被动语态巩固(翻译专练)

➢ 了解汉英被动表达的差异

初中生学习英语被动语态最易出现的错误是，在很多该用被动语态的地方没有用。比方学生

The classroom has cleaned. 这是因为汉语被字句的使用频率很低，经常说出这样的句子：学生习惯

于“教室打扫干净了”等无形式标记被动句的表达法，对译成英语，也就忘了该用被动语态。深一层的原因是汉语史上被字句一般用来表示不愉快或遗憾的事情。比方人们一般问：“ 教师表扬〔你〕了没有？”而不大说：“你被老师表扬了没有？”一般说：“〔我〕又被老师批评了。”而不大说：“老师又批评我了。”〔这句话的意思似乎是老师批评得不合适。〕再如：“蛋糕被猫吃掉了。”〔隐含义是蛋糕本来是我们要吃的。〕当然，随着本世纪以来汉语欧化句式的大量涌现，被字句的使用频率大大增加，许多场合的被字句也并不表示不愉快，“我被老师表扬了。”一类句子也到处使用。但与英语相比，汉语中的被字句出现频率仍低了很多。另一方面，汉语中存在的大量无形式标记被动句，如果译成英语则必须用被动语态，但学生往往忘了使用被动语态，这是初中学生学习英语被动句时最易出现的错误。比方“信写完了”常被译成“The letter has written.”。对此，必须设计具体的语境， 通过大量的英汉比照翻译，反复操练，才能加深理解。 ① 教室打扫干净了。 The classroom has been cleaned. ② 树种好了。 The trees have been planted. ③ 杯子打破了。 The cup was broken. ④ 汽车撞坏了。 The car was broken.

⑤ 书他拿走了。 The book has been taken away by him.

汉语中有的被动句的形式标记不是“被”字，而是“让”、“给”、“叫”、“受”、“遭”、 “ 为…所…”、“挨”、 “由”、 “使”、“把”、“得到”、 “获”、 “予以”、“加以”、“经过”、等。 ①那只狗叫他们给杀了。 The dog was killed by them.

②小偷让警察抓去了。 The thief was captured by a policeman. ③鞋子给扔了。 The shoes have been thrown away. ④他遭了父亲一顿打。 He was beaten by his father.

⑤我们为那部电影所感动。 We were moved by that film.

⑥许多房屋在地震中遭到了破坏。A lot of houses were damaged in the earthquake. ⑦我所有的积蓄都给偷走了。All the money I had saved was stolen. ⑧庄稼让洪水冲毁了。The crops were washed away by the flood.

英语被动句译为不带被动标志性词语但包含被动 许多汉语句子不带表被动意义的标志性词语，看上去好似是主动句，但实际上包含被动意义，这样的汉语句子的被动意义是通过其主谓成分表达的逻辑意义关系来确定的。 ①罗杰，你有 。Roger, you are wanted on the phone.

②他的腿在一次事故中折断了。His leg was broken in an accident.

③人民大会堂是在1959年建造的。The Great Hall of the People was built in 1959. ④印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。Printing was introduced into Europe from China.

英语中的被动语态使用极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中被动语态几乎随处可见，这是因为：〔1〕被动结构比主动结构更少主观色彩，更注重客观事实；〔2〕被动结构更能突出主要特征，说明对象，引人注目；〔3〕在很多情况下被动结构比主动结构更简短。

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英语动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态，被动语态的结构是主语+be+过去分词，其中be动词表达时态，过去分词done表达被动。下面以动词do为例，总结出各种时态的被动语态。

1.一般现在时：am ( is, are ) + done.

主动语态：We clean the classroom.〔我们打扫教室。〕

被动语态：The classroom is cleaned by us.〔教室被我们打扫。〕

2.一般过去时：was ( were ) + done

主动语态：We cleaned the classroom last night.〔我们昨晚打扫了教室。〕

被动语态：The classroom was cleaned by us last night. 〔昨晚教室被我们打扫了。〕

3.一般将来时：will ( shall / be going to ) be + done

主动语态：We will clean the classroom tomorrow.〔我们明天将打扫教室。〕

被动语态：The classroom will be cleaned by us tomorrow.〔明天教室将被我们打扫。〕

4.现在进行时：am ( is, are ) being + done

主动语态：We are cleaning the classroom.( 我们正在打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom is being cleaned by us. ( 教室正被我们打扫。)

5.过去进行时：was ( were ) being + done

主动语态：We were cleaning the classroom at this moment last night.

( 昨晚这个时候我们正在打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom was being cleaned by us at this moment last night.

( 昨晚这个时候教室正在被我们打扫。)

6.现在完成时：have ( has ) been + done

主动语态：We have cleaned the classroom.( 我们已经打扫了教室。)

被动语态：The classroom has been cleaned by us. ( 教室已经被我们打扫了。)

7.带情态动词的被动语态：

must ( can, may, should, need, would ) be + done

主动语态：We must clean the classroom. ( 我们必须打扫教室。)

被动语态：The classroom must be cleaned by us.( 教室必须被我们打扫。

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➢ 被动语态句子翻译专练

✓ 一般现在时

① Paper is made from wood. 〔纸是由木材生产出来的。〕 ② The jacket was made of cotton. ( 这件夹克衫是棉做的。 )

③ Yang Liping is know as a great dancer.( 杨丽萍是公认的出色的舞蹈家.)

④ English is spoken in many countries all over the world. 〔世界上许多国家都讲英文。〕 ⑤ School meeting is held every Monday. 每周一都举行校会。 ⑥ What is this flower called? ( 这种花叫什么花？) ⑦ You are wanted on the phone. ( 有你的 。)

⑧ A color TV is sold at the shop.( 这家商店卖彩电。)

⑨ He is often laughed at by his classmates． 〔他经常被同学嘲笑。〕 ⑩ If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday. ( 如果我有足够的时间，我将去日本度假。)

✓ 一般过去时

① The house was built in 1950. 〔这座房是1950年建成的。〕 ② The radio was turned off just now. ( 收音机刚刚关掉了。)

③ He was seen to play with fire.〔有人看见他玩火了。〕

④ The cup was broken by David yesterday.〔这个杯子昨天被大维打烂了。〕

⑤ The workers were made to work 12 hours a day.〔工人们被迫每天工作12小时。〕

⑥ Those books were written by a 10-year-old girl.〔那些书是由一个10岁大的女孩所写的。〕 ⑦ He was born in 1986. 〔他生于1986年。〕

⑧ This kind of CD was sold out yesterday.〔这种光盘昨天卖光了。〕 ⑨ He was seen to push a bike out of the house.

〔有人看见他推了一辆自行车从那幢房子里走出来。〕

⑩ The old woman’s body was found at the end of the street.〔老妇人的尸体在街的尽头发现了。

✓ 现在进行时

① The computer is being mended. 〔那台电脑正在被修理。〕

② The children are being taken good care of. 〔孩子们正受到良好的照顾。〕 ③ This film is being shown now.( 这部电影正在被放映。) ④ Mary is being interviewed now. 〔玛丽现正接受采访。〕

⑤ The problem is being discussed at the meeting. 〔这个问题正在会上讨论。〕 ⑥ The telephone is being used now. 〔 正在使用中。〕

⑦ The report is being written by one of the best students.( 报告正在由一个最好的学生写着呢。) ⑧ Many interesting experiments are being carried out these days. ⑨ 〔最近正在进行许多有趣的实验。〕

⑩ That bridge is being built, I can't stand the noise.( 那座桥正在被建，我受不了这噪音。)

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✓ 一般将来时

① Another book will be published next month. 〔下个月另一本书将问世。 〕 ② Today’s work is going to be well done. 〔今天的工作将被很好地完成。〕

③ The sports meeting will be held on Wednesday afternoon.〔校运会将在下周三下午举行。〕 ④ When and where wll the meeting be held?〔这个会议将会在什么时候、哪里举行呢？〕 ⑤ What will be done next? 〔 接下来要做什么？〕 ⑥ A new school is going to be built in the poor village. 〔一所学校将被建在这个贫穷的村子里。〕

⑦ Are these trees going to be cut down？( 这些树将被砍倒吗？)

⑧We shall be punished if we break the rule.( 如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。) ⑨ If you park your car here, you will be fined. 〔如果你将车停在这儿，你将被罚款。〕 ⑩ A friend without faults will never be found. 〔没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。〕

✓ 现在完成时

① The book has been translated into many languages. 〔这本书已被译成多国语言。 〕 ② Has the sports meet been put off until next Friday? 〔运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗？ 〕 ③ The recorder has been repaired several times. ( 这台录音机已经修理过好几次了。) ④ A doctor has been sent for. 〔已经派人去请医生了。〕

⑤ Tom’s novel has not been published. ( 汤姆的小说还没有被出版。) ⑥ These flowers have been watered. ( 这些花已被浇水了。)

⑦ The battery hasn’t been charged for a couple of months. ( 电池好几个月没充电了。) ⑧ The dirty clothes have been wasked. 〔脏衣服都已经洗了。〕 ⑨ I’ll come to see you when my homework has been finished. 〔等我的家庭作业做完，我就会去拜访你。〕 ⑪ I will invite you here as soon as this bridge has been built. ( 这座桥一被建好，我就邀请你到这儿来。)

✓ 带情态动词

① The room must be cleaned every day. ( 房间必须每天都打扫。) ② Our homework should be handed in on time. ( 作业应该准时上交。) ③ It must be done at once. 〔这件事必须立即做。〕

④ Calculator can't be used in the maths exam.〔计算器不能用于数学考试。〕 ⑤ Books and newspapers in the reading room mustn’t be taken away. 〔阅览室的书籍和报纸不准带走。〕

⑥ Can this bike be mended? ( 这辆自行车能修吗？)

⑦ Children should be taught to tell the truth. ( 应该教孩子们讲真话。)

⑧ Many trees should be planted on the mountains. ( 应该在山上种许多树。)

⑨ Teenagers should be allowed to go out with their friends. ( 应该允许青少年和朋友外出。) ⑩ Waste paper should not be thrown here.( 废纸不应该扔在这里。)

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✓ 固定句式

① It is suggested that each speaker is allowed five minutes. ( 建议每位发言者讲话五分钟。) ② It’s reported that about three hundred people were killed in this accident. ( 据报道，这次事故中大约有三百人死亡。)

③ It's known that Britain is an island country. ( 众所周知，英国是一个岛国。) ④ It is believed that health is above wealth. 〔 一般人都相信健康重于财富。 〕 ⑤ It is said that he comes from China. 〔据说他来自中国。〕

➢ 主动形式表被动

⑴一些表示感受、感官的连系动词,如：look, sound, smell, feel, taste 等主语是物时。

① The building looks very beautiful. 〔 这座建筑看上去很美。〕 ② Her voice sounds quite sweet.( 她的声音听起来非常甜美。)

③ This shirt feels much softer than that one.〔这件衬衫比那件衬衫摸起来柔软得多。 〕 ④ That book smells old.〔那本书有一股霉味。 〕 ⑤ These oranges taste nice.〔这些橙子味道很好。 〕

⑵表示主语有内在品质或性能，使得主语得以实现或不能实现，常见的这类动词有open, close, shut, read, write, wash, clean, lock, sell, wear, cut, cook, eat, drink, etc. ① His novel sells well. ( 他的小说很畅销。 )

② His pen writes smoothly.〔这支钢笔很好写。〕 ③ This poem reads well. 〔 这首诗读来顺口。〕 ④ His voice records well. 他的声音录下来很好听。〕 ⑤ The cloth washes well. 〔 这布很耐洗。〕

⑥ This shirt will wear very long. 〔这衬衫很耐穿。〕 ⑦ The window won’t open. ( 这窗户开不了。) ⑧ The door won’t lock. 〔这门锁不上。 〕 ⑨ The door blew open. ( 门被风吹开了。) ⑩ The car drive easily.〔这车很容易开。〕

⑶ 表〔sth.〕需要的need ,want, require等后的V-ing 用主动形式表被动含义。

① The room needs /wants / requires cleaning. ( 这房间需要清洁。)

⑷be worth后的V-ing主动形式表被动含义。

① The book is worth reading. ( 这本书值得读。)

➢ 以下动词〔或动词短语〕无被动语态：

happen(发生), belong to(属于), break out(爆发), appear(出现), come true(实现),disappear(消失),last(持续),spread〔传播〕等

① The accident happened last week. 〔这个事故发生在上周。〕

② All your dreams will come true if you try your best. 〔如果竭尽全力，你一定会实现梦想的。〕 ③ Flu usually breaks out in winter. 流感通常发生在冬季。

④ Knowledge and ideas spread quickly.知识和想法传播得很快。 ⑤Taiwan Island belongs to China.( 台湾属于中国。)

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