西方人文主义修辞学研究

西方人文主义修辞学研究，最值得一提的是格拉斯的“新人文主义”修辞学。格拉斯在肯定意大利人文主义修辞学传统的前提下，对这一优良传统进行了重新诠释。他认为：修辞学是生成真理、而不仅仅是传达真理的手段；通过修辞，人类适应了他所生活着的世界。格拉斯坚持认为，修辞学优越于哲学，修辞言语的价值在哲学的理性言语之上；修辞言语与人类生活密切相关，人类通过隐喻等修辞方式去理解和诠释人类的经验。与其他的人文主义者一样，他认为理性言语、理性知识是不完善的，因为它没有考虑到社会和生活的特殊环境，没有考虑到修辞的特殊语境。格拉斯从人文主义的视角关注语言、关注修辞，把语言和修辞当作了解世界的方式和途径，这与笛卡尔的理性主义形成直接的鲜明的对照。格拉斯的人文主义所关注的修辞学，“并不是人们一直所解释的那样，只是一种表达逻辑演绎内容的方式，而是真正的哲学，因为它紧紧抓住人类存在的基本问题，理性演绎只能建立在这个基础之上”(温科学，2006：241)，“它所关注的并不是存在的问题，而是词的问题、隐喻思想问题，是对修辞思想哲学的功能的认识问题”(温科学，2006：61)。对格拉斯人文主义修辞学来说，如果不同时考虑那些词语的使用、使用词语的人和语境，不考虑隐喻的特殊性，意义便不能被理解。“因为事物的意义来源于事物与人的具体关系以及人类认真对待这些事物的努力”(温科学，2006：250)，修辞学是真正的哲学而不是逻辑推理，因为它努力克服人类存在的基本问题——以人类了解世界、解释世界和创造世界的基本过程为基础问题。很

显然，格拉斯人文主义修辞学比以往任何人文主义修辞学，对语言都具有更大的解释力。

Western humanism rhetoric studies, most notably glass \"new humanism\" rhetoric.Glass on the premise of certain Italian humanistic traditions, reinterpretation of the fine tradition.He think: rhetoric is to generate the truth, not just the means of conveying truth;Through the rhetoric, the human adapted to the world he lived.Glass insists that rhetoric is superior to philosophy, the value of the rhetoric words on rational words of philosophy;The rhetoric words is closely related to human life, human through metaphor and other rhetorical means to understand and interpret the human experience.Like other humanists, he thought that rational speech, rational knowledge is not perfect, because it does not take into account the social and the special environment of life, without considering the special context of rhetoric.Glass from the Angle of humanism focuses on language, rhetoric, the language and rhetoric as a way to understand the world and the way, this form directly with cartesian rationalism in sharp contrast.Glass humanism concern rhetoric, \"is not always explains, was a way to express logic deductive content, but true philosophy, because it hold the basic problems of the human, rational deduction can only be based on the\\"it is not of concern problems, but a word, the metaphor thought, is the understanding of the function of the philosophy of rhetoric problem\".For glass humanism rhetoric, if not consider the use of words, the use of words and the context, not to consider the particularity of metaphor, meaning cannot be understood.\"Because the meaning of things from things and people, and the relationship between human effort\" take these things seriously, rhetoric is not the real philosophy logic, because it tried to overcome the basic problems of the human - human understand the world, explaining the world and to the creation of the world based on the basic process of problem.Obviously, glass humanism than any previous humanism rhetoric, rhetoric of language has more explanatory power.

当代修辞学更是吸收了欧洲许多世纪以来的哲学、语言学、社会学、心理学、交际理论、话语理论、文学批评乃至人类学的研究成果，形成了一个涉及范围广泛、内容更加丰富的跨学科系统；但是它的人文色彩从没有被削弱，修辞学日渐成为

人们认知社会、阐释意义、协调社会关系、探索未知甚至是解决人类生存的困惑的重要的话语模式。“修辞学已经成为一门有效地使用话语的综合性语言理论，一种把语言作为社会行为模式的理论，一种把意图和阐释作为意义的决定性因素的理论”(温科学，2006：43)。“修辞学研究的是人类通过策略地使用象征彼此思想行为的所有方式方法的学科”(温科学，2006：45)。因此，修辞学成为人们认知世界、协调社会的重要手段，它的人文主义特性成为确保社会健康合作的重要方式。当代许多思想家、哲学家、艺术家、社会学家和人类学家，在探索人类面临的许多重大课题和人类生存的困惑时，纷纷把目光转向了修辞学，“修辞可能是我们为避免彼此湮没，为政治的、社会的以及人与人之间和睦相处的最后和最好的希望”(Gerard A，Hauser，1986：205)。

Contemporary rhetoric has absorbed many centuries of European philosophy, linguistics, sociology, psychology, communication theory, discourse theory, literary criticism, and the research of anthropology, forms a involves a wide range, content more rich interdisciplinary system;But its humanistic color never weakened, rhetoric becomes people to social cognition, interpretation of the meaning, coordinate social relations, to explore the unknown, and even solve the confused important discourse pattern of human existence.\"Discourse rhetoric has become an effective use of a comprehensive theory of language, a kind of language as a social behavior model theory, a kind of the intentions and interpretation as a decisive factor in the theory of\".\"Rhetoric is the study of human thoughts and actions each other through strategy use of symbol of all methods of discipline\".Rhetoric, therefore, become the important means for people to understand the world, harmonious society, the humanistic features become the important means of ensuring social health cooperation.Many thinkers, philosophers, artists, sociologists and anthropologists, exploring the many major issues facing humanity, and confusion of human existence, are turning to the rhetoric, the rhetoric may be our each other to avoid annihilation, as the political, social, and between people get along with the final and hope for the best\".