6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results 13. Results of Results of an of an experimental an experimental applications experimental applications of applications of this of this xx this xx analysis xx analysis procedure analysis procedure are procedure are given are given to given to illustrate to illustrate the illustrate the proposed the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis 18. Emphasis is Emphasis is placed is placed on placed on the on the construction the construction of construction of a of a criterion a criterion function criterion function by function by which by which the which the xx the xx in xx in achieving in achieving a achieving a hierarchical a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
英语学术论文常用经典句型(2)
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. 22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The 35. The problem The problem of problem of xx of xx has xx has been has been studied been studied by studied by other by other investigators, other investigators, however, investigators, however, these however, these studies these studies have studies have been have been based been based upon based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by [] 48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with 49. The approach taken by [] is 50. The system developed by [] consists 51. A paper relevant to this research was published by [] 52. []'s model requires consideration of... 53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. []'s model focuses on... 55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to 56. The published information that is relevant to this research... 57. This study further shows that 58. Their work is based on the principle of 59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979]. 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, 63. Unfortunately, real-world Unfortunately, real-world engineering real-world engineering problems engineering problems such problems such as such as manufacturing as manufacturing planning manufacturing planning do planning do not do not fit not fit well fit well with well with this with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex 1. problem. 1. There are several ways to get around this problem. 2. As difficult as it seems to be, xx is by no means new. 3. The problem is to recognize xx from a design representation. 4. A xx problem can trace its roots to xx. 5. xx [1987] used a heuristic approach to simplify the complexity of the problem. 6. Several problems are associated with them. 7. Although some progress has been made in this area, at least two major obstacles must be overcome before a fully automated system can be realized. 8. Most problems in practice are complicated 9. More problem surface here. 10. Hamper effort toward a xx system 11. In order to overcome the limitations due to incomplete and imprecise xx knowledge, a xx program has been developed, which bases its knowledge upon the statistical analysis of a sample population of xx 12. The above difficulties are real challenges faced by researchers attempting to develop 13. This type of mapping raises no controversy to the issue of membership function determination. 14. However, attempts to quantify the xx have met both theoretical and empirical problems. 15. It has become apparent that in order to apply this new methodological framework to real world problems and data, we have to pay attention to the problems of xx and xx. Chapter 3. Proposed methodology Assumption 1. In the case when the assumption of a xx seems to be too restrictive or inadequate, the formulation with Fuzzy termination time, i.e. given by a fuzzy set in the space of control stages, may be applied. 2. We assume here the fuzzy constraints to be state dependent, and the fuzzy goal to be the same for all the control states, xx, which stems from the problem's nature. 3. An approach to the solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the sampling rate Decision can be can be made be made prior made prior to prior to the to the execution the execution of execution of the of the experiment, the experiment, as experiment, as opposed as opposed to opposed to being to being made being made while made while the while the experiment the experiment is experiment is in is in progress. 4. Another assumption made above is that there are precise odds at which the expert is indifferent. 5. Main simplifying assumptions are: 6. This, in our view, is a questionable assumption. Outline / Structure / Module 1. An outline of the research 2. Information is incorporated within the scheme 3. Is built into ... structure 4. A nice modular structure. 5. The principles of ... are applied as modularized criteria Classification 1. A xx system comprises three main components: 2. Must decompose the original .. into a set of .. 3. Consists of the following steps: 4. This is summarized in the following steps: 5. Can be broadly classified into the following areas: l Can be characterized by its function of effectively processing the l Can allow further breadth of application of ...into more l The following steps should be followed l xx can be classified by a different ways. l Based on the xx, one may classify xx into the following: l This catalog may change due to wear, breakage, and purchasing. System l Unlike many conventional program, expert systems do not usually deal with problem for which there is clearly a right or wrong answer. l The system consists of both ... and ... l The system has a hierarchical modular architecture organized on three levels. l expert system domains are area of expertise l To develop a xx system for xx, the following factors must be considered: l The system has been developed / designed to determine l The system has proven to be able to l The domain in which an expert system operates is a particular domain l The system comprises a ... with l The system is [feature-oriented ] / based on the ... technique l The system environment must be relatively stable l The system is utilized to generate, load, store, update and retrieve ... l The development of a xx system has two stages: xx stage and xx stage. l The most essential part of .. system is the ... l The successful developments in ESs have made them an important tool in the development of l An automated system was developed for 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (3) l In this case, the system can be considered to be generative. l An interactive automatic ... system l A .. is commonly thought of as a truly integrated .. system l Should be capable of being generated from a ... system l xx is an important part of the integrated system. l The model consists model consists of consists of four of four rule four rule bases, rule bases, each bases, each of each of which of which addresses which addresses a addresses a separate a separate problem separate problem in problem in the in the hierarchy the hierarchy of hierarchy of scheduling decision. l The rule bases are linked to each other in a chin like manner in the sense that the consequent of one rule base constitutes a part of the antecedent of the next rule base. l The rule base consists of all possible combinations of the linguistic terms associated with the linguistic variable of the antecedent of a rule. Computer System l The system has system has been has been implemented been implemented using implemented using Prolog using Prolog language Prolog language in language in an in an MS an MS DOS MS DOS environment. DOS environment. Prolog environment. Prolog was Prolog was chosen was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The current version of the xx program when compiled with WATFOR77 result s in an executable code of about 270K bytes. Typical run time, when run on a XX computer (an IBM compatible machine) operating at 4.77 Mhz with 640K RAM, ranges from 10 min to 2h, depending on the size (or complexity) of the problem. l Time consuming Time consuming procedures have been have been implemented been implemented in C in C language C language and directly and directly linked directly linked to the to the Prolog the Prolog environment. l The xx process, once the xx's data has been entered, requires approximately 180 seconds. l It should be noted that the computation was done with a 20 Hhz, 80386 209;based microcomputer equipped with a 80387 math co processor. l The computer programs on the computer programs used programs used for used for the for the analyses, the analyses, one analyses, one based one based on based on the on the xx the xx method xx method and method and the and the other based the other based on the new the new method, were written in FORTRAN with a compiler that supports the math co processor. l Lisp, Prolog give maximum flexibility but also maximizes development time. l Internal representation is the way a model is represented in the computer. l An interactive menu-driven procedure is used in this study l Shell can be develop very fast at the cost of time fairly severe limitations. l While there is no measurable saving of time for the case involving five criteria, the saving is dramatic for the case involving 10 criteria -- the computation time reduces from 10 hr 40 min to about 1 min. l This combination is combination is being is being implemented being implemented in implemented in an in an objected an objected oriented objected oriented programming oriented programming environment programming environment (Smalltalk environment (Smalltalk 80 (Smalltalk 80 system) to solve problems encountered in construction xxx. Method / Approach / Study / Process Model / Equation /Algorithm / Rule / Formula / Technique l A discussion is presented of a problem-solving system l To improve the efficiency of the method, the following approach may be applied. l In order to an investigation was made to find the causes of the l Although large collections of rules and equations have been complied, none are generally accepted l This approach will be explained and discussed thoroughly in the body of the report. l This can be accomplished by l This algorithm to compute the total cost can be described step by step as follows: l The above preliminary analysis has provided important information l Various methods have been proposed for selecting an optimum... l These concepts have been applied to l On the basis of the concept mentioned above, l This can be achieved by l This fact suggests that a new concept l This was accomplished by taking ... l The preparatory stage is very time consuming process. l Test are performed for validity, completeness, and compatibility l There is little hope of achieving successful ... l There has been far made has been an been an increasing an increasing awareness increasing awareness of awareness of the of the potential the potential of potential of using of using most ..so using most ..so far made have made have not have not taken not taken this taken this approach, with the exception of l Only a few studies can be found. l It is a very tedious process to go through l It is only when .. has been completed that .. may be effected l The entire interpretation process is conducted in one's head. l These approaches are sometimes very tedious. l Several techniques can be used l A polynomial parametric model can be written as [the following]/[follows]: l A xx model is constructed/formulated using xx. l A xx model represents an xx by its xx. l A process decision model captures the logic essential to l From the equation above, xx is equal to the summation of xx times the ... l The validity of a xx model can be checked using Euler's formula. l Given a model, one can mathematically determine whether ... or ... l Equations for xx need to be derived and implemented in the system. l A number of heuristic rules have been developed for l Optimum .. techniques can be made more reliable by ... so that l An algorithm based on the characteristic ... is used to determine l Euler's formula states the following: l The completed model should agree with the formula. l For manufacturing purposes, a detailed and precise model of the object is necessary l Engineering design models are very well defined; therefore, To keep the domain narrow enough to be implementable, yet wide enough to be useful. Point of View l from an implementation standpoint, l From the point of view of this application, l From this point of view, Zadeh suggested an inference rule named xxx (CRI for short). l Information is the meaningful interpretation and correlation of some aggregation of data in order to allow one to make decisions. l From a practical a practical point practical point of point of view, of view, the view, the computational the computational aspects computational aspects of aspects of an of an FLC an FLC require FLC require a require a simplification a simplification of simplification of the of the fuzzy the fuzzy control algorithm. l The use of a hammer to insert screws, although partly effective, tends to distort, destroy, and generally defeat the purpose of using a screw [Kusiak AI Implications for CIM p.129] Justification l We choose the so called xx in our experiment because it has received wide acceptance and can l Prolog was chosen because it offers a well known and flexible environment in which fuzzy reasoning may be easily implemented. l The rationale behind this is that it can be much easier for an estimator to rate a cost as high than to attempt to place a dollar value on the estimate. l This strategy has been widely used in fuzzy control applications since it is natural and easy to implement. l A function definition a fuzzy set in function definition expresses definition expresses the expresses the membership the membership function of membership function of set in a in a functional a functional form, functional form, typically form, typically a typically a bell a bell shaped function, etc. Such functions are used in FLC because they lead themselves to manipulation through the use of fuzzy arithmetic. l It should be noted that in our daily life most of the information on which our decisions are based is linguistic rather than numerical in nature. Seen in this perspective, fuzzy control rules provide a natural framework for the characterization of human behavior and decisions analysis. l Many experts have found that fuzzy control rules provide a convenient way to express their domain knowledge. This explains why most FLCs are based on the knowledge and experience which are expressed in the language of fuzzy \"if the\" rule. Chapter 4. Examples Example/ Data l The data used in the following example was taken from an experiment in which xx was measured between x and x using a xx technique. l The data consists of over xx measurements. l An example of xx is discussed and the control rules of xx are compared with a xx l Examples of complex processes to which this technique may be applied are xx, xx, etc. l The following example is constructed only for the purpose of illustrating the computational procedure discussed. l This example clearly demonstrates that the profile of an individual xx, or a very small group of xx, with no enough data to be studied statistically, can be meaningfully analyzed by fuzzy possibilistic methods. l There is no space here to go into detail on all these methods, but deserve a mention and the bibliography will point to detailed references for those wishing this level of detail. l Note that the golf ball spotting example is used throughout the paper. Comparisons l As well, the pros and cons of these representations from a process planning point of view will be discussed. l The method of using xx to implement xx described by Zadeh (1973) appeared more suitable l As discussed [in the previous section]/[preciously], 英语学术论文常用经典句型 (4) as shown in Table 1 and 2 l This concept is illustrated in Figure 2 l At the top of Table xx are shown two blocks of data. l Each table or matrix has constructs xx through xx as row headings, xx through xx as column headings. l A table of .. is developed and significant recommendations are made. CONJUGATION To Indicate Addition l additionally, again, also, and then, as can be easily understood, besides, equally important, especially, finally, for the for the same the same reason, same reason, first, reason, first, further, first, further, furthermore, further, furthermore, in furthermore, in addition, in addition, last, addition, last, likewise, last, likewise, moreover, likewise, moreover, next, moreover, next, second, next, second, third, second, third, too, third, too, evidently, obviously, roughly speaking, broadly speaking To Indicate Cause and Effect l accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, in short, otherwise, then, therefore, thus, truly To indicate Comparison l in a like manner, likewise, similarly , alternatively To Indicate Concession l after all, although this may be true, at the same time, even though, even so , I admit, naturally, of course To Indicate Contrast l and yet, at yet, at the at the same the same time, same time, but, time, but, for but, for all for all that, all that, however, that, however, yet, however, yet, in yet, in fact, in fact, in fact, in contrast, in contrast, in contrast, in the in the real the real life, real life, in life, in spite in spite of, spite of, nevertheless, notwithstanding, normally, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, traditionally, rather, unfortunately, To Indicate Time Relationships： after a short time, afterwards, as indicated earlier, as long as, as soon as, at last, at length, at the moment, at that time, at time, at the at the same the same time, same time, before, time, before, earlier, before, earlier, currently, earlier, currently, immediately, currently, immediately, in immediately, in the in the meantime, the meantime, in meantime, in recent in recent years, recent years, lately, years, lately, later, lately, later, meanwhile, often, of late, presently, recently, soon, shortly, since, thereupon, temporarily, therefore, until, when, while To Indicate Special Features or Examples： for example, for instance, incidentally, indeed, in fact, in other words, in particular, in practice, specifically, that is, to illustrate, in this respect, theoretically, as mentioned before / above To Indicate Summary： in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, on the whole, to conclude , in general, to summarize, to sum up, as a result, ultimately, VERB PHASE l build a .. model l build up the key link l began a new era in ... l can be regarded as / achieved / used to/for / found / obtained through l can result in l carries out ... tasks l production information in order to simultaneously l contains all information necessary to describe l do not make use of production information l deals with l end with failure l fetch the information from the model directly l has great potential / yet to be resolved / spurred the development of / been recognized as l BE aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / aimed at / built up / carried out by / essentially concerned with / considered to be the key technology / associated with each feature of a compo site component / cable of / currently implemented for / demonstrated by an example / finally reached / made equal to / equivalent to / more suitable to / oriented to / interpreted as / pointed out / potentially of great benefit in the complex task of / shown in / used to effectively guide the search l makes use of l make up l meets the needs of real life production,/ the current demands placed upon it l must be justified l point out l play an important role l relates to l rely on l satisfy the needs l determine the total requirements for the ... l uses ... as a key to search for... l without relying on l will be available/ performed/ overlooked NOUN PHASE l a basic technical function of l a critical need l a key / principle feature of l a substantial impact on l an intensive review was conducted l an increasing need for expanding the application of .... l an important component / function / aspect / issue l each rule is numbered in sequence each of these involves l for this calculation, it is necessary to define l in the physical environment / integration of l in the reality of situations where … l many aspects of l most past efforts have been spent on ... l common sense to a well studied and documented technical field. l sources of additional information on ... are listed l systematic and rationally structured format l the basis on which a range of ...operations can be established is shown l THE basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has basic philosophy / principles of / key element / general hypothesis / candidate list of / concept of ... has attracted wide interest / function is concerned with / heart / impact / nature / role / task of / kernel functions l the number of parts needed to l the above statement means that l the output data is passed to l the proposed method / underlying principle l the recommendations made in this report, if implemented, should l this information resides in l this process is composed of ... different ... operation l along with the use of l concerning general aspects of l due to l for later use in generating..., l in turn, l IT IS believed / noted / assumed / suggested / shown / quite evident / appears / implies that / intended for / of no important to l it can be claimed/concluded that l it demonstrates the decisions required of l it also provides information to .. l it becomes essential to l let ... be the probability that l once... is written, it is compiled into... l suppose it is observed that l this is because l this results in a l upon completion of the ... analysis, l when the knowledge is of mathematics or quantum physics, it will also be recorded in books and papers l selection of rules for using the tools, for generating operation plans, is another matter of preference, since practice varies greatly. l for the sake of convenience l correct decision to be reach l keeping the number of rules to a minimum. l a good process plan will result exhibiting several characteristics: l practical solutions l because of rather small job lot sizes l Backward reasoning can reasoning can be can be used be used to used to answer to answer the answer the question the question \"should question \"should milling \"should milling tool milling tool be tool be select\" be select\" different select\" different level different level of level of knowledge in the realm of process planning 英文论文写作中常用的技巧 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性 通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如 来引导不足，比如 However, little information.. few investigations... little attention... few researchers... little work... or few attempts... or none of these studies little data little research has (have) been less done on / focused on/ attempted to/ conducted/ investigated/ studied... (with respect to) Previous research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider/ ignored/ misinterpreted/ neglected /to overestimated( underestimated) / misleaded thus, these previus results are inconclusive/misleading/ unsatisfactory/ questionable/controversial.. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist ... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用： 方式强调自己工作的作用： However, data is still scarce rare/ less accurate/ there is still dearth of We need to / aim to/ have to/ provide more documents data documents data (records, studies)/ increase studies)/ increase the increase the dataset Further studies are still necessary( essential)... 为了强调自己研究的重要性，一般还要在However之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面，另一方面等等 比如： 比如： 1)时间问题1)时间问题 时间问题
如果你研究的问题时间上比较新，你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性，然后说(However)然后说(However)，(However)，对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2)物性及研究手段问题2)物性及研究手段问题 物性及研究手段问题
如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向，你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质，然后说对你所研究的方向和方法，研究甚少。 3)研究区域问题3)研究区域问题 研究区域问题
首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究，然后强调这一区域研究不足
4)不确定性4)不确定性 不确定性
虽然前人对这一问题研究很多，但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点，这种uncertanties, ambiguities，值得进一步澄清 值得进一步澄清
5)提出自己的假设来验证5)提出自己的假设来验证 提出自己的假设来验证
如果自己的研究完全是新的，没有前人的工作进行对比，在这种情况下，你可以自信地说，根据提出的过程，存在这种可能的结果，本文就是要证实这种结果。 We aim to test the feasibility (reliability) of the ...
It is hoped that the qutestion will be resolved (fall resolved (fall away) (fall away) with away) with our with our proposed our proposed method (approach). proposed method (approach). b) 提出自己的观点 We aim to
This paper reports on/ provides results/ extends the method/ focus on The purpose of this paper is to
Furthermore, Moreover, In addition,, we will also discuss... c) 圈定自己的研究范围
前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好，reviewer会提出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑出严厉的建议，比如你没有考虑 比如你没有考虑 某种可能性,某种可能性,某种研究手段等等.某种研究手段等等.为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要为了减少这种争论，在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围： 明确提出本文研究的范围： 1)时间尺度问题1)时间尺度问题 时间尺度问题
如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序，你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 We preliminarily focus on the older (younger)...
或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term)，你可以说 ，你可以说 两者都重要，但是本文只涉及其中一种 . 一种 .
2) 研究区域的问题2) 研究区域的问题 研究区域的问题
和时间问题一样，明确提出你只关心这一地区 d) 最后的原场
在前言的最后，还可以总结性地提出，这一研究对其它研究的帮助。或者说，further studies on ... will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere)
总之，其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments). 关于词汇以及常用结构，要经常总结，多读多模仿才能融会贯通。 怎样提出观点 怎样提出观点
在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要.在提出自己的观点时，采取什么样的策略很重要.不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。 的置疑。 1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的，通常要用 We confirm that... 2)对于自己很自信的观点2)对于自己很自信的观点,对于自己很自信的观点,可用 We believe that... 可用 We believe that...
3)在更通常的情况下，indicate, infer, suggest, imply that... 3)在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，在更通常的情况下，由数据推断出一定的结论，用，由数据推断出一定的结论，用， Results 4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用We put forward (discover, observe..) .. \"for the first time\". 来强调自己的创新。 来强调自己的创新。
5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定，可用 We tentatively put forward (interrprete this to..) Or The results may be due to (caused by) attributed to rsulted from.. Or This is probably a consequence of
It seems that .. can account for (interpret) this.. Or It is pisible that it stem from...
要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和1)和5)，5)， 那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2)，肯2)，肯定会遭到 定会遭到 置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。
连接词与逻辑 连接词与逻辑
写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决 的方法有： 的方法有： 1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立1)句子上下要有连贯，不能让句子之间独立
常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, 常见的连接词语有, However, also, in addition, consequently, afterwards, moreover, Furthermore, further, although, unlike, in contrast, Similarly, Unfortunately, alternatively, parallel results, In order to, despite, For example, Compared with other results, thus, therefore... 用好这些连接词，能够使观点表达得有层次，更加明确。比如，如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献，最早的文献可用AA advocated it for the first time. 接下来，可用time. 接下来，可用Then BB further demonstrated that.. demonstrated that.. 再接下来，可用Afterwards, CC.. 如果还有，可用Afterwards, CC.. 如果还有，可用More recent studies by DD..
如果叙述两种观点，要把它们截然分开
AA pput forward that... In contrast, BB believe or Unlike AA, BB suggest or On the contrary (表明前面的观点错误，如果只是表明 两种对立的观点，用in contrast)，in contrast)， BB..
如果两种观点相近,Similarily, alternatively, BB.. Or Also, BB or BB allso does .. 如果两种观点相近,可用 AA 可用 AA suggest , 表示因果或者前后关系，可用 Consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系，可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文，最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。
2) 段落的整体逻辑2) 段落的整体逻辑 段落的整体逻辑
经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下，一定要注意逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份
...Therefore, there are three aspects of this problen have to be addressed. The first questuon involves... The second problem relates to The thrid aspect deals with... 上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。
Or, 可以直接用Or, 可以直接用First, Second, Third...Finally,.. 当然,Furthermore, in addition当然,Furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 说明。
3) 讨论部份的整体结构3) 讨论部份的整体结构 讨论部份的整体结构
小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。 补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。 一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外，一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份，一部份提出观点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。点，另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解 文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨文章的主要观点，比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子，而这一 第一次提出概念时，而这一 部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。为了使文章清楚，最好加以个括弧，给出 最好加以个括弧，给出 较为详细的解释。 较为详细的解释。
如果文章用了很多的Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决Abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 两种方法加以解决
1) 在文章最好加上个1) 在文章最好加上个Appendix，把所有Appendix，把所有Abreviation列表 列表 2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出2) 在不同的页面上，不时地给出Abbreciation的含义，用来提醒读者。 的含义，用来提醒读者。 总之，写文章的目的是要让读者读懂，读得清晰，并且采取各种 措施方便于读者。 措施方便于读者。 一定要注意绝对不能全面否定前人的成果，即使在你看来前人的结论完全不对。这是前人工作最起码的尊重，英文叫做给别人的工作credits. 所以文章不要出现非常negative的评价，比如Their results are wrong, very questionable, have no commensence, etc. 遇到这类情况，可以婉转地提出： Their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. Their results could be better convinced if they ... Or Their conclusion may remain some uncertanties. 讨论部份还包括什么内容? 讨论部份还包括什么内容? 1. 主要数据特征的总结1. 主要数据特征的总结 主要数据特征的总结 2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比2. 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3. 本文的不足3. 本文的不足 本文的不足 第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。第三点，在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰 是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞，觉得别人看不出来，是非常不明智的。 所谓不足，包括以下内容: 所谓不足，包括以下内容: 1. 研究的问题有点片面1. 研究的问题有点片面 研究的问题有点片面 讨论时一定要说， 讨论时一定要说， It should be noted that this study has examined only.. We concentrate (focus) on only... We have to point out that we do not.. Some limitations of this study are... 2. 结论有些不足2. 结论有些不足 结论有些不足 The results do not imply, The results can not be used to determine be taken as evidence of Unfortunately, we can not determien this from this data Our results are lack of ... 但是，在指出这些不足之后，随后一定要再一次加强本文的重要性以及可能采取的手段来解决这些不足，为别人或者自己的下一步 为别人或者自己的下一步 研究打下浮笔。 研究打下浮笔。 Notwithstading its limitation, this tudy does suggest.. However, these problems culd be solved if we consdier Despite its preliminary character, this study can clearly indicate.. 用中文来说，这一部份是左右逢源。把审稿人想到的问题提前给一个交代，同时表明你已经在思考这些问题，但是由于文章长度，试验进度或者试验手段的制约，暂时不能回答这些问题。但是，这些通过你的一些建议，这些问题在将来的研究中游可能实现。
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容