在完成时
Have/has +过去分词
现在完成时的肯定式、否定式和疑问式： 肯定式 否定式 I have 疑问式 Have I 单I have 数 You have + You have + not Have you + worked worked He/She/It has 复We 数 You +have You +have not Have you + worked worked They 【提示】
①现在完成时的肯定式和否定式有其缩写形式：have→’ve, has→’s.例如：She’s worked. =She has worked. I’ve not worked. = I haven’t worked. ②现在完成时的否定疑问句形式为：Have you not worked Have they not worked Has he not worked其缩写形式为：Haven’t you worked Haven’t they worked Hasn’t he worked
③现在完成时的简略回答形式为：Yes, I have. No, I have not/haven’t. ⒉用法
worked Have they They worked Have he/she/it He/She/It has We Have we ⑴过去动作产生的影响等
表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。在没有具体时间状语的情况下，现在完成时可以表示某一行为动作在说话之前已经完成，而其结果或影响至今仍然存在。因此，现在完车时这一时态强调的是过去的动作同现在的联系，也就是强调现在的影响和结果。例如：
Someone has broken the window.（“打破”这一动作虽然发生在过去，但影响延续至今，其结果是窗子仍然是破的，The window is now broken.）
I have lost my pen.（结果是：我现在无钢笔可用，I have no pen to use.） He’s locked the door.(结果是：现在门锁上了，我们进不去，Now the door is locked and we can’t go in.)
The party has started. (The party started and now it is going on.) I’ve forgotten her name= I forgot her name. 他今天还没吃任何东西.(现在一定很饿了)
_________________________________________________________________ 我已经吃过午饭了（现在不饿了）
____________________________________________________ ⑵过去的动作延续到现在和未来
表示一个开始于过去，持续到现在，并可能继续下去的动作或状态，常同for, since引导的时间状语连用，或用于How long…（多久）句型中，表示持续的时间。例如： He has studied English for ten years.（可能继续学下去） She has lived here since then. He has been in Nanjing since 2003.
Miss Lin has worked in the factory since she came to the city. 你已经住在这个房子里多久了
_____________________________________________________ 这个女孩已经病了一个星期了。
______________________________________________________
【提示】for是介词，后面只能跟单词或词组；since是介词或连词，后面可以跟单词、词组或句子。 ⑶同recently等状语连用
现在完成时常同表示从过去某时刻延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间状语连用，如recently, today, this morning, this week, lately, up to now, so far, in the past/last few months, since three years ago等。例如： I haven’t seen him this week. I have been busy this morning. He has bought a new bike recently. ⑷同often等状语连用
现在完成时常同不明确指出具体时间的状语连用，如often, already, yet, never, ever, always, once, twice, sometimes, just, for a long time, only twice等。例如：
Have you done your homework yet 我们已经完成了工作。
__________________________________
我从没去过英国。
_______________________________________ ⑸将来某时已经完成的动作
现在完成时可以用在条件或时间状语从句中，表示将来某个时刻之前已经完成的动作。例如：
He will come as soon as he has finished the homework.
If you have read the book before I leave, please lend it to me. We shall wait here until the rain has stopped. ⑹have gone和have been
have gone和have been意义上不同，前者表示“到某地去了，尚没回来，现在不在这里”，后者表示“曾经到过某地，现在已返回”。比较：
She has gone to Beijing.(她现在不在这里，去北京了，可能已经到达，也可能仍在途中)
She has been to Beijing.(她以前到过北京，现在已不在北京了) Where has he been(他已回来) Where has he gone(他现在不在这里) 比较：
have been to do sth做过了某事 have gone to do sth去做某事了 have come to do sth来做某事了 ⑺for 2004还是since 2004
英语中有些动词表示的动作是一时性的、短暂的、不能延续的，所以，不能同for和since等引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，也不可用于“How long/How many+时间名词”句中。因此，这类动词可以单独使用于完成时中，但不可同表示一段时间的状语一起用于完成时中，包括现在完成时和过去完成时。这类动词有：go, come, leave, arrive, join, receive, get, die, buy, borrow, choose, close, fall, finish, kill, lend, marry, open, reach, return, start, stop, sit down, stand up等。比较：
How long may I keep the book
Her grandmother has been dead for five months. It is five months since her grandfather died. He has arrived.
He arrived there three hours ago. It’s three hours since he arrived. It has been three hours since he arrived. He has been away from Shanghai for two weeks. It is two weeks since he left Shanghai. He has left Shanghai. She has joined the army.
She has been in the army since 20004. It is three years since she joined the army.
【提示】①非延续性动词的完成时有时可以同for引导的短语连用，但表示的是某一动作的目的或结果，而不是表示动作本身延续的时间。例如：
She has come for two weeks.她已经来了，准备住两个星期。 He has gone for three days.他走了，要在三天后回来。
②非延续性动词的否定式表示动作的持续过程，具有延续性，因此可以同for或since引导的一段时间状语连用。例如：
I haven’t received her letter for a whole year. He hasn’t bought any book since last month. for/since的特殊注意：
在带有for或since短语或since从句的句子中以及How long提问的句子中,谓语动词只
用延续性动词（可持续一段时间的动作)，而不能用短暂性动词（在瞬间发生完毕的动作）
常见的短暂性动词与延续性动词的转换
borrow/lend have(has) kept buy have(has) had/owned die have(has) been dead begin/start have(has) been on finish have(has) been over open have(has) been open close have(has) been closed catch a cold fall ill
have(has) had a cold
have(has) been ill
fall asleep become
have(has) been ill
have(has) been
leave have(has) been away from get married have(has) been married join have(has) been a member of
have(has) been in
move/come/go to have(has) been in/at
⑻现在完成时和一般过去时的比较
① 现在完成时不可与表示特定过去时间的副词连用，如ago, then, yesterday等，但一般过去时可以。例如： He worked here last year.
② 现在完成时强调过去的动作对现在的影响或产生的结果，而一般过去时只限于表
示过去的动作本身，与现在的结果无关。例如： He has been ill for a week.（现在仍然病着）
He was ill for a week.（过去病过一个星期，现在好了）
He has bought a house（现在完成时，到说话时仍然拥有那所房子）
He bought a house five years ago(一般过去时只说明他五年前买过一所房子，现在不一定还拥有那所房子)
I haven’t written him for ages.(现在仍没有写) I didn’t write him for ages(仅指过去)
③现在完成时可以同现在在内的时间状语连用；而一般过去时则不可。例如：
It has been hot this summer.（说话时仍然是夏天） It was hot this summer.（说话时夏天已经过去）
④ 现在完成时不可与疑问副词when连用；而一般过去时则可以。例如：
When did he come ⑼already和yet的区别
already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句；already有时也可用于疑问句，表示“惊讶，意外”的意思。例如：
Hurry up, we are already twenty minutes late. I haven’t heard from him yet. Has class begun yet
Has class begun already(想不到) Have you sold the car yet
Have you sold the car already（惊讶） 【补充】
ago和before的用法
ago是副词，表示从现在算起的若干时间以前，用于“名词词组+ago”结构；ago所在句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；ago不可单独使用，也不可用作连词。before作副词用时，表示从过去某一时刻或某一事件算起的若干时间以前，所在句中的谓语动词用过去去完成时；before还可以单独使用，意为“以前”，谓语动词用现在完成时，ago则没有这种用法；before还可以用作连词，后接单词、词组或句子，ago则没有这种用法。比较：
She saw the film three days ago.（从现在说起三天前）
She told me that she had seen the film three days before.（从过去说起三天前）
I have seen her before.
She had left before he arrived. ※课堂训练：
一、用所给动词的正确形式填空。
1. I______ already _________ (see) the film. I ________ (see) it last week. 2. __________ he _________ (finish) his work today Not yet.
3. My father _________ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
4. Where’s Li Ming He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
5. I __________ (work) here since I ______ (move) here in 1999. 6. So far I _______________(make) quite a few friends here.
7. How long ________ the Wangs ______________(stay) here For two weeks. 8. I ________ just ___________ (finish) my homework.
9. He ________ (go) to school on foot every day. you ______ (find) your science book yet
11. If it ____ (be) fine tomorrow, I'll go with you. 12. The students ____________ (read) English when the teacher came in. 13. Look! The monkey __________ (climb) the tree.
14. My mother __________ (come) to see me next Sunday.
15. I've lost my pen. _________ you ________ (see) it anywhere 二、单项选择
（）1. How long have you _______ here
A. come B. got C. arrived D. been （）2. My grandpa died _________.
A. at the age of my 2 B. for 2 years C. when I was 2. D. my age was 6.
（）3. Jane has _____ to BeiJing. She will come back tomorrow.
A. been B. gone C. went D. never been （）4. It is ten years _____ I last saw her.
A. after B. since C. for D. that （） will go to the station to meet Lorry
--I will. I _____ her several times.
A. met B. have met C. had met D. will meet （）6. --What a nice dress! How long _____ you _____ it --Just 2 weeks.
A. will, buy B. did, buy C. are, having D. have, had （） you know Lydia very well
--Yes, She and I _____ friends since we were very young. A. have made B. have become C. have been D. have turned
（）8. The Smiths _______ in China for 8 years.
A. has lived B. lived C. have been D. live
（）9. --Hello, this is Mr. Green speaking. Can I speak to Mr. Black
-- Sorry. He ______ the Bainiao Park.
A. has been to B. has gone to C. went to D. will go to （）10. --____ you ever ____ to the US -- Yes, twice.
A. Have, gone B. Have, been C, Do, go D. were, going 三、句型转换
I have been to Macau before. (改为否定句) I _________ _________ been to Macau before.
He hasn’t come to school because he was ill. (就划线部分提问) ______ _______ he come to school
I bough a new bike just now. (用just改写) I ____ just ____ a new bike.
We began to learn English three years ago.(改为同义句) We ____ ____English ____three years
5. He has never surfed, _______ _______ （改成反意疑问句） 6. They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) _______ _______have they been here
The old man _________ last year.
He has _______ _______for a year. (die) （动词填空） Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换)
Miss Gao has _______ ________ ________ an hour ago. ※课后作业
一、用have / has been to / in, have gone to及go的各种形式填空。 1) Where is Jack He _________________ his country. 2) David ________________ the park just now.
3) John __________________ England since he came back. 4) How long _____ they _____ this village
5) The Smiths _____________________Beijing for years.
6) _____ you ever ____ America -- Yes, I ______________ there many times. 7) I _______________ this school since three years ago. 8) Where is Jim He _______________________ the farm. 9) When_____ he _____ He __________ an hour ago.
10) Would you like to _______________ to the zoo with me ---Yes, but I _____ there before.
11) Where _____ you _____ now --- I _______________ to the zoo. 12) He often _____________ swimming. 13) _____ you ______ there last year
14) _____ they often ______ skating in winter 二、用never, ever, already, just, yet, for, since填空
1. I have _______ seen him before, so I have no idea about him. 2. Jack has _________ finished his homework.
3. Mr. Wang has taught in this school ________ ten years.
4. “Have you ________ seen the film” “No, I have ________ seen it.” 5. “Has the bus left _______” “Yes, it has _________ left.”
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