英美概况填空翻译解释

英美概况

一、填空：1、The most important rivers in Scotland are Clyde and Forth. 2.In 1965,big oil fields were discovered under the North Sea.

3. The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons, while the Scots, welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.

4.The major languages spoken in Britain are English, Gaelic and Welsh. 5.The Church of England is the established church of the English nation.

6.Protestant churches not belonging to the Church of England are called Free Churches, including such sects as Baptists, the United Reformed Church, Methodists and Quakers.

7. The Roman Catholic Church was much persecuted in England for a long time after the Reformation.

8.Most of the British social customs are based on the Christian tradition.

9.During World WarⅡ,Britain was forced to borrow large amounts of money from the United States and Canada.

10.Under Margaret Thatcher, public Expenditure was reduced, foreign exchange controls lifted ,rules governing banks Loosened and worker strikes restricted.

11.The Conservative Party carried out an extensive programme of Privatization throughout the 1980s

12.The negative aspect of Thatcher's reform was a rapid increase in taxation.

13.Britain's traditional customers in trade were the commonwealth countries and its former colonies. Now Britain trades mainly with the common Market, the US and Canada. 14.the British government is established on the basis of constitutional monarchy.

15.Britain has no written constitution and many of the rules that govern the system are customs or conventions and ordinary laws.

16.Theoretically, the Queen has all the power, but in reality, she must act on the advice of the ministers.

17.Parliament consists of the monarch/sovereign, the House of commons and the House of Lords.

18.The President of the House of Lords is the Lord chancellor and the presiding officer of the House of Commons is \"Mr. speaker\" .

19.Parliament's main functions are debate, making laws and supervising the government and financing.

20.The Prime Minister controls not only the cabinet but also the Parliament。

21．The two main political in Britain are both bourgeois in nature .The Conservative Party openly helps the monopolists to get super-profits ,while the Labour Party practices social democracy or bourgeois reformism.

22.the Conservative Party Tory party, while the liberal Party developed out of the whig Party.

23.For the election purpose, Britain is divided into 651 constituencies, each of which elects one member of the House of Commons.

24.In Britain the law as a whole consists partly of Customs or conventions and partly of Common laws.

25. The three divisions of the High Court of Justice are the Chancery Division, the Family Division

and the Quee's Bench Division.

26. In Britain the highest civil court of appeal is the House of Lords. 27.The Romans under Claudius conquered Britain in A.D.43.

28.In early Saxon England the main classes of people were nobles, freemen and slaves ,By the 10th century q,a new aristocracy ,the thegn , had appeared.

29.Feudalism was established in England after Norman Conquest. 30.The Great Charter aimed at restricting the power of the King. 31.Simon called the \"All Estates Parliament\" in 1265.

32.King Edward I summoned the \"All Estates Parliament\" in the year of 1295,which is known in history as \"the model Parliament\".

33.The Hundred Years' War was a war against France for the French crown and for the industrial city of Flanders.

34. Wars of the Roses were wars fought between Lancastrians and Yorkists .The old feudal nobility was greatly weakened as a result of the Wars.

35.The Commoners drew up the Grand Remonstrance in 1641.

36.In the First Givil War, the king's men were called Cavaliers and the supporters of Parliament were called Roundheads.

37.The restoration of CharlesⅡtook place in the year of 1660.

38. The Industrial Revolution was a revolution in both the method of production and the relations of production. It began in the textile industry in the 1760s and lasted until 1840s.

39.The enclosures in the 18th century resulted in the appearance of capitalist farms, labor reserve and an expansion of national market. 40.After the seven Year Charles Dickens.

41.The state of Alaska is the largest in area of all the 50states.

42. The two great plateaus west of the Rockies are: the Columbia and the Colorado Plateau. 43.Most Americans are of European origin.

44.In America individuals encounter not only class oppression but also discrimination based on ethnicity and race.

45. Most of the Black people in the US speak English but the Hispanics speak Spanish.

46. The three stages that the American economy has experienced in its development are commercial capitalism, industrial capitalism and corporate capitalism.

47.Now the United States economy is dominated by enormous diversified, multinational monopolistic corporations.

48.The newly-developed industrial region of the US is the South. 三．翻译：

1．The Strait of Dover多佛尔海峡2. the English Channel 英吉利海峡3。The Pennines 奔宁山脉4. the Thames River 泰晤士河5.Edinburgh 爱丁堡6.Glasgow 格拉斯哥7.Cardiff 加的夫8。The House of Lords 上院9.the House of Commons 下院10.the Lord Chancellor大法官11。The Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣12.the Lord Privy Seal 掌玺大臣13.the Minister without Portfolio 不管大臣14。High Court of Justice高等法院15. Returning Officer 负责选举的官员16。Crown Court 巡回法院17.the Lord Chancellor大法官/上院议长18.magistrate courts 地方治安法院18.common law 巡回法庭19.the Chancery Division 大法官庭20.the Family Division家事庭21.the Queen's Bench division 王座庭22.Lord Chief Justice 高等法院院长23.the Court of Session 民事庭24.Justices of the Peace 治安推事25.CID刑事侦缉厅。26。Dupont Chwmical

杜邦公司27.General electric 通用电器公司28.General Motors 通用汽车公司 四．名词解释

1.Middle English--(449-1150) took shape in 1150 after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when English became a language of a subjugated people and underwent tremendous changes through contact with the Danes and Norman French, such as the loss of inflections and borrowing and assimilating thousands of French words. English entered the second stage, a transitional period, in its evolution from Old English to Modern English. It was in the late of this period that the Great Vowel Shift took place and English triumphed in England and displaced both French and Latin as the written literary language of the people.

2. Reformation--The English Reformation began as a political movement as much as a religious one: when the Pope would not let HenryⅧ divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Henry declared himself head of the English Church（1534）and dissolved the monasteries. Protestantism, of a Calvinist type was introduced under EdwardⅥ,Mary I brought a Catholic reaction, but with Elizabeth I the Church of England was established on a moderate Protestant basis.

3. NATO is the abbreviation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military block in Europe. 4.Question Time lasts just under one hour on four days in the week, during which questions involving issues of national importance or concerned with purely local or individual matters may be put to the responsible minister by any member of parliament, provided due notice has been given.

5. The Conservative Party is one of the two principal parties in Britain. It developed out of the Tory party. the conservative Party is in favor of privatization and openly helps the monopolists to make profits.

6. Norman Conquest is an important historical event that took place in 1066.In that year , after Henry died childless, Harold and William, Duke of Normandy, both claimed the throne. On September28, William crossed the channel with a formidable army, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings on October 14 and finally conquered England. This event was referred to as Norman Conquest.

7.Doomsday Book was really a record of each man'property made by William the First's officials in 1086.With this record at his elbow, he could how much each man should and could pay. People viewed it with so much superstitious fear that they called it \"Doomsday Book\".

8. The Enclosure refers to a movement that started in England in the 14th and 15th centuries and continued till the 18th,in which the feudal aristocracy enclosed large pieces of land with fences and turned arable land into pastures for raising sheep, which was much profitable. As a result of the Enclosure, thousands of peasants lost their land and became landless men. In order to make a living , they had to poured into cities and became the \"reserved army of wage earners,\" who constituted a major source of free labor for the later Industrial Revolution.

9.The Hundred Years' War was a war launched by Edward Ⅲ in his effort to claim the French throne and fought against French contending for the important industrial city Flanders. The War was a feudal war and a trade war in nature. It stared in 1337 and lasted intermittently for more than one hundred years until 1453, hence the name Hundred Years' war .In the first phase of the War, he English won a serried of victories, but by the War was concluded, the English has lost all the territories they had gained during the war, except the French port Calais. The Hundred Years'War accelerated the breakdown of feudal society as the heavy cost of the long war inevitably increased the burden on the feudal lords and merchants. The vast expenditure of

treasure for war consequently put the money class, the new bourgeoisie, in a more important position in Britain.

10.Black Death was a deadly bubonic plague that struck Europe in the middle of the 14th century and reached England in the summer of 1348.About 40%of the population died of the Black Death. As a result, there was a severe shortage of labor. The agricultural labors in villages and under-masters and journeymen in citied struck for higher wages while the villains struggled for freedom. However, the government of EdwardⅢ issued an order that required all grown-up men and women below sixty, having no land or other means of living to work for landlords and proprietors at the rate before the plague in 1349.The Parliamentary statutes of 1351 and 1361 (the Statutes of laborers) introduced cruel punishments for those who refused to work. The Statutes of laborers aroused a general hatred among the masses against the ministers, lawyers and landlords.

11. the People's Charter(including the Six Points).In1837,workers in London, who were organized in the London Workingmen's Association, drew up a petition to Parliament, in which were embodied the Six Points that afterwards became known as the People's Charter. The Six Points were equal electoral districts, abolition of the property qualifications for MPs, universal manhood suffrage, annual Parliament, vote by ballot, and the payment of MPs.

12. The Mississippi River is one of the world's great rivers; it was known to American Indians as the \"father of waters\" .Water from the source of its main branch, the Missouri River, flows about 6,262 kilometers from the northern Rocky Mountains, to the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico. Its two main tributaries are the Ohio River and the Missouri River. The Mississippi River and its tributaries form an important and vast system of waterways that are connected to the Great lakes in the north by a canal.

13. Melting pot is metaphorically used to refer to the United States because it is a country of many ethnic groups from different parts of the word, who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion. They have been dissipating their different ethnic cultures toward some \"standard\" by living and working together in the \"melting pot\" of the United States and gradually forming a new nation.

14.The word \"WASPs\" is the abbreviation of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants. They were early settlers on North America from England, Northern and Western Europe. At present, they constitute the largest and dominant ethnic group in the United States.