是给读者提供相关信息,属于静态公示语。还有一些公示语,对读者的行为提出了限制或者禁止的要求,属于动态公示语。作者发现在静态类的公示语中,名词短语大量的应用,如:咨询处Information,小心碰头LowCeiling。而动态类的公示语的汉英翻译也有一定的规律可循,如限制禁止类的公示VI语中only短语、no+v—ing短语。作者还建议在翻译的时候可以采用替代、省略、转换角度的手段。随着中国加入世贸组织,中国扩宽了与世界的联系。许多国际性的会议已经或将要在中国召开,比如2008年北京奥运会、2010年上海世博会和2010年广州亚运会。中国应该加快全球化的脚步,给越来越多的外国友人带来方便,采用各种各样的方式加强国际化的联系。国际化的交流是必不可少的,中文公示语的英语译文又发挥着重要的作用,所以公示语的汉英翻译就是国际化交流中必不可少的一部分,它应当引起我们的关注。关键词:公示语;汉英翻译;交际翻译;功能对等VIIAbstractPubicsigns,whichwaysandarecanbeseeninpublicplaces,affectaccessiontoUSinmanynecessarytoUS.WithChina’SWTO,manyforeignerscitiesstarttheirinternationalization.AnincreasingnumberofcometoChinafortheirbusiness,touristtoandstudy.ThebilingualsignsareessentialthemandCanbeseeninmanypublicplacesnow.ButmanyproblemsstillexistintheC—Ethepragmaticfailuretranslationofpublicsigns,causinginternationalanddamagingourimage.ManyessaysconcemingabouttheC-Etranslationofpublicsignsarepublishedintranslationjoumals,awebsiteabouttheResearchandServiceoftheC—ETranslationofpublicsignsisestablished,thefirstconferenceaboutthestudyoftheC-EtranslationofpublicsignswasheldinBeijingInternationalStudiesUniversityin2005.TheC-EtranslationinChinaofpublicsignsisdrawingmoreandmoreaRentionoftranslatorsanditsdiscussionbecomesmoreandmorehot.ThepapertakesalookattheC-Etranslationofpublicsigns,byanalyzingthefunctionalandlanguagefeaturesofpublicsignsandmanifestingthedifferencesbetweenChinesesignsandEnglishsigns.andrestrictingPublicsigns,withdirecting,prompting,compellingfunctionfeatures,shouldbewritteninconciseandclearwords.SignsareIwrittentothepublicandshouldbeeasytobeunderstood,thereforethelanguageinpublicsignsshouldbesimpleandconciseinwordsandavoidredundantstructure.TheEnglishversionsforChinesepublicsignsprovidetheforeignersgreathelpintheirdailylifeandalsoplayanindispensableroleinChina’Sglobalization,whichmattersalottoChina’Sinternationalimage.Butifwearecarefulenough,wecanfindthattherearemanyproblemsintheC—Etranslationofpublicsigns,suchasspelling,grammaticalandlexicalerrors.Theproblemsalsoincludetheculturemisunderstanding,word-to—wordtranslationandchinglish.TheauthorholdsthatitisbecausethedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishincollocation,culturalconnotation,perspectiveandwordorders.ThepapersuggestssomemethodstotheC-EtranslationofpublicsignsbyusingNewmark’STextTypology,CommunicativeTranslationTheoryandNida’SFunctionalEquivalenceTheory.AsNewmarkholdsthatthemainthreetextsareexpressivetexts,informativetextsandvocativetextsandtranslatorsshouldadoptdifferenttranslationmeasuresfordifferenttexts.Thepublicsigns,whichistogivereadersinformationandrequirethemtodoornottodo,iswritteninvocativetextandissuitableforcommunicativetranslation.Communicativetranslation,comparedwithsemantictranslation,ismoreconcernedwiththereaderandshouldbeeasytoberead。TheEnglishversionsofChinesepublicⅡsignsshouldaffecttheEnglishreadersastheChineseversionsacttoChinesereaders.Thatisequaleffectastosay,theEnglishversionsshouldcarrythedo.SoNida’StheChineseversionsFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryistheothertheorythatthetranslatorsshouldfollowduringtheirtranslating.SignsCallbeusedinvariousplacesbasedonitsdifferentpurposes.Accordingtotheplaceswheretheyappearsignscanandtheirpurposes,thepublicofinstitutionsbedividedintoattrafficsigns,roadsigns,namesandfirms,signscinemas,shopsincludedinthisscenicplacesandsignsinpublicplacessuchasandparksetc.Butthesignsatscenicplacesaarenotpaper.BeijingInternationalStudiesorganizedteamfortheresearchtheC-Etranslationofpublicsigns.ProfessorLttHefa(吕和thatthe发),captainoftheteam,holdssignsthatprovidereadersinformationbelongto“StaticSigns’’,whileotherspromptandrestrictreaders’actions,thoseare“DynamicIndication'’.Theauthorclaimsthat,inthetranslationfor“StaticSigns’’,nounsarefrequentlyused,foruse“Information"for“咨询处’’and“LowCeiling"for“小example,we心碰头”.Andthe“…+only'’phrases,‘'no+v.ing'’phrasesareappliedinthetranslationfordynamicsigns.Besides,theasauthorconcludessomemajormeasures,suchWithChina’Ssubstitution,ellipsis,shiftingperspectives.accessiontoWTO,Chinahaswidenedthegoodhaverelationshipwiththeoutsideworld.ManyinternationalconferencesIIIbeenorwillbeheldinChina.BeijingOlympicGamesin2008,Shanghaiin2010andGuangzhouAsiaSportsIntemationalTradeConferenceMeetingin2010,theytoareapproaching.Chinashouldfastenherstepsoftotheglobalizationbringconvenienceincreasingnumberofforeignersandtakevariousmeaslestostrengtheninternationalconnection.Amongtranslationthem,theinternationalcommunicationisunavoidable,theC—Eofpublicsignsisindispensableasthepublicsignsaffecttoourlifeinmanyways.AndweshouldpayOurconsiderableattentionit.KeyWords:publicsigns;theC-Etranslation;communicativetranslation;functionalequivalenceⅣ湖南师范大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外,本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。学位论文作者签名:力脊朋岔年多月≯日湖南师范大学学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,研究生在校攻读学位期间论文工作的知识产权单位属湖南师范大学。同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权湖南师范大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。本学位论文属于1、保密口,在……年解密后适用本授权书。2、不保密口。作者签名:导师签名:棚朴(请在以上相应方框内打“ ̄/")日期:翮缛多月步日日期:衍6月纱日OnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsIntroductionWiththeprogresstoofchina’Sinternationalization,increasingforeignerscomeChinafortheirbusiness,touristandstudy.Aspublicsignsaffectourdailylifeinmanyways,C—EtranslationofpublicsignsisessentialforUS.C.Etranslationofpublicsignshasgreatsignificance,thecorrectandpropertranslationofpublicsignscallshowourgoodinternationalimage,bringgreatconveniencetoforeignersandgivethemmuchhelpduringtheirstayinChina.Therefore,greatattentionshouldfocusedresearchonC.EtranslationofpublicC.Etranslationofpublicsigns.ThisthesiscarriesoutaonsignsbyapplyingNewmark’STextTypeologyandCommunicativeTranslationTheoryandNida’SFunctionalEquivalenceTheoryexistingtofindoutpropermeasuresandmethodstosolvetheareproblems.Theseproblemsworthintensiveattentionintranslationactivities.Thefiveintroductionpartofthisthesisconsistsofthefollowingresearchthesis.aspects:researchobjects,researchbackground,thesignificance,researchmethodologyandthestructureofthis0.1ResearchBackgroundWithChina’SaccessiontheexpansionofChina’stoWTOanditsboomingeconomy,withinfluencepoliticalintheinternational同等学力硕士论文community,chinanowisfacinganewchallengeintranslationstudies.AaregreatnumberofmaterialstranslatedinEnglishtogettoessentialforforeignersknowchina.Publicsignsareanimportantpartofthembecauseinwitssintluenceinlifearelllegreat‘nflueti。dailysyaereatdallymanyways.Butifwearecarefullyenough,wecanfindmanyimproperbilingualpublicversionsweoftensigns,take“游人止步"asaninstance,theEnglishseeare“TheTouristsStopHere!",“TheTouristsStoptheSteps!’’or‘‘TouristsDon’tGoFurther!’’Butwhichisproper?Actually,allthesearewrongEnglishversionsduetotheirfunctionalfailure.essaysonManyC—Etranslationofpublicsignsarepublishedintranslationjoumals,suchJournalasChineseTranslatorsJournal,ShanghaiandsomeuniversityofTranslatorsfo,.ScienceandTechnologyonjournals.ThefirstconferenceinC-EtranslationofpublicsignswasheldBeijingInternationalStudiesUniversityin2005,andthesecondinsl2007.AU/in11oUnlverslferenceewascnheldereTonal。Universitytncetibewonglwww.e.signs.infotranslationeditedbywasestablishedfortheResearchandServiceforC-Eofpublicsigns.TheChinese-EnglishDictionaryofSignsisLfiHefa(吕和发)andSanLiping(单丽平)publishedbyoutCommercialPressHousein2004.ExpelsandscholarshavepointedthefunctionalandlinguisticfailureinmanyEnglishtranslatedpublicthatshouldbefollowedinsignsandsuggestedsometranslationprinciplestranslating.Alltheseprovidegreatvaluablereferenceforthisthesis.2OnC.EtranslationofPublicSigns0.2ResearchObjectivesWhenwetalkaboutpublicsigns,thefollowingoneswillemergeinourmind:‘'KeepSilence'’,‘‘StaffOnly'’,‘‘WuyiRoad'’,‘‘MindYourSteps",‘'Information'’.Alloftheseareincludedinpublicsigns.Thenwhatarepublicsigns?LetUSseehowdictionariesandexpertsdefineit.AccordingtotheOxfordAdvancedLearner"sEnglish—ChineseDictionary,“signsrefertoaboard,notice,etcthatdirectssomebodytowardstosomewhere,givesawarning,advertisesabusiness,etc".Itisusedasameansofdistinguishingitfromothersordirectingattentiontoit;inlaterisusedcommonlyonaboardbearinganameorotherinscription,withorwithoutsomeornamentorpicture.InWebster'sThirdNewInternationalDictionary,itisdefinedasaletteredboardorotherpublicdisplayplacedonorbeforeabuilding,room,shoporofficetoadvertisebusinesstransactedthereorthenameofpersonorfirmconductingit.Actually,alltheabovedefinitionsareonlysimpleexplanationsofpublicsignsbutnotSOclearlyforUStOdoresearch.C-EtranslationofpublicsignshasdrawnmuchattentionofChinesetranslatorsandmanyessaysconcerningithavebeenpublishedinalotofresearchjournals.BeijingInternationalStudiesorganizedateamfortheresearchofC-Etranslationofpublicsigns,themainmembersmadeapracticalresearchinEuropein2004.ProfessorLilHefa(吕和发),captainoftheteam,gives同等学力硕士论文theexplicitdefinitionofpublicsigns.Heholdsthatthepublicsignsacovervarietyrangingfrompublicsignsappearinginpublicplaces:metro,coversaairport,hospital,historymuseum,parketc,Itwidescopefrompublicsignsformaintainingpublicorders,suchstmionsorasbriefdirectionsinbushospitalsandthetrafficsigns,thetouristdirectionsorexplanationsappearinginscenicplaces,thenamesofroads,thenamesofinstitutionsorfirms.(吕和发2005)orAccordingtohim,publicsigns,inwordstopicturesforms,areuseddirect,prompt,restrictandcompelthePublicsignscanpublic(吕和发2005).canaffectthepeople’Slifeinmanywaysanditbelistasfollowing:inpublicaccommodationtomaintainpublicorders,suchasParking(1)used保持清洁KeepClear此处不准停车No贵宾专用DistinguishedGuests送客止步Passengers(2)usedasOnlyOnlytrafficsigns,suchas单行线OneWay超车道OvertakingOnly(3)usedasinstitutionnames,suchas咨询台Information(4)usedas网吧InternetCafd候车室Loungeasbriefdirectioninshops,railwaystations,etc,suchExit出121检票12TicketGate(atrailwaystation)4OnC-EtranslationofPublicSigns(5)usedinscenicsites,givingdirectionorexplanationsuchas游人止步Out(6)usedtoofBoundary禁止拍照NoPhotographingasmarktheroads,such车站路StationRoad机场高速AirportHighway(7)usedonthelabel,thepackageorinthepamphlettogiveinformationaboutthecommodity,suchas小心轻放HandlewithCare竖放UprightInthisthesis,wemainlydiscussthenamesofinstitutionsorfirms(suchas“ShanghaiRoadPneumaticToolFactory上海气动工具厂”orLtd长沙新奥燃气有限SouthTaipingRoad“XinMinOfficeofChangShanamesofXinAoGas公司新民路营业厅"),the太平南路),theorders(suchpersonal¨Noroads(suchaspublicsignsappearinginpublicsettomaintainingpublicas‘'NoLittering请勿乱扔垃圾’’,“Takecareofyourbelongs请保管好个人物品’’,“OvertakingOnly超车道",ThroughRoad此路不通”)0.3SignificanceoftheResearchItisofgreatsignificancetostudyC-Etranslationofthepublicsigns.ThebiIingual(ChineseandEnglish)publicsignsplayanimportantroleintheintemationalizationoflargecitiesinChina.WiththeglobalizationanandthebloomingeconomyofChina,foreignerscometoChinainincreasingnumber.Insomecities,especiallyinlargecities,suchas同等学力硕士论文Beijing,Shanghai,andGuangzhou,foreignerswishtoseetheunderstandablepublicsignswhentheyneedhelp.Atthesametime,thesignsshouldbeunderstoodcorrectlybyforeigners.Onlycaninthisway,thebilingualpublicsignscanfunction.WeimagehowmanyerrorsforeignerswillthinkofChinawhentheyfindthatthereversionsofsomeChinesepublicareintheEnglishsigns,forexample“凭票入内"isPark".translatedto“EntranceVisa'’,“收费停车场”istranslatedto“FeesignswillAnywrongtranslationofChinesepublicfailureofthecommunicationanddamageourcausetheinternationalimage.Onlyourtherightbilingualpublicsignscanservetheforeignerswellandshowhighqualityofeducation.Onlybyanalyzingthefunctionalandlinguisticfeaturesofpublicsignsandkeepingthetargetlanguagereceptorinmind,orforeignerswhocanunderstandEnglishbutdonotknowChinesecanChinesepinyin,inmind,weChinesepublicgetthesatisfactoryEnglishversionforsigns.WecanimagehowforeignersnoonethinkaboutChinaunderstandwhentheyneedhelpbutthereisorpublicsigntheycanwhentheyfindtherearemanypublicsignswithvariouserrors,evensomewordsthatwilluWlllcauseIbliccwithwltlasome",IRllEn2lishsignslDuEngllslapeWor{asrutlcmisunderstanding.Therefore,whethertheEnglishversionofChinesepublicsuitabletheornotsignsisisofgreatimportancebothtoUSandtotheforeigners.We,translators,shouldbeconscientiousinthemanufacturingprocessof6OnC—EtranslationofPublicSignspublicsigns.0.4ResearchMethodologyTheresearchmethodappliedinthisthesisisDescriptiveTranslationStudies(DTS).Thedescriptivetranslationstudytakesasitsmainobjectsrestoringandreproducingthespecificexperienceandtranslatingprocess,notonlystartingfromtheperspectiveoflinguisticlevel,butalwaystranslationandcultureinview.Allkeepingtheinteractionbetweenculturalelements,apatterns,religioustranslator’Sbeliefswillmothertongue,valuesystems,thinkinginfluencehischoiceoftranslationstrategiesandapproaches.Theprocessisnottheuntraceableflowofthinkinginthetranslator’Smind.Thepaperaimstodescribehowinmakingdecisionstotranslatebutnotwhatdecisionsaremade.Combinedwiththequotationofothers’data,theresearchmethodthisthesisadoptsisafieldstudy.ItraveledaroundChangshacity,photographingandnotingdownsomeoftheEnglishversionsofpublicsigns,whichwererelatedtomystudy.AndthenIinterviewedforeignersfortestingthefeasibilityandappropriatenessofthetranslatedtextsIcollected.0.5StructureofThisThesisAsthethesisunfolds,excepttheIntroductionandtheConclusion,wewillgothroughmainlythreechapters.Inchapterone,wewillanalyzethefunctionalandlinguisticfeatures7ofpublicsigns,contrastthe同等学力硕士论文differencesbetweenChineseandEnglishpublicsingsandmanifesttheexistingerrorsinpublicsigns.WiththetheoryguidanceofNewmark’STextTypology,CommunicativeTranslationTheoryandNida’SFunctionalEquivalenceTheorythatdiscussedinChapterTwo,theauthorsuggestssometranslationmeasuresforC-Etranslationofpublicsignsinthethewholethesis,ChapterThree.TheConclusionpartsummarizesrecapitulatesthemainissuesinthepreviouschapters,furtherexploresthevarioustranslationproblemsanderrorsdiscussedandtriestoofferamoreoperationaltranslationmodelwhichmaybeaerguideC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.Finally,somelimitationsandsuggestionsofthisresearchwillbeputforward.8OnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsChapterOnePublicSignsandTheirTranslationInthischapter,wewilltakeanoverlookanalyzeatthepublicsignsanditsandlanguageC-Etranslation.Firstly,wewillfeaturesofpublicthefunctionoutsignsinordertofindthepropertranslationstrategies.Subsequently,itcontraststhedifferencesbetweenChineseandofthesedifferences,Englishpublicsigns.OwingtherearetocarelesshandlingmanyareerrorsintheexistingC-Etranslationofpublicsigns.Thoseerrorslistedinthelastsection.1.1FunctionalFeaturesofPublicSignsInthisthesis,wewilladoptNewmark’STextTheoryandCommunicativeTranslationTheoryandNida’SFunctionalEquivalenceTheorytodiscussC-Etranslationofpublicsigns.ItisessentialforUStounderstandthefourfunctionalfeaturesofpublicsigns.AccordingtoProfessorLtfHefa,thedirecting,prompting,restrictingandcompellingeffectsarethefunctionalfeaturesofthelanguageappliedaonpublicsigns(和发2005).Andeachofthembearsconsiderablemood,fromweaktostrong.Translatorscouldworkeffectivelyiftheytakenoteofthef0Drfunctionalfeatures9同等学力硕士论文1.1.1DirectingFunctionThedirectingfunctionistodirectreadersandprovidereaderswithnotsomedetailedinformation.Unliketheotherthreefunctions,theydorequireorrestrictreaderstodoornottodo.Wecansee“FastFoodthesideofRestaurant快餐店"besidearoad,“GasStation加油站”onaahighway,“Check-in入住登记’’mthehalloforathotel.Andalsothereare“Information咨询台”inaahospitaltheairport,“Toilet公共厕所’’incampus,“Firepark,“StudentsaParking学生停车场"inaAlarm火警"inlibrary.Inaword,thistypeofpublicsignsisusedtogivereadersaboutwhattheinstitutioniS,whatitdealswithandcallrelatedinformationwhatkindofserviceitprovide.1.1.2PromptingFunctionPromptingfunctionisalsotogivereaderssomekindofinformation,ornotcomparingwithdirectingfunctions,itisusedtourgereaderstodotodo,whilethedirectingfunctiondonot.Asitfunctions,imperativeasentencesareusuallyusedtoputforwardrequirement,suchas“KeepaClear请保持清洁’’in“Upright竖放”onaacinema,“KeepSilence请保持安静’’inhospital,label.Thiskindofsignsdemonstratetherequirementareindirectway,andsomeothersorjustgiveyoutheinformation,theordertherequirementishidden,butreaderscancatchthehiddenmeaning.onTake“SharpShade!利刃伤人,’forinstance,itisprintedshaverandthewordsonthelabelofaitjusttellsthe10userthattheshadeisverysharp,thefurthermeaningofthissignistosay‘‘Youhadbetterusetheshavercarefullybecausetheshadeisverysharpanddonothurtyourself.’’Hereisanotherexample,“WetPaint油漆未干”,apparently,thesignistosaynotthepaintiswet,thefurtherandhiddenmeaningis‘'Pleasedoit."touchThiskindoffunctionismoreoftenusedintrafficsignsbecausethesignsareusedtogivethedriversinformationaboutthegeographicalconditions,roadconditionsandthedirection,forexample,‘‘CrossingAhead前方十字路口",“SchoolAhead前方急转弯".AnotherAhead前方学校",“AbruptTumLeRsignsalsousedtopromptthepublicarelisted:Resen,ed预留席位Sterilized已消毒SoldFullBooked客满Out售完MaximumHeight限高Danger危险Open正在营业1.1.3RestrictingFunctionAsitsnamesays,restrictingfunctionistorestrictpeople’Sactions,thatistohecoulddosay,thiskindofsignstellreaderswhattoorwhatisforbiddendo.Thelanguageusedinthiskindofsignsinrude,toughoraresimpleanddirectbutlistsomeofthemasarenotimpoliteway.Wecanfollowing:(1)“KeepRight右侧行驶",thatissideandshouldnottosayyoushoulddriveontherightdriveonthe1eftside.同等学力硕士论文(2)“SlowOut慢速驶出"meansthatthedrivershouldslowdownwhenhedriveout.(3)“HandicappedOnly残疾人专用通道"statesthatitisonlyforhandicappedandotherscannotuseit.(4)‘‘30MinutesParking限停30分钟”tellsthedrivercannotparkhiscarover30minutesinthisparking.1.1.4CompellingFunctionAswementionedontheabove,eachfunctionbearsaconsiderablemood,fromweaktOstrong,thelast,compellingfunctionisthestrongestone.Itisusedtoprohibitthereaderstodosomething(NoLittering禁止乱扔垃圾)ormustdosomething(DogsMustBeKeptonaLeash狗必须用皮带牵住).Withthestrongestcompellingmood,thereisnotanypossibilitytocompromise,evenitisstrictlyforbiddenthepublicfromdoingsomething.Thesignwiththisfunctionwhichwemostlyoftenseeis‘'NoSmoking禁止吸烟",thatistosaythatsmokingiscompletelyforbidden.Imperativesentenceisnotenoughtoexpressthisstrongmood,usually,weuse‘‘No+…"form,forexample,“NoFood禁止携带食物’’attheentrancetothelibrary.Thefollowingareotherexamples:NoOvertakingOntheBridge桥上严禁超车NoMinorsAllowed儿童严禁入内NoFlammableMaterials禁止堆放易燃物品NoTrucks卡车禁止通行12OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsPublicsigns,eitherChineseorEnglish,theysharetheabovebasicfourfunctions.Translatorsnotonlyneedtograsptheirfunctionfeaturessinceweusedifferentmoodtoexpressdifferentfunction,butalsoshouldkeeptheirlanguagefeaturesinmindduringthetranslating.OnlySO,wecangetthesatisfactoryversion.Thenwewillexploreitslanguageandfunctionalfeaturesinthenextsectionofthischapter.1.2StaticandDynamicIndicationsofPublicSignsAswediscussedinSection1.1,publicsignshavedifferentfunctionsbasedonitsusage.Somewecalltrafficsigns,suchas“AccelerationLaneareset超车道","Dividedroadendsahead前方并道”.Somepublicorders,typicalexamplesare‘'NotomaintainExchange概不退换’’,‘'NoUStosmoking禁止吸烟’’.Aretheresomerulesformakeclassificationforthem?AndProfessorLtiHefaholdsthatthefunctionsofpublicsignsareintwoindications:‘‘staticindication’’and‘‘dynamicindication’’Sowedividesignsinto“staticsigns”and“dynamic‘‘Staticsigns”(吕和发2005:21).tosigns’’arewithfunctionsof“staticindication",referringornottodirectingfunctionandnotrequiringreaderstododo.Theyarewidelyusedinscenicsites,addresses,thenamesofinstitutions,roadnamesandSOon.“BookingOffice售票处’’,‘'InternationalDeparture国typicalexamples际出发’’,“BaggageDepository存包处”,thesearethe13同等学力硕士论文ofsignswithfunctionsofstaticindication.In“staticsigns",whichnotaskjustprovidereaderssomeinformationanddodosomething,nounsandnounsreaderstodoornottophrasesarequitelyoftenused.Whileprompting,functionsof‘‘dynamicindication'’aregivingprominencerestrictingandcompellingfunctions.Besidesgivingtoitsinformation,thesesignsputforwardrequirementstoreaders,suchas“DogsMustBeCarried抱好宠物",“NoPhotographing严禁拍照".Verbs,gerundsandpresentparticiplesarefrequentlyemployed.TranslatorsonCanchoosethesuitabletranslationmethodbaseditsfunctionalindications,staticorThreedynamic.ThiswillbediscussedinChapter1.3LanguageFeaturesofPublicSignsWiththeanalysiswehavemadeabove,wegettoknowthatthefourmainfunctionfeaturesforpublicrestrictingandcompelling.Anddifferentlanguageassignsaredirecting,prompting,weknow,differentfunctionsneedformstoconveyandeachlanguagestylepossessesitsspecialfeatures.NiChuanbin(倪传斌)andLiuZhi(刘治)analyzetheforC-Elanguagefeaturesofpublicsignsintheiressay“ThePrinciplesTranslationofPublicSignsanditsCasesStudy(标记语的英译原则及实例分析)",publishedinShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsforScienceandTechnology(倪传斌&刘治,1998.2:18).Firstly,thesignsareonaboard,SOthelanguageonthesignsshould14OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsbeinconcisewayduetothecomparativelysmallspace.Secondly,somepublicsignsmustdrawthepublic’Sattentionatthefirstsightandthereaderscancatchitsmeaningveryquicklyandcorrectly,especiallythetrafficsigns,suchas“AbruptTurnLeftAhead前方急转弯’’,theappliedwordsshouldbesimpleonesinsteadofrareones.Atlast,themeaningofthesignsshouldbeclearandeasytoread,thesignissetwithoutambiguity.Wecananalyzethistopicindetailsasfollowing:1.3.1ConcisenessAccordingtoWilliamStrunk,Jr.andE.B.Whitein1979(JoanPinkham2001:1):“Vigorouswritingisconcise.Asentenceshouldcontainnounnecessarywords,aparagraphnounnecessarysentences,forthesamereasonthatadrawingshouldhavenounnecessarylinesandamachinenounnecessaryparts.’’Itisalsotrueoflanguageofpublicsigns.Usually,thereadersforpublicsignsjustgiveaquicklookattheboardwithsignsonwhentheypassby.Sothelanguageonitneednotbeinacompletesentence,aphraseorjustawordisenough,forexample,“NoSmoking禁止吸烟",“Open正在营业",weneednotusesentences‘‘Pleasedonotsmoke’’and‘‘Weareonbusiness.’’Thewordswhichaddnomoremeaningshouldbeomitted,wecancallthemunnecessarywords.Theycanbeanypartofspeech,nouns,numerals,adjectives,adverbs,andSOon.Forexample,thelabelona同等学力硕士论文shaver'thewordsonthelabelshouldinformtheuserthattheshadeofshortenintothisshaverisverysharp,pleaseuseitcarefully.Wecan“SharpShade!”.ItisenoughOnthewallofatoshowthemeaning.adoorway,therealwaysexistssigntotellthepublicnottoparkanybikesthere.TheChinesesigncallbewrittenas“门廊前勿放自行车’’,theEnglishversioncarlbe“Keepthisdoorwayfreeofgrammaticalerror,butbikes”,actuallyitiswithoutanylexicalweneednotuseaerrororfullsentence,‘'NoBikes”isenough.Seeanotherexample,theChinesesignis“请勿向河中投掷垃圾",canwetranslateitweinto“Pleasedonotthrowrubbishintothisfiver’?IfSO,thenthrowrubbishconcisenessnotintocanthisfiverbutbesidethisfiver?FollowtheLittering"isprinciple,‘"Noof“Weenough.Weuse‘'Danger:Explosive’’insteadhaveexplosivehere.Payattentiontoyoursafety."astheEnglishversionfortheChinesesign“此处有炸药,请注音窑A’’思文芏“.1.3.2ClearnessDuetotheshorttimethetargetreadercanspendonreadingthesigns,themeaningofthesignsshouldbeclearandeasytobeunderstood.Asthetargetreadersarethecommonpeoplewhohavelittleknowledgerelatedtotheconcemedtopic,thesignsshoulddirectlyhitthepointthereshouldexistnoandvagueness.InNiandLiu’Sessay(倪传斌&刘治putpassengers1998),theyprovideanexample:“严禁客货混装Don’tOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsandcargostogether.’’Thetargetreadermayfeelhazybecausetheydonotknowwhetheritmeansthepassengerstocannottakethecargosthemselvesarethedestinationorwhetheritmeansthepassengersforbiddentositonthecargosandtheyshouldsitinthecab.Sothesign“严禁客货混装’’Canshouldbegettotranslatedinto‘'NopassengersonTrucks".Then,readersknowthatitmeansthepassengerscantakethecargosthemselvesontothedestinationbuttheyareforbiddentositthecargos.professional,Thesignsaresetforthepublicandnoteveryreaderisthereforewewhentranslatesigns,weshouldhitthepointdirectlyandclearlyandshouldnotjusttalkaroundthebush。Whetherthecailtranslationisaproperoneisdependedonwhethertargetreadersbeeasilycatchwetranslateitsmeaning,easily,smoothlyChinesepublicandclearly.Thus,whensigns,weshouldtakenoteofthisprinciple.1.3.3Simple’PublicWordsaresetsignsforthepublic,targetreadersofthiskindofmaterialsareordinarypeople,notonlythenativeEnglishspeakers,butwhoalsootherforeignersknowalittleEnglishandEnglishisnothismotherlanguage,andtargetreadersalsoincludenotaoverseasChinesewhoisrareEnglishnativespeaker.IftheEnglishversionisfullofcauseawordsandexpression,itwillpragmaticfailureofcommunicationforsmallpublicsigns.Thereisalwaysarestaurantattheairporttoprovidefastfoodforthepassengers,theEnglishtabletshouldbe“Snacks’’instead17同等学力硕士论文of“Refection”,thelaternotfinditinoneisnotottenbeusednowadaysandwecanthedictionariespublishedinrecentyears.Takeallanotherexample,“景区环境卫生,需要您的维护’’,shouldwetranslateitinto“EnvironmentalSanitationoftheScenicSpotNeedsYourConserve"?Thewords‘‘sanitation’’and‘‘environmental’’alenotfamilialwordsforthepublic,wehadbetteruse‘‘KeepClear'’or“NoLittering’’.Fromtheabove,inordertomaketargetreaderscatchthemeaningatfirstshoulduseglance,wetheconcise,clear,simplewordsandexpressionsinC-Etranslationofpublicsigns.1.4DifferencesBetweenChineseandEnglishPublicSignsThough.bothChineseandEnglishinpublicsignssharetheabovementionedfeatures,theyhavemuchdistinctioninmanyways.Itisbecauseofthesedistinctionsthatwe,Chinesenativespeakers,alwaysmakemigakesduringthetranslating.Mostproblems,however,concernthecoreofculture:waysoflife,valuesandwaysofthinkingandwriting,whichvarygreatlyfromChinesetoEnglish.Chineseisparataxis,whileEnglishishypostaxis.Forexample,theChineseitsEnglishcharacter“人”(“man'’isonmeaning)lookslikeamanstandinghistwofeet,andthefourdotsinthefourcharacter“雨"("rain"ischaracterlookitsEnglishmeaning),theCanlikethedrops.Distinctionsbeillustratedin18OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsaspects:differentcollocations,differentmeanings,differentperspectivesanddifferentwordorders.1.4.1DifferentCollocationsAccordingtoNewmark,“Wherethereisanacceptedcollocationinthesourcelanguage,thetranslatormustfindanduseitsequivalentinthetargetlanguage,ifitexists.Acollocationconsistsbasicallyoftwoorthreelexical(sometimes,functional,relational)words,e.g.‘amentalillness’."(Newmark2001b:114)Andheholdsthatsyntagmaticcollocationscanbedividedintosevenmaingroups(Newmark2001b:l14):(a)Verbplusverbalnoun.Examples:payaRention,sufferadefeat,runameeting,makeaspeech.(b)Determinerplusadjectiveplusnoun.(c)Adverbplusadjective.(d)Verbplusadverboradjective(e)Subjectplusverb(f)Countnounplus‘of'plusmassnoun.(g)Collectivenounpluscountnoun.LetUSseeanexampleforgroup(b)。InChinese,“淡"isalladjectivetodescribesomethingnotdense,theChinesecharacter“淡’’in“淡茶’’or“淡酒”meansthattheteaisnotverystrongorthealcoholisin19同等学力硕士论文smallquantity.ButdescribetheteaorinEnglish,wecannotuseasameadjectivetothedrink,theEnglishequivalenceare“weaktea'’and“lightwine.’’Thereisanotherexample,“打’’isaverbinChinese,weverbsarecansay‘‘打篮球"and“如果你需要帮助请打电话XXX'’,theinChinese.ButinEnglish,weshouldusesamedifferentverbs.Wemustsayare‘'playbasketball’’and“Ifyouneedhelp,pleasecallXXX'’,theverbs‘‘play’’and‘‘call’’.1.4.2DifferentConnotationsInthissection,wewilldiscussestheimportanceofunderstandingtheculturedifferencesbetweentheEastemandtheexplainstheinfluencesofdifferencesonWesterncountriesandtheunderstandingofwordsmeaningsandsemanticinformationinC—Etranslationbylistingsomeexamples.Inanuniversity,thereisasignonthedoortoaroomwhereteacherscanhavearestduringtheshortbreak,itistranslatedto‘‘Restroom'’.ThemakermaytakeitforinChineseandthegrantedthat(orChinesedidaguesswork)“rest'’is“休息"SOmeaningfor“room"is“房间",for“休息房间”.It‘'restroom"istheEnglishversionisseriouslywrongbecausetheEnglishword“restroom”meanstoilet,itsequivalenceinChineseis“厕所”.Theyarequitedifferent.Thefollowingareareothertypicalexamplestoshowthatsomewordssimilaronthesurface,butdifferentinmeaning:“servicestation'’is“加油站”or“修理站”insteadOnC.EtransiationofPublicSignsof‘‘服务站’’;sea.elephantis‘‘海豹"insteadof“海象”;mountainlionis“美洲豹"insteadof“山狮”.Wecanseemanybeautysalonsonthetwosidesofthestreets,“银狐”isthenameforoneofthemandthesignboardisread“SilverFoxBeautyandHairDesignCenteF’.“狐’’and“fox'’,theiroriginalmeaningarethesamewhentheyrefertoawildanimalofthedogfamily,buteachofthemhasdifferentsemanticinformation.InChinese,“狐’’meanssomethingisbeautiful,attractiveandcharming.Whileforwesterns,“fox’’hasthemeaningconcernedwithslyness,cunningandcheating.Thenforeigncustomerswillflinchwhentheylookatthesignboard.IfSO,theEnglishversioncausesapragmaticfailureintheinternationalcommunication.Soitisimpropertotranslatethenameofthebeautysalon“银狐”to“silverfox'’,wecantranslateitaccordingtoitspronunciationorjustrenameit.1.4.3DifferentPerspectivesEnglishandChinese,sometimestheyexpressthesamemeaningindifferentperspectives.Weoftenseeasign“小心碰头”onthewallofanarrowcorridororapassageway.TheChinesetextis“小心碰头’’,itexpressesthefactfromtheperspectiveofreadersthattheceilingisverylowandwhenpassengerspassby,theyshouldbecarefullyanddonothititonthehead.Besides,“Mindyourhead”,wehaveanotherversion,“LowCeiling'’.Theformeronealsostatesthefactfromthesame同等学力硕士论文meaning,andthelateroneisfromtheoppositeperspective.Hereisanotherexample,theChinesetextis“油漆未干".IfwetranslatefromthesameperspectivewiththeChinesetext,theEnglishversionshouldbe“Paintisnotdry'’.Butitisnotidiomaticanddoesnotcoincidewiththerulethatsignsshouldbewritteninconcisewords.Westerncountriesuse‘‘WetPaint'’togivetheinformationthatpaintisnotdryandtoinformreadersnottotouchit.Therefore,whenwecantranslateChinesepublicsignstoEnglish,weshifttheperspectives.ItwillbediscussedinSection3.4.3.1.4.4DjfferentWord0rdersSinceChineseandEnglisharedifferentlanguages,theyareusedifferentwaysofsayingthings,thewordordersalwaysdifferent.Thisphenomenoncanbeseenclearlyinthefollowingchart:EnglishChinese中小型工农业文艺前岳左右衣食新旧smallandmediumagricultureandindustryartandliteraturebackandforthfightandleftfoodandclothingoldandnewOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsInSection1.4,wediscussedsometypicaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishsigns,wegettoknowthat,betweenChineseandEnglishpublicsigns,therulesforcollocationaredifferent.Somewordsarehavethesameoriginalmeaningbuttheirrelatedmeaningssometimesevendifferent,opposite.Theydescribethesamethingfromdifferentindifferentways.Owingtothesedifferences,Chineseerrorsperspectivesandtranslatorsareeasilytomakelistwhiletranslating.Someerrorswillbeandanalyzedinnextsection.1.5ErrorsinC--EtranslationofPublicSignsWecanfindmanyerrorsinthepublishedtranslationsifwearecarefullyenoughwhichistobestudiedinthissection.Theerrors,suchasspellingmistakes,grammaticalmistakes,lexicalmistakesaswellasculturemisunderstandingandword—for-wordtranslationorchinglish,maketheversionunreadableandfarbelowstandard.Suchunsatisfactorysituationnotonlyleavesabadimpressiononforeignersanddamagetheintemationalimageofourcountry,butalsoputupbarriersintheintemationalcommunication.Therefore,thesignstranslationgraduallyhasdrawnmuchattentionofthetranslators.Inhisarticle‘‘WhatonDoesAnExperiencedTranslatorThinkAbout'’publishedChineseTranslatorsJournal,ShenSuru(沈苏儒2005)同等学力硕士论文expressedhisdeepworriesaboutthepoorqualityofC·Etranslationofpublicsigns.Hecitedasentence“TheerrorsarefrequentlyemergingindirectorofPresstheroadsigns.”saidbyZaoQizheng(赵启正),theDepartmentofChinaStateCouncil.Shenalsomentionedat/article“HowRidiculoustheEnglishRoadarticlesaidthathecanSignsareinBeijing'’,theauthorofthisfindout50errorsinC—Etranslationofpublicsignswithin160kilometerswhenhedrovealongsomemainroadsinLetUSBeijing.listthetypicalerrorsindetails.1.5.1SpellingErrorsThespellingerrorsareeasytobefoundandalsoeasytobemade.Thiskindofonmistakeswillleaveaperfunctoryandslapdashimpressiononthetargetreadersbecauseitresultfromcarelessnessisseriousthepartoftranslatorsandasprinters.Meanwhile,iteffectivenessandshowthecausesamistakeitdecreasesthethefailureofunderstanding.Thesemistakesoftranslatorsandmaketargetreadersconfusedirresponsibilityincomprehendingthetargetlanguage.Sometimes,evenanasmallmisspellingforaletterinasignCanaleadtooppositeeffect.Ontherailwaystationinchina,thereisaserviceforpassengerstoleavetheirluggageforshorttimeiftheywanttodosomethingfarawayfromthestationwithouttheheavyluggageinhand.InChinese,wecallit“行李寄存",itmeansthatyoucanleaveyourluggagehere.ButtheEnglishversionfortheChinese24signisread“LiftinsteadofLuggage".“LiftLuggage’’meanstakingtheluggageawayleavingtheluggage,itleadsshouldbe“LeftLuggage’’.totheoppositeeffect,thecorrectversionHereanothertwomisspellingexamplesduetothecarelessnessoftheprinters.Whatwillyouthinkwhenyouseealabelread:‘‘AntsandCrafts’’?Youmayhandicraftrelatedlabelisonathinkthethatitiscertainlysomethingconcernedwithantswhichareoneclassofinsects.Intofact,thecommodityshowedinshopsellingartsandcraftsinNanjingairport,andthecommodityisnothingrelatedtoants.Obviously,theconsumersmustprintermisprinttheword‘‘arts'’to‘‘ants’’.Theforeignerfeelconfusedbythissignwhentheyareonthespotandseetherealobjects.Shanghai,oneoftheintemationalizedmetropolis,foreignerscometoShanghaiforbusiness,studyandtouristinitsEnglishpublicsignsshouldbecorrect.ButalargequantityandneartheOrientalPearTower,thesymbolofShanghai,theEnglishversionprintfor“上海海族馆"ismisspelled,to“ShanghaiOceanAqurrium’’,“Aqurrium”isone.‘‘ShanghaiOceanAquarium'’isthecorrect1.5.2GrammaticalErrorsAproperversionshouldatleastcomplywiththegrammaticalrulesoftargetlanguage,butweinthesignsstillcanfindvariousgrammaticalabsolutelyshouldbeproblemstranslation.Translators同等学力硕士论文responsibleforit.ItisbecauseoftheirlowproficiencyortheirpoorcommandofEnglish,evenbecauseofperfunctoryworkingattitude.Allthesemistakesbringmuchtroubleinunderstandingsignstoforeignreaders.TheChineserenderforconsultationserviceis“总服务台’’or“咨询台’’,theexistingtranslationofitare“Information",“Informations’’,or“Enquiry/Inquiry'’grammaticallynottheplural‘‘Enquiries/Inquiries’’,anwhichonesarecorrect?“information'’isuncountablenounandhasform,and“enquiry/inquiry’’iscountablenounandhaspluralform.Thestandardusagesinor‘'Enquiries/Inquiries".Therearewesterncountriesare“Information'’severalretailstoresonthetwosidesofthestreet,suchas“新奥燃气公司新民路营业厅",“上海书城南东店".Isitcorrectifwetranslatetheminto‘‘Xin’aoGasLtdXinminRoadOffice’’and‘‘ShanghaiBookstoreNandongShop’’?Theyaregrammaticallywrong.InChinese,weexpressfromtheuppergradetothelowergrade,SO“新奥燃气公司"iswrittenbefore“新民路营业厅",whilegradeinEnglish,itexpressesthenamefromthelowertotheuppergrade.Thusthecorrectversionsfor“新奥燃气有限公司新民路营业厅”and“上海书城南东店’’shouldbe‘‘XinminRoadOfficeofXin’aoGasLtd’’and‘'NandongShopofShanghaiBookstore”.Somegrammaticalmistakescancauseapragmaticfailure.TheOnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsEnglishwords‘'park'’and‘'parking’’,theyareverysimilaraonthesurfacebutquitedifferentinmeaning.Theword“park'’meansapublicgardenorrecreationgroundinatownwhenitisusedasaaSanoun,“公园”isitsChinesemeaning.Butwhenitisusedleaveaverb,itmeanstostopandvehicleinaplaceforatime,inChinese,itmeans“停车’’or“停a船".Buttoourregret,someoneuse“Park”toindicatecauseaplaceforparkingvehicles,itismistranslatedandforbiddentodriveintotheapragmaticfailurebecauseitispark.Theforeignerswilldriveawaywhentheyaseesign“Park'’.Whenuseweindicateplacetostopavehiclesforashorttime,weshouldtheverbalnounform“Parking'’.1.5.3LexicalErrorsLexicalbecausetheyaerrorsaremoreseriousthanspellingandgrammaticalerrorsourcanmirrorpoormasteringofwords.Whenwetranslate,shouldgrasptheaccurateandthenchoosethebestwordisthesmallestunit.Ttranslatorsmeaningofthewordone.Translatingisandthinktranslateitoverandovertothemeaningofsourcelanguage,andawordhasdiffere.ntmeaningwhenitisusedindifferentcontext.Anymistranslationmustresultfrommisunderstandingofthemeaningofaword.Sowhetherthewordissuitableusedforthecontextisthekeypointwhichthetranslatorshouldgrasp.ButforUS,Chinesetranslators,EnglishisItresultinnotourmotherlanguage.Onmuchmisuseofwords27duringthetranslating,In同等学力硕士论文Translation,JinDiandNidamentionedthisproblem:Ashasoftenbeensaid,thebesttranslationistranslation.Itistodetermineoneonethatdoesnotsoundlikeathingtoaimatnaturalness,butitmaybemoredifficultcausejustthosefeatureswhichunnaturalness.Oneoftheprincipalsourcesofunnaturalnessarisesfromtheunusualcombinationofwords.Anexpressionmayuse.Forexample,inonebeperfectlyintelligible,butthespeakerwouldhotelintheOrient,asignpointtotoiletreadno‘'washingroom.”Therewasdoubtabouttheintentofthesign,anditmayverywellhaveseemedtothepersonwhomadeupthesignthatitmademuchmoresimplysensethan‘'washroom.’’Butthecombination‘‘washingusedinEnglishtoidentifyaroom'’isnottoilet,though‘"washroom”is.Inmanyinstancesunnaturalnessarisesfromawkwardnessofsyntax.(金堤&奈达1984:93)AmongtheChinesetranslators,someonehavethemisconceptionthatthereisonetoonecorrespondencebetweenChineseandEnglish.Indeed,onetothereiscorrespondence,buttherelationshipisnotmanyorone,itisonetomanytoone.Whenmeylearnthevocabulary,theyreciteeachstrictlywordwiththeirChinesemeaninganddonotcaretheniceUSdistinctionthatweshouldkeepinmindduringtranslating.Letbacktotheexistingerrorsrelatedtomisuseofwords.LetUScomehaveawalkinaparkwherethefollowingexamplescomefrom。Attheenhancetothepark,theplacewherethetouristsbuytheticketsisGate”incalled“收费处’’or“售票处”inChinese.Itistranslatedas“TollEnglish.“TollGate'’issetontheroad,highway,harbororbridge.Herethechargingplaceshouldbetranslatedas“BookingOffice’’OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsor“TicketOffice",evenfunction.ThenletobtainUSjustaoneword“Tickets"canconveythesametoatakelookarelaxationactivitythatyoureturncanasmallboattorOWforshorttimeandwhenyouityoushouldmakepayment.InChinese,itmeans“租船’’,theEnglishsignisread‘‘BoatsforRent'’.Here,‘‘rent'’meanstomakeregularlypaymentfortheuseofsomethingwithinalongtime.Hereweshouldchoose‘‘hire’’onathesign,thus,thesignshouldbe“BoatsforHire".AReryouhaveboating,youwanthaveyourlunch.Therecanaresomeplaceswheremealsoneusebeboughtandeaten,inChinesewecall“餐厅".Some‘‘refectory'’insteadof‘‘restaurant'’.Itislexicalwrong.‘‘refectory'’meansadining-hallinamonastery.Obviously,weshouldchangeaitto“restaurant'’.Then,ifyouhavewalkaroundthepark,youwillBirds"setbesideaseeasignsaying“濒危珍禽Dangerous新仁.2004:81).Foreignvisitorsacage(王银泉&陈tohavemustbefrightenedtocomecloserlookbecausetheword‘‘Dangerous’’informthemthatthesebirdsoraredangerousaveryfierceandmayhurtthem.Obviously,thetranslatordidguessworkthat“危’’meansdangerous,hereweshouldtranslateto“DyingoutBirds”.1.5.4CultureMisunderstandingsAsweallknow,peopleindifferentculturesmayviewthesamethingindifferentwaysanddifferintheperspectiveofcognition.Atthesametime,theyexpressthesameideaindifferentway.AsfarasChinese同等学力硕士论文andEnglishareconcerned,culturenodifferencesaretremendous.Sometimesthereiscorrespondenceintheoriginalmeaningandtheassociativemeaning,suchas“龙"and“dragon'’;sometimestheiroriginalOItnelIarensamebutmdi一clttterintassoctatlveissociative.Ifmel‘2nabuteeh—sseld-gSlmeaningregarmessdiscrepancybetweenChineseandEnglish,totallyignorantofthetargetcarereaders’consideration,translatingthesignsmechanically,donotaboutwhetherthealienreaderscanunderstandthesignclearly,todothis,alsosetbarrierinthenotonlydamagethequalityoftranslation,butintercommunication,SOastoslowtheglobalizationofourcountry.LetUSgothroughtheexampleslistbelow.“老’’and“old’’both“oldrefertosomethinghaveexistedforinstance,orrefertohavinglivedareaalongtime,orphoto’’‘‘老照片"forlongtimeadvancedinage,forexample“HowoldEnglish,‘‘old'’hasthemeaningof‘‘notyou?’’‘‘老年人".Whileinmodem,outofdate,nolongerasyoung,foolish,conservative’’,forexample“Thisdressishills。’’“Hisideaareoldastheallterriblyoldhat.’’‘‘anoldwivestale”.Thus,ifwetranslate“老年人专座"to“ReservedforareOldPersons’’,thepersonswhooradvancedinagewillnottakethisseatbecauseifheorshetakesthisseat,thatistosaythathesheisold,notactive,outofdateandweak.IfSO,thesignisuselessandshouldbecorrectedto“ReservedforSeniors”.ChenHongwei(陈宏薇1998)providesUSanotherexample.IncanuseasaChinese,紫罗兰hasassociativemeaningofromanceandOnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsbrandnameofmen’sshirts,aladywillgiveherboyfriendthisbrandmen’sshirtsasagift.ButinEnglish,‘‘pansy'’hasthemeaningofeffeminatemanorhomosexual.Therefore,thenameofthebrandcallnotbetranslatedto“Pansy'’,wecantranslateitaccordingtoitspronunciationorrenameit.Thereisaclothingstorenamedas“红衣坊’’.“红",inChinese,meansrich,happy,honorandlucky.ThewordisoftenusedinsuchcolloquialChineseexpressionsas“红榜",“开门红".However,theforeignerswillassociate“red’’toanger,violenceorworthlessasin‘‘aredragtoabull’’and‘'Donotgivearedcentforthehouse.’’Ifthesignboardistranslatedto“RedCostume’’,theforeignconsumerswillnotdoshoppinginit.1.5.5、№rd.for-WordTranslationsAsWeallknow,translatingmeanstranslatingthemeaning,translatingthemeaningofwordsandphrases.“Sometranslatorssimplycannotfigureoutthemeaningoftheoriginal,andtheymaybetOOlazytOresolvetheproblems.Theyresorttoaword—for-wordtranslationduetoamistakennotionthatthisisaneasywayout."(JinDi&Nida1984:108).Whenaninterpreterfailstoreflectthefunctionofthepublicsign,theresultisquiteevident.Forexample,whenvisitorssee“游人止步’’,therenderingis“Thepassengersstophere.’’ThereisobviouslyafailureincommunicatingbecausetheEnglishversiondonotachievethepurposeoftheChineseone.Allthevisitorswillstoptowaitforthetourguidein同等学力硕士论文frontofthesign.Theoriginalmeaningofthesignistoinformthevisitorsthattheycannotenterinto,therefore,thesignshouldtranslateto“Outofcountries。Boundary”accordingtothestandarduseinwestem“酒’’istheChinesemeaningforEnglishword“liquor'’,“bar'’istoitspronunciation.Sosometranslatedto“吧’’inChineseaccordingtranslatorstake‘‘LiquorBar'’astheEnglishversionactually,peopleneverfor“酒吧".Butuse“liquorbar’inEnglishspeakingcountries.Similarly,“whitewine”isnot“白酒"(1iquor),“drycangoods’’isnot“干货’’(driedfoodandnuts).Andwetranslate“燕子饭店"to“SwallowRestaurant'’,“安全出口’’to‘‘SafeExport'’?Somewhere,thesign“招贴即撕”istranslatedto“SignsPosted(WillBe)ImmediatelyTom'’,in“PostNoBill”isthestandardcorrespondingEnglishversion.Insomesupermarket,thereistheafact,sign“欢迎你下次再来购物"postatexit,taking“Welcometoourshopagain'’asitsEnglishversion.TheChinesetextisusedwhenthecustomersleavetheshop,onthecontrary,theEnglishversionisshowthehospitalityagreetingwhenthecustomersarrivetheshoptoitsChinesemeaning.and“欢迎你再次来到我店”isaWangUniversityYinquan(王银泉9professoroninNanjingAgriculturesigns,whofocuseshisresearchC-EtranslationofpublichascollectedmanyexistingwrongEnglishversionofsignsinThetypicalonesNanjing.are“南方候车室SouthWaitingHall’’and“北方候车two室NorthWaitingHall’’(王银泉&陈新仁,2004).Thesesignsappear32OnC—EtranslationofPublicSignsinNanjingRailwayStation.TheChinesemeaningisthatthepassengersorcantakethetrainboundforsouthernnortherndirection。However,theonEnglishversionmeansthatthewaitinghallisthesouthsideoronthenorthside.TheEnglishsignsdonotfulfilltheirfunctionsatall,theybecomejunksigns.Thismistranslationwillcertainlybringmuchinconveniencetoforeignpassengersandmakethempuzzled.Thesignshouldberenderedto‘‘SouthboundOnly’’and‘‘NorthboundOnly’’.Alltheexamplesabovepointoutthattranslatingwordforword.ToSLImup,itisnotallCanneverbedoneeasyworktodoC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.ButifwerefertosometranslationtheorieswewillbeintroducedinChapterTwo.canmakeit.This同等学力硕士论文ChapterTwoT‘'一LiteratureReviewTranslationtheoriesprovidesolidbasisforanalyzingtheproblemsintranslationprocess.TosolvetheproblemsinC—Etranslationofpublicsigns,weturntoNewmarkandNidaforhelp.BeforetouchupontheissueofhowtotranslateChinesepublicsignstoEnglish,letUSfirstintroduceNewmark’SandNida’Smilestonetranslmiontheories:TextTypology,CommunicativeTranslationandFunctionalEquivalence.2.1Newmark’STranslationTheoriesPeterNewmark’STextTypology,SemanticTranslationandCommunicativeTranslationhavealreadybeeninfluentialrecognizedashismosthisachievementintranslationstudies.Heputforwardtranslationtheoriesinhisinsightfulvolumes‘'ApproachestoTranslation’’and‘■TextbookofTranslation'’,whichcanbeformulatedasfollowing:2.1.1LanguageFunctionsandTextTypesdevelopmentoftranslationisaWiththethatstudy,translatorsactivityhavetheideatranslationtext-orientedtextualbecause“linguisticcommunicationalwaysappearsinaformshowingdifferentorigin,differentstructure,differentfunctions,anditisdesignedfordifferentOnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsrecipientsortargetgroups’’(Wilss,2001:112).“Itisthetypeoftextthatdecidestheapproachfortranslators;thetypeoftextistheprimaryfactorinfluencingthetranslator’Schoiceofpropertranslationmethod'’(Reiss2004:17).Thatistosay,translatorscanmakeresolutionbasedonthefeatureofdifferenttypesandweightherelationshipbetweenformandcontentoftheoriginalandbetweenthetargetandthereadership.BesidestheGermanfunctionalschool,EnglishtranslationtheoristPeterNewmarkalsoassociatethelanguagefunctionwithtranslation.BasedonarevisedKarlBtlhler’SlanguagefunctiontheoryandReiss’texttypology,Newmarknewlyproposedhistexttypologyandtranslationstrategies,basicallysixtexttypes,expressive,informative,vocative,aesthetic,phaticandmetalingual,amongwhichthefirstthreeareconsideredmoreimportantandothersaresubordinatefunction,andtwotranslationstrategies,semantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation.AsNewmarksaidinhisbookApproachestoTranslation:ThemostsatisfactorybasisisJakobson’SmodificationandBuhler,themainfunctionsoflanguagealetheexpressive(thesubjectiveor“I”form),thedescriptiveorinformative(the‘‘it'’form)andthevocativeordirectiveorpersuasive(the“you'’form),theminorfunctionsbeingthephatic,themetalingualandtheasthetic.Alltextshaveaspectsofexpressive,theinformativeandthevocativefunction.(Newmark200la:55)Basedonthefirstmajorfunctionsoflanguage,Newmarkproposed35同等学力硕士论文thefollowingthreetexttypes:(1)TextswithexpressivefunctionwithexpressiveaSTextsfunctionincludeseriousimaginativeliterature,suchauthoritativelyricalpoetry,shortstories,novelsasandplays;statements,suchpoliticalspeeches,documents,statutesandlegaldocuments,scientific,philosophicalandacademicwritings,andpemonalautobiography,essays,personalcorrespondence.Theconstitute2001the‘‘expressive’’elementofancomponentsexpressivetext.(Newmarkb:40)Thistypeoftextsiswrittenundertheguidanceofformalliteraryprinciplesrequiringrhetoricaldevicestoserveforproducingestheticeffects,andthewayauthorsasexpresstheirideasweighsmuchastheideasthemselves.(2)TextswithinformativefunctionoftheThecoreinformativeafunctionoflanguageisextemallanguage,includingsituation,thereportedideasfactsofortopic,realityoutsidetheories.Theformatofinformativetextoftenfollowsreport,articleinorcertainstandards,suchnewspaperaoraastextbook,technicalaperiodicalscientificpaper’thesisminutes2001b:4agendaofmeeting.(Newmark1)Inthistypeoftexts,thecontentisofmoreimportancethantheform;theauthor’Sprimaryintentionistoconveytheirdesignatedinformationtoreadersinsteadofpresentingtheirwritingstylesandlanguagemanners.OnC—EtranslationofPublicSigns(3)TextswithvocativefunctionTypicalvocativetextsaresuchtexts,inwhichtheappealingfunctionisdominant,asadvertisement,preaching,notice,instruction,publicity,propaganda,persuasivewriting(requests,eases,theses),andpossiblypopularfiction,whosepurposeistOsellaproductorentertainthereader.(Newmark2001b:42)Thistypeoftextsprovokesthereadershiptoact,tothink,ortofeelauthors’intentionotherthanconveyinginformation.Andhealsodemonstratesthecoreofthetextseparatelyandtheroleofauthorintheprocessoftranslation.Newmarkpointsoutthatthecoreof“expressivetext'’isthethoughtofauthor,whichisholyinthetext.Therefore,thepersonalcomponentsconstitutethe“expressive"elementofanexpressivetext.Theidiolectwithauthor’SownlanguagestyleCanbeshownwell.Inordertobringthepersonalcomponentsintoprominence,Newmarksuggestedthattranslatorsshouldrendertheexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalascloselyasthesemanticandsyntacticstructureofthesecondlanguageallow.The“informativetext’’isconcernedwith“extemalsituation'’,“therealityoutsidethelanguage'’,translatorsshouldtrytogiveacorrectandcompleterepresentationofthesourcetext’Scontent,thatistosay,the‘‘authenticity’’oftheinformationisthecoreofthistext.Theunderstandingandresponseofthereadersshouldbetakeninto37同等学力硕士论文consideration,whichisalsotheeffectoftransferringinformation.Newmarksuggeststhattranslatorsshouldproduceonitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedonthereadersoftheoriginal.Thatistosay,itistotransferthecorrectandauthenticinformationisthekeyduringtranslating.Whilein“vocativetext’’,thesituationoftheirauthorsisnotsoimportant,theimportantaspectistocalluponthereaderstoact,tothink,tofeelafterreceivingtheinformationinthetext.Inthiscase,thetargetreadersreactinthewayintendedbythetext,thusthevocativefunctionofthetextcanbeobtained.Owingtoitsspecialpurposeandfunction,translatorsmustsubmittotheappreciatinghabitandpsychologicalfeelingofthetargetreadersandtrytoapplythefamiliarlanguagestyle.Thus,explanationisoftenusedinthetranslation.Translatorshavetherighttocorrectandimprovethestructures,substitutetheelegantsentencesfortheclumsysentencestoavoidobscuritiesandambiguity.Theyarenotrestrictedbythesourcelanguagestyleandcallbereformedtoachievethereadabilityofthetargettext.Newmark(2001b:40)formulatedtherelationshipamonglanguagefunctions,text-categoriesandtext—typeswiththefollowingfigure:38OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsInfomativeVocallwCore。伽lI-竹ReadershipAuthor’sStatUS"Anonymous"TopicFormatscri伽sinuIglnmiwsci锄虹f;cTcxtbcekNoticesLiteratureTechnologicalReportIBstructiorlltAuthoritativestatementCommercialPaperPropagandaAutobiographyIndusuialArticlePublidtyPcnionalc.,orl屯¥pottdgtltgcEconomicMemomndmnPopularfiction‘鬼h簋a矗:asofknow议igeOtcV锄tSWiththedevelopmentoflinguistics,sometranslatorshavebeguntoreachaconsensusthattranslationisatext-orientedactivitybecause‘‘linguisticcommunicationalwaysappearsinatextualformshowingdifferentorigins,differentstructures,differentfunctions,anditisdesignedfordifferentrecipientsortargetgroups’’(Wdss2001:112).‘‘Itisthetypeoftextthatdecidestheapproachfortranslators;the毋peoftextistheprimaryfactorinfluencingthetranslator’Schoiceofpropertranslationmethod”(Reiss2004:17).Thatistosay,translatorscanalmostdeterminetranslationmethodsbaseduponthecharacteristicsofdifferenttexttypestobalancetherelationshipbetweenformandcontentoftheoriginal.Wecarlgetthatthetypeoftextdecidesthemethodoftranslation,manytranslationtheoristadvocateseveraltranslationstrategies,suchaSword—for-wordtranslation,freetranslation,1iteraltranslationetc.AsPeter39_———————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————一同等学力硕士论文Newmarkinsiststhatallthetranslationmethodcanbenarrowedbysemantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation.WewilldevelopthesetwotranslationstrategiesinSection2.1.2.2.1.2SemanticTranslationandCommunicativeTranslationTosolvetheproblemoftranslation,aneffectiveandefficienttoolisneeded.Inthecaseoftranslatingpublicsigns,weneedtostudysometranslationmethodsortheoriesusedbyexperiencedtranslatorsortheorists.However,translationtheoristshavedifferentopinionstowardsthisproblem.Quiteanumberoftranslatorspaymuchattentiontotheoriginallanguagebutignoretheacceptanceofthetargetreadersandtheirapproachesaremainlysource-oriented.Sometranslatorsdoresearchontranslationwithatendencyofconsideringthetargetcultureandtheirwayismoreliketarget.orientedtranslation.PeterNewmarkcombinesthesedifferentideasandsetsuphissemanticandcommunicativetranslationswhichCanserveasappropriatemethodsindealingwithcultureelementsindifferenttexts.Withthis,nomatterhowcomplextheproblemseems,itsmainthreadsCanalwaysbesortedoutandthetranslatorisabletosuittheremedytothe‘case.However,ifwecanfindacompromisebetweenthesetwotendencies,theproblemcanbepossiblysolved.MaybewecangetsomeenlighteningideafromPeterNewmark’Stheoryofsemanticandcommunicativetranslation,whichisbasedonsourcelanguageandtargetOnC—EtranslationofPublicSignslanguagerespectively.Heputsforwardtheconceptsofcommunicativeandsemantictranslationwhichissaidtorepresenthismaincontributiontothegeneraltheoryoftranslation.InhisbookofApproachestoTranslation,ProfessorPeterNewmarkofPolytechnictranslmionofCentralLondonputsforwardhiscommunicativeandsemantictranslationtheory.EugeneNidaonmadehiscommentsthetwotranslationmethods:ProfessorNewmark’SmajorcontributionisinadetailedtreatmentofsemanticVS.communicativetranslatinginwhichsemanticsourcetranslationfocusesprimarilyuponthesemanticcontentofthetextandcommunicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseofreceptors.ThisdistinctionbecomesespeciallyrelevantforthewidediversityoftexttypeswhichProfessorNewmarkconsiders.(Newmark2001b:vii)Consideringotherimportantelementsoftranslationsuchtheasthegoaloftranslator,theholdstraitofthetargetreceptorsandthefeaturesofthetext,thatNewmarkthecommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslationcansolvethetranslationproblems:Ihaveproposedonlytwomethodsoftranslationthatareappropriatetoanytext:(a)Communicativetranslation,wherethetranslatoronattemptstoproducethesameeffectTLreadersaswasproducedbytheoriginalontheSLreaders,and(b)Semantictranslation,wherethetranslatorattempts,同等学力硕士论文withinthebaresyntacticandsemanticconstraintsoftheTL,toreproducetheprecisecontextualmeaningoftheauthor.(Newmark,2001b:22)Asthisdefinitionindicates,communicativetranslationfocusesessentiallyuponthecomprehensionandresponseoftargetlanguagereceptorswhilesemantictranslationcentersaroundthesemanticcontentofthesourcelanguagetexts.Tobemorespecific,‘‘incommunicativeontranslation,theemphasisshouldbeoriginalconveyingthemessageofthetoinaform,whichconformsthelinguistic,culturalandpragmaticconventionsoftargetlanguage,Bothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptableandcomprehensibletothereadership.Semantictranslationconsequentlyastendstostrivetoreproducetheformtheoriginalcloselyastargetformswillallow.’’(ShuttleworthandCowie2004:22,151)Thebinarytypologyofsemantictranslationandcommunicativetranslationissignificantandvaluableintranslationpracticealsobecauseofitsclear-cutrelevancetranslationtotexttypes,.Newmarkadvocatedthatofcommunicativenon-literaryiSsuitableforthetranslationmostwriting,joumalism,informativearticlesandbooks,textbooks,reports,scientificandtechnologicalwriting,non·personalcorrespondence,propaganda,publicnotices,standardizedwriting,popularfictions.Ontheotherhand,originalexpression,wherethespecificlanguageofthe42OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsspeakerorwriterisastechnicalorliterary,needstobetranslatedsemantically.(Newmark,2001b:44)Todistinguishcommunicativetranslationandsemantictranslationfromotherexistingtranslationmethods,Newmarkputthemalltogetherintoadiagramtomakecomparisons.SLemphasisTLemphasisWbrd.for-wordtranslationLiteraltranslationFreetranslationFaithfultranslationIdiomatictranslationSemantictranslationCommunicativetranslation(Newmark2001a:45)Word—for-wordtranslationisamethodthatmatcheseverywordandretainsthewordorderofsourcelanguagetextstoshowcompletefidelitytosourcelanguageauthors.Wordsareusuallytranslatedintotheircommonmeaningwithoutconsideringtheoriginalcontext;andthetextswhichareword-for-wordtranslatedseemtobeaccuratebutverymechanical.Adaptationisatranslationmethodthatallowsconsiderablealterationtocaterforparticulargroupoftargetlanguagereaders,ortoservefororiginalpurposesbehindtexts.Itdoesnotrelyonexistenceofstructuralandconceptualparallelsbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Newmarkcallsitthe“freest'’formoftranslation,inwhichtranslators_—————————————————^————————————_———————_———————_————————一enjoymuchfreedomtoremodeltheoriginalstructures·同等学力硕士论文Literaltranslationiswheretheformoftheoriginalisretainedmuchasaspossible,evenifthoseformsarenotthemostnaturalformstopreservetheoriginalmeaning.Freetranslationpreservesthemeaningoftheoriginalbutformsofthetargetlanguage,includingthatthetranslationusesnaturalnormalwordorderandsyntax,SOCanbenaturallyunderstood.sourcetextFaithfultranslationaccuratelyproducesmeaningsofthewithoutintensifyingorweakeninganypartofthemeaning.Itattemptsintentions.tobecompletelyfaithfultotheIdiomatictranslationiswherethemeaningoftheoriginalistranslatedintoformswhichmostaccuratelyandnaturallypreservethemeaningoftheoriginalforms.Here,wecandrawthatthereexistsadifferentemphasisonsourceandtheylanguageandtargetlanguageineachpairoftranslationmethodsaregraduallynarrowedbyacommunicativetranslationandusesemantictranslation.Withroughborderlinebetweentheofsemantictranslationandcommunicativetranslation,theovertranslatorshouldthinkittoandthenchoosetheappropriatetranslationmethodaccordingtexttype.thespecificInNewmark’Scorrelativetranslationapproach,therelationshipofbetween‘‘importance'’and‘‘closeness’’actuallyreflectstheinfluenceOnC.EtranslationofPublicSignstextualpropertiesontranslators’optingfortranslationmethods.Notallsourcelanguagetextssharethesameamountof“importance",whichneverthelessvariesindifferenttypeoftexts.Newmarksuggeststhattranslatorsshouldconsidercharacteristicsoftexttypesastheychoosecommunicativetranslationorsemantictranslation.Duetoitsclosetieswithtranslationmethod,theauthorsteerstheattentiontothetexttypology.Aswediscussedinsection2.2.1,ProfessorPeterNewarkdividedallthetextsntothreetypes,namelyexpressive,informativeandvocative.Semantictranslationissuitableforexpressivetexts.Insemantictranslation,translatorsneedtoputmoreemphasisonsourcelanguagethantargetlanguagebecauseauthorsarethecentralfactorofthetexts.Theyshouldrepresenttheauthors’writingstyleandpurposethroughcomparingsyntacticandsemanticdifferencesbetweensourcelanguageandtargetlanguage.Andinformativetextshouldbecommunicativetranslated.Incommunicativetranslation,translatorsneedtospendmoreeffortsontargetlanguageratherthansourcelanguagebecausethequalityoftargetlanguagetextsisahigh-stakefactorinfluencingtheeffectivenessofreaders’informationreception.TranslatorsshouldalsominimizethenegativeeffectcausedbysourcelanguagegrammaticalrulesSOastoensurefaithfultransferofinformationthusgivingtargetlanguagereaders45同等学力硕士论文thesameimpactassourcelanguagereadersperceive.thatvocativetextscanNewmarksuggestsbetranslatedatbycommunicativetranslationbecausethismethodisaimedcommunicationbetweensourcesmoothinglanguageauthorsandtargetlanguagesourcereadersandpromptingreader’Sreactiontolanguagetexts.WhattranslatorsneedtodoiStoremovethedisturbanteincommunicationcausedbygrammaticalandlexicaldifferences;furthermore,theyhavemuchmore‘‘freedom’’dealingwiththeoriginalsyntax“vocativeness’’ofsourceAccordingtotoretainthelanguagetexts.havethefunctionofbeingNewmark(2001a:39),textsandexpressive,informativeandvocmivenotextandfewsentencesareundilutedamongthem,i.e.atexttendstohavetheothertwoasoneleadingfunctionwithsupplementary.Forexample,themainfunctionofasliteraryissupportingexpressive,while‘‘informative’’and‘‘vocative’’servingfunction.“Mosttheinformativetextswilleitherhave2001avocativethreadrunningthroughthem."fNewmarka:42)Thenwhatisthemainfunctionofpublicsigns?Itshouldbevocativebecausethepurposeofthepublicsignsistherearetocallthereaderstoact,tothinkortofeel.Indeed,somesignswithinformativefunctionssuchas“SmokingArea'’,‘‘BookingOffice’’or‘‘EmergencyCall’’,wesaythatinformativeisthemajorfunctiontextandorvocmiveisthepurpose.Nevertheless,eithertoinformativevocativetext,accordingNewmark,shouldbeOnC·EtranslationofPublicSignscommunicativetranslatedashemaintainsthat‘‘communicativetranslationandsemantictranslationingeneral,thesemanticmethodandthecommunicativemethodvocativeIncanwellhandlethevarietyoftexts;canbeusedtotranslateexpressivetexts,beusedtotranslateinformativeandcantexts.‘‘(2001b:15)hastomakethefunctionofthetextclear,practicing,translatorandthenadoptthecorrespondingstrategiesandskillstodifferentpartofthetext.Because“Fewtextsalepurelyexpressive,informativeanorvocative:mostincludea11threefunctions,withemphasisononeofthethree”.(贾文波2004:57)CommunicativetheiscoretranslationintendstOpresentofsourcelanguageemphasisoftextsandthevalueofsocialcommunicatingitisathethetranslation.Astargetlanguagereader-orientedmethod,itisthetargetreaderswhoassessthequalityofsemantictranslation,includingthereadabilityandtheintegrity.Whiletranslationisauthor-orientedmethodandshouldbefaithfultotheoriginaltext.Expressingtheauthor’Sthoughtandmanifestingthecharacteristicsareitspurpose.TheEnglishversionofChinesesignsissetfortheforeignersandbringsconveniencetothem,thustheversionshouldbecommunicativetranslated.Incommunicativetranslation,translatorssometimesneedrearrangethewords,clarifythecontents,leavehasnoouttheredundantinformationwhichinfluenceonresultandevenadapttheoriginaltext.Therefore,the47同等学力硕士论文versionofcommunicativetranslationiseasier,simpler,clearertoread.Onthecontrary,semantictranslationistoseektheclosestequivalenceoftheoriginaltext,requiretranslatorsfollowthegrammaticalrulesandwritingstyleofsourcelanguagetexts.Sincethearesourcelanguagetextandotherduetothetargetlanguagetextquitedifferentfromeachdifferentculture,thesemantictranslatedtargetlanguagetextseemstobemoredifficult,morecomplicatedandmoreabstrusetoread.AslongasthekeyinformationintheChinesesignistransmitted,translatorsneednotabidebythegrammarandtheformofChinesesigns.Communicativetranslationissubjecttotargetculture,thatistosaythattranslatorsshouldstrivetofindoutthecultureequivalenceelementintargetlanguagetoavoidambiguityandculturemisunderstandingfortargettextreaders.Thecultureelementstransplantedfromsourcelanguageshouldcomplywiththetargetlanguageculture.Butsemantictranslationismaintainthesubjecttosourceculture,itmeansthattranslatorsshouldascultureelementsmuchaspossiblewhiletranslatingincludingslang,idioms,metaphor,etc.Aswehavediscussedinsection1.5.4ofChapterOne,‘'RedCostume”isunsuitablefortheboardsign“红衣坊’’.Withregardtopublicsigns,obviously,itbelongstothevocativetextduetoitspurposeofdirecting,prompting,restrictingandcompelling.Itisreader-orientedanditstranslationistoconveyitsinformationandOnC.EtranslationofPublicSignsfunctionandnotessentialtostrictlycomplywiththegrammaticalstructureandthelexicalformofthesourcelanguage.Toachievethispurpose,translatorsshouldchoosetheappropriatetranslationmethod.Aswediscussedin1.5.5sectioninChapterOne,theword—for-wordtranslationisnotsuitableinC—Etranslationofpublicsigns,weshouldadoptcommunicativetranslationinC—Etranslationofpublicsigns.CommunicativetranslationistoproducethesameimpactoreffectonsourcelanguagereadersandfulfillthefunctionofTLtextstoestablishthecommunicationbetweensourcelanguageauthorsandtargetlanguagereaders.Forinstance:Example2.2.1SourceText:游人止步VersionA(SemanticTranslation):VisitorsStoptheSteps.VersionB(CommunicativeTranslation):OutofBoundary.InExample2.2.1,theVersionA,semantictranslated,,ishardlyintelligible,quiteunbecomingandclumsy,andespecially,“StoptheSteps’’isnotidiomaticandunacceptableinEnglish.Whileifweusecommunicativetranslation,thesubject“游人,’,thepredicate“止’’andtheobject“步”alldisappearinVersionB.Inaway,itisnotfaithfultothesourcetextbutitistheinternationalusageandcanachievetheequivalentfunctionthatthevisitorswillnotwalkintotheboundary.Therefore,thecommunicativetranslationmethodisagoodwaytoproduceeasyandinmanycases,minimallyunderstandabletranslation.49同等学力硕士论文2.1.3ApplicationTranslationofCommunicativeTranslationinSignsFromNewmark’Stexttypology,wecandrawaconclusion:signsorbelongtocommunicativematerialandareinformativeAlso,thereisnovocativetexts.clearboundarybetweentheinformativesignsandthevocativesignssincesomeinformativesignsprovidethereaderssomeinformationaswellascallthemtoact,tothinkandtofeel,whichareofvocativefunction.Thecoreofvocativetextsistocalluponthereaderstoact,tothink,tofeelafterreceivingtheinformationfromthetext.Thisthekindoftextemphasizesreadability,translatorsexpressivewayoftheoriginaltextbuthasmorearenotrestrictedtoadvantagesofexpressinglanguage.withtargetlanguagetoachievethesameeffectwiththeForexample,ifweIdlers",itisnotassourcetranslate“闲人免进’’as‘'AdmittanceDeniedtogoodas“StaffOnly”,theoneformeroneisimpolitewithbossymoodwhilethelatterordertogiveaiseasiertobeacceptedbyonforeigners.Inpragmaticimpactthetargetlanguagereaders,thelinguisticandculturalleveloftargetlanguagetextshouldbeconsideredcarefully.Publicsignsshouldalsobeinformativeandexpressiveachievethevocativeeffects.toNida(2001:116)everandthisprocessdependsdeclared:“translatingmeanscommunicating,onwhatisreceivedbypersonshearingorOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsreadingatranslation’’.Newmarkdefined“communicativetranslation’’astoproduceon“attemptingitsreadersaneffectascloseaspossibletothatobtainedbythereadersoftheoriginal'’(Newmark2001a:39)andattempting‘'tOrendertheaexactcontextualmeaningoftheoriginalinsuchandwaythatbothcontentandlanguagearereadilyacceptablecomprehensibletothetranslationisareadership.”(Newmark2001a:47)Communicativearetargetlanguagereader-orientedmethod,readersthecriteriontoexaminetheresultoftranslation.AshasbeendiscussedinChapterOne,thefunctionalfeaturesofpublicsignsare:1)directingfunction,itistodirectreadersandprovidereaderswiththedetailedinformation;2)promptingfunction,itistogiveornottoreaderssomekindofinformationandrequirereaderstodorestrictingfunction,itistorestrictthepublic’Sdo;3)action.;4)compellingsomething.Itfunction,itistoprohibitreaderstodosomethingormustdoisobviousthatpublicsignsarenotonlyinformative-functionalbutalsoinpublicsignsvocative—functionalandthusthe‘‘information'’involvedintheillustratedbycoretranslationisthesignsandthereadershipaimedfor.As2001b:42)“MostNewmark’sopinion(Newmarkainformativetextswilleitherhavevocativethreadrunningthroughthem(itisessentialthatthetranslatorspickthistoaup),orthevocativefunctionisrestrictedseparatesectionofrecommendation,opinion,orvalue-judgment.’’5l一—————————————————————————————————————————————一Inthesame同等学力硕士论文way,Newmarktextsalsoexpressedhisviewpointfortranslationofvocativebymeansofillustratingtwoelementsdeservesthetranslator’Sspecialattention(2001b:41):a)“therelationshipabetweenthewriterandthereadership'’;b)‘'thesetextmustbewrittenintothelanguagethatisimmediatelycomprehensivereadership”(ibid)·Inaword,factorswhichconcemwiththereadershiparethemostprioritiesintranslatingInavocativetext.word,whywechoosecommunicativetranslationforC-Etranslationofpublicsigns?ItisforthepurposeofachievingthesameeffectofChineseonestobringconveniencetoforeigners.ThiscoincideswiththeFunctionalEquivalencewhichisputforwardbyEugeneNida.AndWewillintroduceitinSection2.2.2.2Nida’SFunctionalEquivalenceNidaisatheoristofdistinguishedAmericanlinguistandtranslationthecontemporarytime.Hisresearchachievementsrankedtopinthemodemtranslationresearchfield.HeisthebestoftranslationresearchinthemodemrepresentativeinthefieldandhasWesternworldmuchinfluenceinthewesttranslationcircle.WewillconfinetheourdiscussiontotwotypesoftranslationequivalenceputforwardbyNida,namely,fromdynamicdynamicequivalenceandformalequivalencedevelopedequivalence.52OnC-EtranslationofPublicSigns2.2.1DynamicEquivalenceAtranslatorshouldestablishequivalencebetweenthethetargettext.Ofvariousprinciplesofsourcetextandtranslationequivalence,Nida’Sondynamicequivalenceisfamiliartous.Dynamicequivalenceisbasedatheprincipleofequivalenteffect.InsuchconcernedwithmatchingthetranslationoneisnotwithSOreceptor-languagemessagethesource—languagemessage,butwiththedynamicrelationship,thattherelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessagethatshouldbesubstantiallythesameasthatwhichexistedtranslationofbetweentheoriginalreceptorandtheatmassage.Adynamicequivalenceaimscompletenaturalnessofexpression,andtriestorelatethereceptortomodesofbehaviorrelevantwithinthecontextofhisownculture.Itdoesnotinsistthatheunderstandtheculturalpaaernsoftheordertocomprehendthemessage.InTowardasourcelanguagecontextinScienceofTramlating,Nidaforthefirsttimeputsforwardtheprincipleofdynamicequivalence,whichhedefinesas“therelationshipbetweenreceptorandmessageshouldbesubstantiallytheexistedbetweensameasthatwhichtheoriginalreceptorsandthemessage’’(Nida1964:159)Inaccordancewiththisprinciple,hedefinesdynamicequivalencetranslationas‘‘theclosestnaturalequivalenttothesourcelanguagemessage."(Nida1964:166)Nidafurtherpointsoutthe53同等学力硕士论文;entiallafeattteaturesltnof‘oteclynamlcss。luivalenceeequivalenceeht’translationtransldeOnsareocomposea)OItilefollowingcharacteristicsaimingatarousingsimilarresponsebetweenthesourcetextreadersandthetargettextreaders:(1)Equivalent,whichpointstowardthesourcelanguagemessage.(2)Natural,whichpointstowardthereceptorlanguage.(3)Closest,whichbindsthetwoorientationstogetheronthebasisofthehighestdegreeofapproximation.Aswehavediscussedabove,allthethreefeaturesofdynamicequivalenceisorientedtowardsimilarresponse.Theterm“response’’herereferstothewayinwhichreceptorsofatextunderstandthetext,includingtheeffectthetextproducesonthem,while“similarresponse’’involvesacomparisonoftworelations:therelationofthetargettextreaderstothetargettextshouldbesubstantiallythesametothatofthesourcetextreaderstothesourcetext.Thatistosay,thetargettextreadersmustnotonlyknowhowthesourcetextreadersmusthaveunderstoodthecontentofthetext,buttheyshouldalsobeabletoappreciatesomeoftheimpactandappealwhichsuchatextmusthavehadforthesourcetextreaders.Sincetranslationisakindofcommunication,itismainlyintendedforitsreaderstounderstand.Naturally,wetrytomakeclearhowthetargetlanguagereadersrespondtothetargettext,andcompareitwiththatofthesourcetextreaderstothesourcetext.OnlywhentheirresponsesaresimilarCanwesaythatthetranslationisadequate.Ifthereaders’responseOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsisignored,thetranslationwilllosefollowingwordsresponse:Mostofearlierapproachesrelationshipofthesourceitsorientation.JinDistatestheindefenseoftakingintoconsiderationthereaders’totranslationhavefocusedattentionuponthetexttothetargettext,whetherintermsofformorcontent.Theconceptofdynamicequivalenttranslatingintroducesanimportantnewdimension,namely,therelationshipofreceptorstotherespectivetexts…itdealsnotmerelysignsassigns,butfocusesonthewayinwhichverbalsignshavemeaningforereceptors.Itisreallywithinsuchcontextthatdiscussionoftransnationaladequacyandacceptabilitymakea(JinDi&Nida1984:86)Weknowthatadynamictranslationisdirectedprimarilytowardthesimilarityofresponse.Toachievethispurpose,thetranslationmustbenatural.Tobenatural,theequivalentformsshouldinnotbe“foreign'’eithertermsofform,orintermsofmeaning,whichmeansthatthetranslationshouldnotrevealanysignsofitsnon—nativesource.Nidastressesthatnaturalnessinadynamicequivalencetranslationmustfitthesethreeasaspects:thereceptorlanguageandcultureawhole,thecontextoftheparticularmessage,thereceptorlanguageaudience.Nidastates:“Thebesttranslationdoesnotsoundlikeandatranslation...itshouldanytracenoexhibitinitsgrammaticalstylisticforms55ofawkwardnessor同等学力硕士论文strangeness…itshouldstudiouslyavoid‘translationese”’(Nida&Taber1982:12)Weknowthatlanguagesdifferfromeachother,andeachlanguagearehasitsownpeculiarities,thewaysofusinglanguagecertainlanguage.Ifthetranslatoronlyfocusesonpeculiartoatheoriginalverbalform,heisusuallyincompetent.Ifhetumsasidefromtheverbalfocusesonformandthesimilarresponse,hecouldfreehimselffromthebindingoftheoriginalverbalformandincreasethetranslatabilityofamaterial.2.2.2FunctionalEquivalenceFunctionalequivalencetheoryiscloselyidentifiedwithanevangelicalwho,overthelasthalfcentury,hasdonemoretofosterBibletranslationaroundtheworldthananyoneelse.HisnameisEugeneNida,andalmosteverytranslatortodayhasbeeninfluencedbyhiswork.Histheoryandpracticeoftranslationwasfirstcalled‘‘dynamicequivalence’’translationand,later,“functionalequivalence"translation.HeandTaberarguethattherearetwodifferenttypesofequivalence,namelyformalequivalence,whichinthesecondeditionbyNidaandTaber(1982:200)isreferredtoasformalcorrespondenceanddynamicequivalence(Attheendof1980’S,hechangedthisconceptto“functionalequivalence",butheexplainedthesetwotermsbearthesameAndtheymakedetailedexplanationsofeachtypeofmeaning).equivalence.Formalcorrespondencefocusesattentiononthemessageitself,inbothformandcontent.Itissimilartoword.for-wordtranslation,NidaandTabermakeitclearthatthereTheyarenotalwaysformalequivalentsbetweenlanguagepairs.thereforesuggestthattheseformalequivalentshouldbeusedwhereverpossibleifthetranslationaimsatachievingformalratherthandynamicequivalence.TheuseofformalequivalentsmightattimeshaveseriousimplicationsinthetargettextsincethetranslationwillnotbeTaberthemselveseasilyunderstoodbythetargetaudience.Nidaandassertthat‘‘Typically,formalcorrespondencedistortsthegrammaticalandstylisticpatternsofthereceptorlanguage,andhencedistortsthemessage,SOastocausethereceptortomisunderstandortolaborundulyhard'’(Nida&Taber1982:201)outtwoNidahaspointeddefinitionoffunctionalequivalence:theAmaximal。dea’definitionminimal‘definition.‘‘AdetinltlOn‘andlamixmaximal,loealamfofunctionalequivalencecouldbestatedas"Thereadersofatranslatedshouldbeablemannerastexttounderstandandappreciageitinessentiallythesamereaderstheoriginaldid.”烈ida1993:118)“Aminimal,realisticdefinitionoffunctionalequivalencecouldbestatedas"Thereadersofatranslatedtextshouldbeabletounderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesamemannerastheoriginalreadersdid.’’OnethingshouldbenotedthattheabsoluteequivalenceisjustanidealwhichCanisonlyonlybeapproachedratherthanachieved.Themaximaldefinition57同等学力硕士论文anide-alsetforthetranslatortoworktowards.Itcontainsthefollowingtwoaspectsofmeanings:1)Thetargettextshouldbetheclosestnaturalequivalenttothesource—languageThetranslationshouldproducethesameeffectreaderweasontext.2)thetargetlanguagetheoriginalproduceonthesourcelanguagereader..Therefore,canconcludethatitisthemethodwherethetranslator’Spurposeisnottogivealiteral,word—for-wordrenditionbuttotransferthemeaningofthetextwhichwouldbebestexpressedinthereceptor’slanguage.Itisessentialthatfunctionalequivalencebestatedprimarilyintermsofacomparisonofthewayinwhichtheoriginalreceptorsunderstoodandappreciatedthetextandthewayinwhichreceptorsofthetranslatedtextunderstandandappreciatethetranslatedtext.‘‘Histheoriesoftranslationinvolvesoforiginalacomparisonoftheresponsesofthosewhoreceivethereceptorswiththeresponsestranslatedtext.Inotherwords,itisimportanttostudythewayinwhichtheoriginalreceptorsofcomparethiswiththeatextinterpretedandunderstoodthetext,andinwhichreceptorstowayofthetranslatedtextrespondtoitintermsbothofunderstandingandappreciation.ForthisanalysisitisparticularlyimportanttoemployasemioticorientationSOastobeabletostudyindetailallthesignsofatext(words,grammatical■structures,andrhetoricalfeatures)whichsignalsomethingtoreceptors".(金堤&奈达1984:25)58OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsTheequivalent-effectprincipleisthatthetranslatorshouldproducethesameeffectonhisownreadersastheSLauthorproducedontheoriginalreaders‘‘Translatingconsistsinreproducinginreceptorlanguagetheclosetnaturalequivalentofthesourcelanguagemessage,firstintermsofmeaning,andsecondintermsofstyle."(Nida&Taberl982)2.2.3FunctionalEquivalenceinSignsTranslationPublicsignscarlbeeasilyfoundeverywhere,suchasbuses,busstations,airports,hospitals,campus,cinemasetc.ThetargetreadersofthoseEnglishpublicsignsareusuallyforeignerswhoarenotfamiliarwithChinesecharactersandChinesepinyin.TheultimatepurposeoftranslatingChinesepublicsignsistobringthemconvenienceandmakethemfeelathome.Unliketranslationofotherkinds,suchaslegaldocuments,newsconferences,foreigntradecontracts,andtechnologicalmaterials...,whicharestrictinformalequivalence,translationofpublicsignshasmoreroomsfordynamicequivalence.Relatively,translatorsofthelatterhavemorefreedomtodisplaytheirinitiatives。Whattheyshouldbearinmindismainlythereadabilityofthetranslatedversionandthereceptivenessofthereaders.ChinesepublicsignsarefullofChinesecharactersandChinese59同等学力硕士论文pinyin.Chinesereadershavenodifficultiesinunderstandingthosematerials.Forthoseforeigners,whoselinguisticandculturalbackgroundsaretotallydifferentfromthoseofours,thoseChinesecharacteristicsareobstaclesintheirunderstanding.Sotranslatorsshouldgiveprioritytohelpingthemcomprehendthematerials.AsNidasays,“thenewfocus,however,hasshiftfromtheformofmessagetotheresponseoftheonereceptor.Therefore,whatreceptortothetranslatedSOmustdetermineistheresponseofthearenotcontentmessage.Wemerelytotranslatethattheaveragereceptorislikelyatounderstandthemessage;ratherweaimtomakecertainthatsuchpersonisveryunlikelytomisunderstandasit.’’(Nida1982:1)WecouldemployittheguidancewhendoingtranslationofChinesepublicsigns.Fromabove,wecansaythatNewmark’SCommunicativeTranslationareandNida’SFunctionalEquivalentTranslationofthesamepurpose,thatis,theybothunderwoodtranslationstressthattranslationsshouldbefullyandsmoothlysanlebytargetreadersandhavefunctionstothem.AstoC—Etheoriesofpublicsigns,thesetwotranslationcanguideastranslatortorealizethesamefunctionofEnglishtranslatedsignsthatoftheiroriginal.Inaccordancewiththesetwotranslationtheories,wewilldiscussthespecificmeasuresinChapterThree.OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsChapterThreeC—EtranslationofPublicSigns“Thereisnodoubtthateffectivetranslationinvolvesskill,butthisskillcanbeacquiredmorereadilyandmeaningfullybymeansofanadequatetheory.Effectivetranslationisalsoobviouslyanart,insomewhatthesamesensethatgreatliteratureisalwaysamatteroflanguageart.Buttounderstandhowskillandartcombinetoproducefirst-ratetranslationsthatarebotheffectiveincommunicatingthecontentandacceptabletoreceptors.”(金堤&奈达1984:10)Thus,aswetranslatetheChinesepublicsignsintoEnglish,weshouldattaintheappropriateversionwhichnotonlycanbeeasilyunderstoodbytheforeigners,butalsoCanachievethesatisfactoryexchange.3.1PrinciplesforC—EtranslationofPublicSignsSinceC-EtranslationofpublicsignshasbecomeahottopicinthetranslationfieldinChina,sometranslatorsandscholarsputforwardtheirpointsofview.DaiZongxian(戴宗显)andLitHefa(吕合发),whovisitedthe13countriesinEuropefortheresearchofsignstranslation,suggestsomebasicprinciplesforC—Etranslationofpublicsigns:1)theversionshouldbeaseffectiveastheoriginal;2)theversionandtheoriginalshouldbeusedinsimilarsituations;61同等学力硕士论文3)theobjectivesofthesourcetextandthetargettextshouldbesame;4)sometimes,thesigncanbesubstitutedbytheinternationalstandardusage.LetUSexemplifytheseprinciplesasfollowing:1)Onthepackageofsomeelectriccommodities,“竖放"isfrequentlyseen.Itisusuallytranslatedto“Upright",itissuitableforafloorfan,butnotappropriateforarefrigeratorsincethefloorfanshouldlaydowninuprightpositionbutcanbetiltedintransportation.Butastorefrigerator,itmustbeabsolutelykeptinuprightpositionnomatterlaiddownortransported.Here,“竖放’’onthepackageofarefrigeratorshouldberenderedto‘'NeverSlope”.2)“欢迎您光临本店"and“Welcome"shouldbeputattheentranceofasupermarket,while“欢迎您再来本店”and“Hopeyoucomeagain'’shouldputattheexitofasupermarket.3)“TollGate’’isthechargeplaceonahighway,bridgeandharbornotthe‘‘TicketOffice’’attheentranceofaparkeventhoughtheyarealltranslatedinto“收费处’’inChinese.4)‘'NoSmoking严禁吸烟”,“NoThoroughfare此路不通”.Fromthelinguisticperspective,thefrequentuseofnouns,verbs,gerunds,phrases,abbreviations,combinationofwordsandsigns,presenttenseandimperativestructuresmarktheirmostoutstandingstylisticOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignscharacteristics.Conciseness,cleamessandusingsimplewordsinsteadofrarewordsareitslanguagefeatures.Beforetranslatingweshallaskwhattextkindoffunctionthemarksasa‘'translation'’iSintendedtoachieve.Generallydifferentanswersforthetranslationtosuchquestionsleadtodifferentguidelinesprocess.Moreover,assignsshouldbecommunicativearetranslated,weshouldkeepinmindthattheintendedreadersEnglishspeakingcountriespeoplewhocanorfromthosewhoCanreadEnglishinsteadofreadChinesecharactersandpinyin.SoEnglishversionmustbeeasilyandfullyunderstoodbytheintendedreceptors.Otherwise,theinappropriateversionmaycausetroubletothereaders.Thatistosay,whentranslatingsignlanguage,thetranslatorshouldexpressthemessageinthesignwiththeexpressionsandculturalelementsfamiliartothereaders.Tobeexplicit,innextsections,wewillstudythemethodsforsignstranslationofnamesandsentencesindetails.3.2TranslationofSignswithFunctionofStaticIndicationThesignsfunction,thatisanddonotwithfunctionofstaticindicationemphasizeitsdirectingtosay,theymainlyprovidethereaderswithinformationtorequirethereadersdoornottodo.Herewemainlystudythetranslationofthenamesofinstitutions,addressesandroads.同等学力硕士论文3.2.1TranslationofInstitutionsandAddressesThetranslationofproperestablishedusage,accordingtopositionisnothinglikeSOnounsshouldbedoneaccordingtothetheNewmark(2001a:70)“Infact,whileasimple,theprinciplestandsthatunlessansingleobject’Soraperson’Snamealreadyhasacceptedtranslationitshouldasanotbetranslatedbutmustbeadheredto,unlessthenameiSusedmetaphor.Ifthenamebecomescommonlyused,itmaybemodifiedinpronunciationandspelling’’and(2001a:73)“Namesoffirms,privateinstitutions,schools,universities,hospitals,etc.,areinprinciplenottranslatedsincetheyarerelatedtotheSLculture.Ifthey‘shinethrough’,theymayoccasionallybeBankeoftranslated(BancaNazionaled'Italia,‘NationalItaly’;Kantonspital,Basle,‘BasleanCantonHospital’),particularlyininformaltext.Multinationalcompaniestradeunderorvariousnamestoidentifyratherthandescribethefirminstitution,andiftheTLreaderwantstorefertothem,herequirestheSLnameintheaddress.’’Namestranslationofpublicsignsincludesthetranslationofpublicaccommodation(airport,pa如etc.),scenicsites,internationalexhibitionandnationalbuilding.Thenamesconsiststhreeelements:propername,commonnameandthemodification.‘‘Propername’’istheuniquenameforperson,object,eventorlocation,suchas“Beijing",“Shanghai";commonnameisthenamerefertothecommonthing,suchas“airport'’,OnC-EtranslationofPublicSigns“busstation";themodificationisthedeterminerparttoadornanddifferentiate.Forareinstance,“上海虹桥机场”,“上海",“机场"and“虹桥"theproperrespectivelyname,thecommonnameandtheandonmodification.(徐剑2006:71)InhisTranslationessayof“TheStructureMethodforChineseNamesinPublicUse’’publishedChineseTranslatorsJournals,Xujian(徐剑2006:71)declaresthatthereisrelationshipbetweenthestructureandthetranslationmethod:a:thestructureofChinesenamesincludes:TypeA一一onepropername,suchas-上海,外滩,石门库,etc.TypeB—onecommonname,suchas:环岛,卫生间,电话亭,ere.TypeC—propername+commonname,suchas-上海/博物馆,复旦/大学,etcTypeD—propername+modification+commonname,suchas:上海/一百,曹杨/五/村,陕西/西/路,etc.TypeE--compoundstructure,such段祥/路/隧道(C+B)as:上海/大众/展览/有限公司(A+A+B+B)大众/汽车/第48届/世界锦标赛(A+D)b:ThepropernameshouldbetranslatedbymeansofPronunciationTranslation,(shortenasPT),ifessential,itcanbetranslatedby同等学力硕士论文meansofMeaningfulTranslation(shortenasMT)orrenameit.Thecommonnameandthemodificationshouldbetranslatedbyitsmeaning(MT).canHismainpointofviewChineseTextsbeclarifiedbythefollowingchart:TranslationEnglishVersionsStructure,一lypeMethodPTShanghaiTheBund上海外滩环岛上海博物馆国际电影院恒笼广场快楼上海气动工具厂真的好海鲜餐厅AABMTPTTrafficcircle/roundaboutCCCCDPT+MTMT.}MTrenameShanghaiMuseumInternationalCinemaPlaza66KuailouPavilionPT+MTPT+MT+MTShanghaiFactoryPneumaticToolDMT+MT+MTReallyRestaurantGoodSeafood3.2.2TranslationofRoadSignsInhisbookofApproachestoTranslation,Newmarkalsogiveshissuggestiononthetranslationofgeographicalarename,‘‘WhereatheconnotationsofageographicalnameimpliedinhistoricalorliteraryOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignstextthetranslatorwillhavetobringthemoutinhisversion,ifhisreadersthenameisnotareunlikelytoknoworthem.Wherethedenotmionofknownobscuretothereaderthetranslatoroftenaddstheappropriategenericname:‘theriverRehe’,‘thetownofRatheim'."(2001b:72)andtranslated—withthe‘'NamesofstreetsandsquaresRedarenotusuallyexception,ironically,ofConstitutionSquare,WenceslasSquare(Prague),areSquare,Athens,whichremainuntranslatediftheywrittenGilesasaddress.Publicbuildingsmaybepartiallyiscommonandtranslated(e.g.St.Kirche)ifthegenerictermtransparent."(2001b:73).Wecanconcludethatifthenamehashistoricalandliterarymeaningandtoisunfamiliarthereaders,translatorsshouldke印itshistoricalandhisversion.literarymeaninginmindanddemonstratethemeaninginAndifthenamesofpublicbuildingsconsistsproperandcommonpans,thecommonpartuntranslated.Forcanbetranslatedandtheproperpartwillremainwhererevolutionaryexample,“解放路",aroadactivitiesevertookplace,buttheforeignersmaydonotknowtheeventandtheyneednottoknow,“解放"needcanusenottobeliteraltranslatedandpinyin“Jiefang'’toindicateit.justremainuntranslated,here,weThegenericterm“路”canbeliteraltranslatedto“Road".SowegetitsEnglishversion“JiefangRoad'’.Thepurposeofroadsignsistodirectthereaderswhentheytoarelostintheirwayandtheymaytumroadsignsforhelp.Theforeignersare67同等学力硕士论文一__一———●—-————————————————————————————————————————-I——-——●———_-————一thereadersofEnglishroadsignsandtheroadsignsshouldbringconveniencetothem.ButourgovernmenthasissuedthattheroadsignsmustbetranslatedintoChinesePinyin,forinstance,“车站路"istranslatedto·‘ChezhanLu’’,“北园大街’’istranslatedto“BeiyuanDajie".Aswediscussedthat,theEnglishroadsignsaresetforthepurposeofgivingforeignersdirection.Theforeigners,whoknowEnglishbutdonotknowChinesecharactersorChinesepinyin,arethereaders.Theydonotknowwhatdoes“BeiyuanDajie”meanandtheydonotknowwhatis“Dajie’’,isitthenameforallobjectorthenameforaperson?Therefore,theChineseroadsignsaretranslatedintoChinesepinyinisnotSOsatisfactorytoforeigners.Astothetranslationofplacenames,somewetranslatebasedonitpronunciation,suchas“London伦敦",somearefreetranslated,suchas--Oxford牛津’’.ThenhowtotranslateChineseroadsigns?LetUSanalyzeitsstructureatfirst.Generallyspeaking,aroadnameconsistsoftwoparts:specialpartandgeneralpart.Forexample,inChineseroadsign‘‘人民路’’,‘‘人民”isthespecialpartand“路"isthegeneralpart.WhenwetranslateChineseroadsignsintoEnglish,thegeneralpartcanbesubstitutedbyitscorrespondingEnglishwordinsteadofChinesepinyinandthespecialpartistranslatedsometimesaccordingtoitspronunciationsuchas‘‘WallStreet华尔街"and“Broadway百老汇”,andsometimesistranslatedbyitsmeaning,suchas‘'FleetStreet舰队OnC-EtranslationofPublicSigns街"and“Whitehall白厅’’.WhencanwetranslateChineseroadsigns,wegetsomeversionsasfollowthisprincipleandwecanfollowing:(栗长江2003)历山路LishanRoad解放路JiefangRoadLotusPondRoad白云路啪itecloudroad首都机场高速公路CapitalThenhowwe莲花池东路EastAirportExpressWayitbediffer历山南路and历山北路?Should‘‘LishannanRoad’’and‘‘LishanbeiRoad’’?Ifso,theforeignersmayconsiderthattheyarehavenothingarelated.WecanleamfromAmericaroadsigns.InChicago,thereexistslongroadnamedJacksonBoulevardwhichisdividedtotwopartsbyStateAvenue,thewestpartiscalled‘‘WestJacksonBoulevard’’andtheeastpartisnamed‘‘EastJacksoncanBoulevard”.SowegettheproperEnglishversionfor“历山南路"Road’’.and“历山北路’’,theyare“SouthLishanRoad"and“WestLishanSomemayclaimthatif“朝阳路”istranslatedas“ChaoyangRoad"insteadof“FacingtheSunRoad”,thehiddenculturemessagewilldisappearandnotbetransmitted.Itistrue.Butwesaytranslatorsshouldemphasizethemajorfunction--directthecommunication.foreignersandneglectitsminorfunction--culture同等学力硕士论文3.3TranslationofSignswithFunctionofDynamicIndicationThesignswithfunctionin‘‘dynamicindication"aresettoprompt,restrictandcompelthepublicandarewidelyusedtomaintainthepublicorder.Enormousverbsareappliedinthiskindofsigns,suchas“DogsMustBeCarried抱好宠物",“HoldtheHandRail紧握扶手"and“EmergencyUseOnly”仅限紧急情况下使用".Comparedwith“staticindication'’whichjustgivethereadersinformationanddonotrequirethereaderstodoornottodo,signswithfunctionsindynamicindicationnotonlyprovidethereadersinformation,butalsorequirethereaderstodoasthesignsstipulate.Restrictingfunctionistolimitthepublic’Sactiontomaintainthepublicorder.Accordingtosignswithrestrictingfunction,thereadersmustdoornotdosomething.Somephrases,suchas‘'nouns+only",“no+verbalnouns’’and“no+nouns’’phrasesarefrequentlyemployedinthiskindofsigns.Wecanlistexamplesasfollowing:A:noun+only闲人免进staffonly公交专用车道Busesonly警车专用车位policeCarsonly会员俱乐部membersonly贵宾专用distinguishedguestsonly超车道overtakingonlyB:no+verbalnoun禁止吸烟nosmoking禁止吐痰nospiaing禁止钓鱼nofishing禁止停车noparkingOnC·EtranslationofPublicSigns勿在此倾倒垃圾nodumping桥上禁止超车noovertakingonbridgeC:no+noun禁止左/右转noleft/rightturn禁止掉头noUturn此路不通nothroughroad谓j.绝入内noadmittance勿走此门noentry卡车禁止通行notrucks禁止携带食物饮料进入商店nofoodordrinktobebroughtinshop3.4MajorTechniquesWehavediscussedsometranslationmethodsintheabovesections,suchastranslatingbyitsmeanings,translatingbyitspronunciationandcompoundtranslating.Further,wecandrawsomemajortechniquesfromalltheexamples,suchassubstitution,ellipsis,shiftingperspectives.j3.4.1Substitu“onSignsareusedineverycountry,certainlytherearesomewiththesamefunctions.Intranslatingthosesigns,wecouldlearnfromthemasreference.ProfessorL证Hefa(吕和发2004:38)suggestthatifChinesesignsandEnglishsignsareunderthesamecircumstance,WecansubstitutetheexistingEnglishsignsforthosewiththesamefunctions.Todothis,itCanavoidchinglishandmakeourEnglishversionforChinesesignsinaccordancewiththeinternationalstandard.Typically,inmost同等学力硕士论文welleliasISinmanysentnuo31aces,ascni:ountries.smoking’prohibited‘smokingprotuOltedYpUDllCpublicplacesChina,thuswe‘'Nocanseesign“禁止吸烟’’.Inwesterncountries,theyuseSmoking'’toexpresssuchrequirement.“禁止吸烟”and‘'NoSmoking’’havethesamepurposetoinformthepublicthatsmokingisforbiddeninpublic.SoweLikewise,weusuallyseeacansubstitute‘'NoSmoking”for“禁止吸烟’’.aChinesesign“老弱病残专座"onbus.ThetranslatordidnotseektheEnglishversionintheinternationalusagesandtranslateditinto“Onlyforold,weak,sick,anddisabledmen."Indeed,foreignerscancatchitsmeaningbuttheyuseneverexpressinthisway.aActually,theinternationalstandardis“CourtesySeats’’.SoifwegetcanChinesesigntobetranslatedintoEnglish,weseektheexistingsignsinternationaluseassubstitution.Todothis,itcanmakeourEnglishversionsmorecorrectandproper.3.4.2EllipsisThepublicsignsthelanguageshouldbethegrammaticalareprintedonaboardwherethespaceislimitandleaveoutaconcise.WeCanwordorwordsfromstructureofasentencewhenthemeaningcanbeunderwoodwithoutitorthem.ThewordsomittedCanbeanypartofspeech,nouns,numerals,adjectives,adverbs,andpartsofsentenceomittedcanSOon.Likewise,thebeanypartoftheasentence,subject,railwaystation,thepredicate,adverbial,etc.Forexample,attheexitofOnC-EtranslationofPublicSignssignasksthepassengerstotakeouttheirticketstobecheckedwhentheywalkoutofthestation,wejustusetheversion‘‘Tickets’’or‘‘TicketsPlease’’insteadof“Pleasetakeoutyourtickets.’’Theinterjection‘'please’’,thepredicate‘‘takeout'’andthepronoun‘‘your’canallbeomitted.Herearemoreexamples:VersionA:fullsentenceVersionB:containingellipsisExample1SourceText:将包平放(atanairport)VersionA:Pleaseplacethebagsflatonbelt.VersionB:BagsPlacedFlat.Example2SourceText:慢速行驶VersionA:Youmustdriveslowly.VersionB:DriveslowlyExample3SourceText:前方学校VersionA:ThereiSaschoolahead.VersionB:SchoolAhead3.4.3ShiftingPerspectivesForinstance,“非本园车辆禁止入内”,surely,wecantranslateas‘‘Unauthorizedvehiclesareprohibitedinthispark'’.Butaswediscussedinsection1.3.1inChapterOne,thesignsshouldbewritteninconcisewayandwecanexpressthesamemeaningfromadifferentperspective,‘‘AuthorizedCarsonly'’canrealizethesamefunctionandismuchshorter同等学力硕士论文thantheformerone.Thisisshiftingperspectives.LetUSlookbacktotheexample,“将包平放",wecanexpressfromtheperspectiveofpassengers,“Pleaseplacethebagsflatonbelt.’’Ifweshifttotheoppositeperspective,wecanget“Bagsplacedflat'’.Thelaterversionismoreidiomaticthantheformalone.Moreexamplesarelistinthechartbelow:SourceTextVersionAVersionB送客止步VisitorsCannotgoin.Passengersonly八折优惠80%Discount20%off顾客止步CostumerscannotgoEmployeesonlyin.请付确切的零钱PleasetenderexactNochangesfare.禁止通行Cannotgothrough.Nothorough请勿将头伸出窗外DonotputyourheadKeepheadinsideoutofthewindow.vehicle.车辆启动请坐好TakeyourseatwhenNostandingwholevehiclestarts.vehicleisinmotion.人行道上禁止停车Noparking0ntheParkoffpavement.pavement.请勿触摸Donottouch.Handsoff请勿倒置DonotputdownwardKeeptopsideup74OnC·EtranslationofPublicSignsAnotherphenomenonofshiftingperspectiveischangingactivevoicetopassivevoice.InChinesepublicsigns,wemostlyuseactivevoicewhileinEnglishpassivevoiceisquiteoftenused.WecannottranslateChinesesign“售完”to“SellOut'’,“SoldOut"iscorrect.Anotherexample,“警告:此处发现鲨鱼请勿靠近。”Weshouldnottranslateitto“Warning:Wefindsharkshere,pleasedonotgocloser."Thesuitableversionis“Warning:SharkSightedKeepOut.’’Someotherexamplesare:预留席位Reserved有人(厕所)Occupied酒水另付BeverageNotIncluded同等学力硕士论文Conclusion晰thChina’SaccessiontoWTOandtheapproachingBeijing2008OlympicGames,EnglishbecomemorepopularinChina.Signsplayimportantroleincontributesaourandailylife,inthesamewaytheirEnglishversiongreatdealfortheforeigners’stayinChina.ItisnecessarytotranslateChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishforthepurposeofbringingconveniencetoforeignersandmakingthemfeelathome.ThetranslationofChinesepublicsignsisanimportantandurgenttaskfacingtranslators.TheaimofthethesisistoputforwardpracticalprinciplesandtechniquesfortranslatingChinesepublicsignsintoEnglish.Itbelongstointerculturalcommunicationandsignsshouldbecommunicativetranslated.ItsjudgmentiswhetherreceptorsCancorrectlyunderstandandofappreciatethetranslatedtext.Nidaholdsthattheminimaleffectivenessthetranslatedtextcouldbestatedas‘‘thereadersofshouldbeabletocomprehendtothepointthattheycanatranslatedtextconceiveofhowtheoriginalreadersoftheontextmusthaveunderstoodandappreciatedit'’,atheotherhand,“themaximalreferthat:thereadersoftranslatedtextshouldbeabletomannerunderstandandappreciateitinessentiallythesameastheoriginalreadersdid".(Nida2000:87)However,nowadays,havebeenrenderedintoEnglish,manyasthoughsomeChinesepublicofthemremainquiteasignslotoferrors,suchspellingerrors,grammatical76OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignserrors,especiallythoseerrorscausedbydifferentculture.Theauthortriedtomakeissuesclearbycitingalargenumberofexamples,fromwhichonemayreachaconceptaboutthecurrentsituationofsignstranslation.Astothemethodsoftranslation,onthebasisofcertaintheoriesandprocesses,theyaresubstitution,ellipsis,shiftingperspective.Everycountryhaspublicsigns,amongthem,someperformthesamefunctionandwecanemploytheircorrespondinginternationalequivalents.SomesignsarewithChinesecharacteristics,underthiscircumstancetranslatorsshouldgiveprominencetoitsfunction,andthentrytotransmitChinesecultureasmuchaspossible.SignsplaysanimportantroleinChina’Seconomicdevelopment.晰ththeapproachingBeijingOlympicGamesin2008andShanghaiInternationalTradeConferencein2010,moreandmoreforeignerswillcometoChina.ThisisagoodopportunitytomaketheworldknowaboutChina.Meantime,itisalsoachallenge.HowtoeffectivelyintroduceChinatotheworldreliesheavilyonqualifiedtranslationsofpublicsigns.Asweknow,theultimatepurposeofC-Etranslationofpublicsignsistobringtheforeignersconveniencetomakethemfeelathome.ItisimportanttotranslatetheChinesepublicsignsaswellaspossibleSOastoachievethispurpose.TranslatingChinesepublicsignsintoEnglishisnotaneasyjob.Translatorsplayamajorroleinhelpingthoseforeignreadersovercome同等学力硕士论文theculturalbarriers.Asweknow,anymisunderstanding,leakageofmessageandincomprehensioninsourcelanguagemayresultindistortedtranslationtothetargetlanguage.Inordertoachievethefunctionalequivalence,somemethodsareintroducedthroughanalyzingmanyasexamplesinthepracticeofC—Esubstitution,ellipsis,shiftingtranslationofpublicandsigns,suchperspectivesusingappropriatehumorous.Eachmethodisnotindependentfromeachother.Theyareintertwinedtogethertomakenaturalandclosesttranslationwhichwillincurthesimilarresponsebetweenthetargetlanguagereadersandthesourcelanguagereaders.Allthesemethodsrepresentsomeadjustmentstotheoriginaltext.Throughtheseadjustments,theorclosestequivalenceisobtainedthoughtheformismorecontentisbynolesschanged.Givenprioritytoaremeansofneglectingform,forformandcontentonecomplementarytoeachother.Asfortranslators,onlearnmuchfromtranslationtheory,andapplythetheoryintopracticefrequently.Itiscertainlythatonhand,theyshouldtheotherhand,heshouldtranslatorsCanchoosethetechniquesoftranslationflexibly.Nomatterwhichmethodisused,thetranslatorshouldguaranteethatthetranslationiscorrectlyunderstandable.Itistheonlywaytoensurethetranslationtobeasperfectlynativeasthetargetlanguageandtranslationitselfcanaccordinglybecometheapproachandmediumofculturecommunication.OnC-EtranslationofPublicSignsItisquitetruethatatranslator’Sroleisnotaneasyone.Translatorssourceshouldbegoodatboththereceptorlanguageandthelanguage.OnesensiblewayofdoingsigntranslationistopracticeidiomaticwayofthinkingandexpressingintransformingChineseintoEnglish.ChinahassucceededinholdinginternationalexpositiontowhichEnglishsignshavecontributedagreatdeal.TherestillaremanyproblemsinC-Etranslationofpublicsignsandthoseproblemsneedtobesolved.EverytranslatorandscholarhastheresponsibilityBesidesimprovingtheirowntoimproveitsquality.quality,weshouldbefamiliarwiththetranslationtheoriesandbeskillfulintranslatingthematerialswithspecialtechniquesSOastomakecontributionstotheglobalizationdrivinginChina!greatBibliographyBassnett-McGuire,Susan.TranslationMethuen.1980Studies.LondonandNewYork:BasilHatim.CommunicationAcrossCulture:TranslationTheoryandContrastiveTextLinguistics,Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEductionPress,200lCatford,ZGALinguisticTheoryofTranslation,London:OxfordUniversityPress,1965DuanLiancheng.HowtoItetpForeignersKnowChina.Beijing:ChinaReconstructsPress.1988Gentzler.Edwin.‘‘ContemporaryTranslationTheories’’Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducmionPress.IntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar,EdwardHalliday,M.A.K.AnArnold.1985Hatim,BasilandIanMason.DiscourseandtheTranslator,London:Longman1990JinDi&Nida,EugeneA.OnTranslation:withSpecialChineseandReferencetoEnglish.Beijing:ChinaTranslationandPublishingCooperation1984Newmark,Peter.ApproachestoTranslation,Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEd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作者:

学位授予单位:

祝琳

湖南师范大学

1. 李璐 公示语英译中的功能对等[学位论文]20082. 王瑞 公示语汉英翻译研究[学位论文]2008

3. 陈浩 汉英公示语翻译问题分析—问题与解决策略[学位论文]20074. 单燕萍 翻译的迷失——关于汉英公示语的翻译[学位论文]20085. 谭碧华 从德国功能主义理论的角度论公示语的汉英翻译[学位论文]20096. 赵楠 公示语英译探究及翻译策略[学位论文]2007

7. 王文婷 从奈达功能对等理论看公示语的汉译英[学位论文]2009

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