1. 名词
1.1 名词复数的规则变化
(1)一般情况加s,清辅音读/s/,浊辅音和元音读/z/ (2)以s、sh、ch和x结尾的,加es,读/iz/ (3)以ce、se、ze、ge等结尾的,加s,读/iz/ (4)以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i再加es,读/z/ (5)以y结尾的专有名词或元音字母+y结尾的,直接加s Story--stories;storey--storeys (6)以o结尾的词,
1)加es:黑人英雄喜欢吃土豆和西红柿
negro、hero、potato、tomato
2)加s:除上述特殊的 3)加s/es:zero--zeros/zeroes (7)以f或fe结尾的词,
1)变f / fe为v再加es:leaf--leaves;wolf-wolves;wife-wives;life--lives;knife--knives;thief--thieves
2)加s:belief--beliefs;roof--roofs;gulf--gulfs;safe--safes 3)加s or 变ves:handkerchief--handkerchiefs/handkerchieves
1.2 名词复数的不规则变化
(1)mouse--mice;man--men;woman--women
German--Germans(非合成词) Englishman--Englishmen
(2)单复数同形 deer、sheep、fish Chinese、Japanese li、jin、yuan、mu
除人民币元、角、分外,美元dollar、英镑、法郎均有复数形式 (3)集体名词,单数形式表复数含义 people、police、cattle(a head of cattle)
the Chinese、the British、the French等表示国民总称时 (4)以s结尾,但为单数的名词
1)maths、politics、physics等学科名词,为不可数名词 2)news
3)the United States、the United Nations 专有名词 4)书名、报纸名、杂志名、剧名等也视为单数
(5)表示成双成对出现的,如glasses、clothes、trousers等,借助于量词pair、suit等表达具体数目
(6)其他如东西goods货物、waters水域;fishes鱼
1.3 不可数名词
(1)物质名词
1)物质名词转为个体名词
Cake is a kind of food. 蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet. 这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) 2)物质名词泛指物质种类时,可数
This factory produces steel. (不可数) We need various steels. (可数) 3)物质名词表示份数时,可数 Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please. (2)抽象名词
the four modernizations 四个现代化 four freedoms
1.4 定语名词的复数
名词作定语一般用单数,但以下情况除外
(1)复数作定语:sports meeting;talks table谈判桌;
students reading-room阅览室;the foreign languages department 外语系 (2)man、woman等作定语,其单复数因所修饰的名词的单复数而定 (3)原有s结尾的名词作定语时,s保留
goods train 货车;arms produce;clothes brush 衣刷
(4)数词+名词作定语,名词保留单数形式,也即数词+单数名词作定语 two-dozen eggs、a five-year plan
【特殊】a seven-years child; a seven-year-old child
1.5 不同国家人的单复数形式
(1)单复数同形:Chinese;Swiss(瑞士);Japanese;
(2)直接加s:Australian;Russian;Italian;Greek;American;Indian;Canadian;German;Swede(瑞典)
(3)man-men:Frenchman;Englishman
【注】一般来说,国民总称与复数形式一致,谓语动词用复数。特殊的有: the Greek(two Greeks);the French(two Frenchmen);the English;the Swedish
1.6 名词的格
一般是加s构成名词所有格
(1)单数名词加s,复数名词若词尾没有s也要加s, 如the boy’s bag;men’s room (2)名词复数词尾有s,只加’不加s
(3)不能加s的名词,都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系
(4)表示店铺或教堂的名词或某人的家时,名词所有格后面通常不出现所修饰的名词,如the barber’s 理发店
(5)两个名词并列,分别有’s时,表示分别有;若只有一个’s,则表示共有 (6)复合名词或短语,’s 加在最后一个词的词尾
2. 冠词
2.1不定冠词the indefinite artical:a/an=one
1)表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain 2)表示一类人或物
3)常用词组:a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many(+复数名词,谓语动词用复数) / many a(+名词单数,谓语动词用单数) / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a suddern
2.2 定冠词the definite artical:the=this/that
1)特指双方都明白的人或物 2)上文提到过的人或事
3)世界上独一无二的事物:the sun、the moon、the earth、the sky 4)表示一类人或事物:the rich、the living、the fox 5)用在序数词first、second 或 形容词最高级前
6)用在形容词only、very、same前 the only/the very/the same 7)与复数名词连用,代指整个群体
8)用在表示身体部位的名词前,表示所有,相当于物主代词 catch sb by the arm
9)用在某些专有名词前,如国家名称、机关团体、阶级等 10)用在表示乐器的名词前
11)用在姓氏的复数前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人
12)一些惯用语:the day after tomorrow、the day before yesterday、the next morning、in the water / country / field 、in the dark / rain / distance、in the middle of 、in the end、on the whole、by the way、in the day
2.3 零冠词zero artical
1)国名、人名前通常不用定冠词
2)泛指名词复数,表示一类人或物时,可不用定冠词 3)抽象名词表一般概念时,一般不加冠词 Failure is the mother of success.
4)物质名词如表示一般概念时,不加冠词;特指时需要加定冠词the Man cannot live without water.
5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词前,不加冠词 6)在称呼或表示官衔、职位的名词前不加冠词 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动前,不加冠词
8)两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词 pen and pencil 9)by 与表示交通工具的词连用时,中间无冠词
10)某些个体名词如hospital、school、prison、market、bed、table、class、church、court、town等,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义 11)序数词不用冠词
A. 序数词前有物主代词,不加冠词 B. 序数词做副词位于动词后,不加冠词 C. 某些固定词组:first of all、from first to last 冠词的位置:不定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前 【特殊】a. 位于such、what、many、half等词后
b. 当名词前的形容词被副词so、as、how、enough、too、however等修饰时,不定冠词放在形容词后,如so short a time;too long a distance;as pleasant a day
c. quite / rather与单数名词连用,冠词置其后 quite a lot d. as / though引导的让步状语从句中,冠词置于形容词后
Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. e. all / both /double /half / twice the+名词
3. 数词
3.1 基数词
基数词一般以单数形式出现,但在以下几种情况中以复数形式出现: A. 表示“一排”或“一组”的词组里:in twos and threes 三三两两 B. 表示几十岁 in one’s twenties C. 表示年代 in the 1990s D. 乘法运算:three fives is fifteen.
3.2 序数词
1)倍数表示法
a. 主+谓+倍数+as+adj.+as I have three times as many as you.
b. 主+谓+倍数+the size / amount / length of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon. c. 主+谓+倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than
The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. d. by + 倍数,表示增加……倍
The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 2)分数表示法
基数词表示分子,序数词表示分母。分子大于1时,分母序数词用复数 1/3 one-third 3/37 three and three-sevenths
4.代词
4.1 并列人称代词的排列顺序
1)单数人称代词并列作主语,顺序为231 2)复数人称代词并列作主语,顺序为123
3)在承认错误时、并列人称只有第一和第三人称时、长辈对晚辈以及长官对下属说话时,第一人称要放在前面
4.2 双重所有格
物主代词不可与a、an、this、that、these、those、some、any、several、no、each、every、such、another、which等词一起前置,修饰一个名词,必须使用双重所有格,公式为:
a/an/this/that + 名词 + of + 名词性物主代词 (1)相互代词 each other and one another (2)指示代词this/that these/those
【说明1】指示代词作主语时可指人或物,作句子其他成分时只能指物,不指人 【说明2】that和those可作定语从句的先行词,而this和these不能,those可指人
He admired that which looked beautiful. 他赞赏外表漂亮的东西 He admired that who danced well. (that作宾语时不能指人)
4.3 不定代词
all、both、each、either、neither、more、little、few、much、many、another、other、some、any、one、no以及some、something、somebody、someone、anything、anyone、anybody、everything、everyone、everybody、nothing、nobody、no one、none等 【注】
1)all 表示三者及以上
all的主谓一致:由所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定 all goes well.
all通常不与可数名词的单数连用,但是可与表示时间的可数名词的单数连用,
如all day、all night、all the year;其他特殊的单数名词 all China、all my life 2)both 与 all 都可以作同位语,其位置在行为动词之前,be 动词之后。如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词前 3)neither 两者都不,作主语时,谓语动词用单数 neither…nor…,谓语动词采用就近原则
neither 与 nor:如果前句是否定从句,则主句用neither 而不用nor;如果后续有多个否定句,则用nor 而不用neither If you don't do it,neither should I. He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
4)none 多与of 连用,none of + n. 也可单独使用(多用于回答) none作主语,谓语动词用单复数均可。none作表语,单复数与表语一致 5)few 作主语,谓语动词用复数,多用于肯定句
6)some 一些,与复数名词或不可数名词连用。作“某一”讲时,相当于 a certain,如some day,some person(a certain person)
7)any 一些,多用于否定句和疑问句和条件状语从句中 当含有“任何,任一”的意思时,any用于肯定句。 8)some 与 any:
A. 肯定疑问句中,若说话人认为对方的答案是肯定的,或是期望得到对方肯定的回答时,用some 代替any,如 would you like some coffee?
B. 条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,some代替any,如 if you need some help,let me know.
C. 否定句中some用于主语部分,some 代替any,如some students haven't been there before.
D. 当否定的是整体中的部分时,some代替any,如 I haven't heard from some of my old friends these days.
9)ones 必须与形容词连用,如果替代的名词前没有形容词,则用some 或 any. 10)one / that / it的区别:one 表示泛指,that 与 it 表示特指。其中that 表示同类不同个,但it 表示与所指名词为同一个
11)one / another / the other 的区别:泛指另一个another 一定范围内两者,one…the other
一定范围内三者,one…one(another)…the other
一定范围内,除去部分人/物,剩下的全部用the others(=the rest) 一定范围内,除去部分人/物,剩余部分而非全部用others some…others…… 12)the 的特殊用法:
He is one of the students who help me. He is the one of the students who helps me. 13)anyone仅指人,any one 指人/物
no one 单独使用仅指人,作主语时谓语动词用单数;none 后跟of 短语,指人/物,作主语时,谓语动词单复数均可 14)every 强调整体概念,each 强调个体概念;
every指三个及以上的人或物,而each指两个及以上 every只作形容词,不能单独使用,each可作代词或形容词 every与not 连用表部分否定;each与not连用表全部否定 Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。 Each man is not honest. 这儿每个人都不诚实。
15)both / either / neither / all / any / none (行前be后)的区别: 两者:both 两者都;either 两者之一;neither 两者都不 both与复数连用,either与单数连用
There are flowers on both sides of the street. There are flowers on either side of the street. 三者及以上:all 所有的;any 任何一个;none 都不
16)few / a few / little / a little的区别: few + 可数名词,little + 不可数名词 a few / a little表示肯定含义,还有一点儿 few / little 表示否定含义,没有多少了
固定搭配:only a few=few not a few = many quite a few = many =many a
5. 形容词和副词
(1)形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质、特征等,分为性质形容词或叙述形容词。一般置于名词前,遇到以-thing结尾的词要置于其后,如something nice 性质形容词有级的变化,可用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语 叙述形容词又称表语形容词,在句中只能作表语,没有级的变化,大都以a 开头的形容词属于此类,如 afraid、alive、alone、asleep、awake、ill、well、unwell、faint等
(2)以-ly结尾的形容词
以-ly结尾的词不一定是副词,如friendly、deadly、lovely、lonely、likely、lively、ugly、brotherly等(大部分形容词+ly=副词)
形容词/副词:daily、weekly、monthly、yearly等表示时间的词 (3)the + adj. 表示整体或类别,如 the rich、the blind、the British…
(4)词序:多个形容词共同修饰一个名词时,意义上同名词关系最密切的词最靠近该名词。限定词--数词--描绘词--大小/长短/形状/新旧/颜色--出处--材料/类别 表示年龄、新旧的形容词,如young、old、new等
表示大小、长短、高低、重量的形容词,如little、big、long、heavy等 表示形态、形状的形容词,如round、square等 表示颜色的形容词
表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词 表示物质、材料的形容词
表示用途、类别、目的、与……有关的形容词 其他类型形容词置于最前面
(5)副词:修饰动词或形容词或副词或其他结构
副词的位置:一般位于动词后,多个助动词时位于第一个助动词后;方式副词well、badly、hard等只能放在句尾
副词的顺序:时间/地点副词采取小在前大在后的原则;方式副词采取短在前长在后的原则,常与and / but 连用;多个不同副词,采取程度+地点+方式+时间的顺序
【特殊】enough修饰形容词置其后,enough修饰名词前后都行 (6)副词比较:
1)close 与 closely:close表示近;而closely表示仔细地 He is sitting close to me. // watch him closely.
2)late 与 lately:late表示晚;lately表示最近=recently
You have come too late. // what have you been doing lately?
3)deep 与 deeply:deep表示深,侧重空间深度;而deeply侧重感情深度 I was deeply moved by the film.
4)high 与 highly:high表示空间高度;而highly表示程度,相当于much Flying high // I think highly of your opinion.
5)wide 与 widely:wide表示空间宽度;而widely意思是广泛地 He opened the door wide. // English is widely used in the world.
6)free 与 freely:free 意思是免费;而freely 意思是无限制地,自由地 You can eat free whatever you like. // you may speak freely. (7)原级--比较级--最高级
(8)as + adj./adv. 原级+ as 1)否定句或疑问句中可用so…as.
2)当as…as中有名词时,可采用以下格式:
as + 形容词 + a/an + 单数名词 // as + many / much +名词 This is as good an example as the other is. I can carry as much paper as you can.
3)表示倍数的词或其他程度副词作修饰语时,放在as的前面
(9)修饰比较级的词:a bit、a little、rather、much、far、by far(置其后)、many、
a lot、lots、a great deal、any、still、even等;表示倍数或度量的词 【注】much more+不可数名词;many more+可数名词
old--older--oldest;old--elder--eldest后者只用于兄弟姐妹间的长幼关系 far--farther--farther,表示距离;far--further--further,表示更近一步 (10)the + 最高级 +比较范围
1)形容词最高级前面必须加the,副词最高级前面不用,如果形容词最高级前面没有the,则表示非常的含义,不表示最高级的含义 It is a most important problem.==It is a very important problem.
使用最高级时注意将主语包括在比较范围内(比较级注意将主语除外) 2)by far / far /much /mostly / almost /nearly 可修饰最高级,very修饰最高级时置于the和最高级之间, the very best // much the best 3)序数词通常只修饰最高级
4)否定词+比较级 // 否定词 + so…as结构表示最高级含义 (11)the + 比较级,the +比较级
more A than B 与其说B不如说A==less B than A no more / less…than… 不比……多,和……一样 more than 不只是,非常
6. 动词
6.1 系动词
又称联系动词,不能单独作谓语,必须与表语联系构成系表结构,以说明主语的状况、性质及特征等情况 1)状态系动词 be
2)持续系动词:用来表示主语继续或保持一种状态或态度,如keep、remain、stay、stand、lie、rest等。eg. This matter rests a mystery. 3)表像系动词:表示看起来像,如seem、appear、look等 4)感官系动词:feel、smell、sound、taste等
5)变化系动词:become、turn、get、grow、fall、go、come、run等
6)终止系动词:prove、turn out,表达证实、变成之意。Eg. His plan turned out a success. // The search proved difficult.
6.2 助动词
协助主要动词构成谓语动词,不可单独使用
1)常用的助动词有:be、have、do、shall、will、should、would 2)可用来表示时态 He has got married. 3)可用来表示语态 He was sent to England. 4)构成疑问句
5)与否定副词not连用,构成否定句 6)表加强语气He did know that.
6.3 be的用法
1)be + 现在分词,构成进行时态 2)be + 过去分词,构成被动语态 3)be + 动词不定式,
A. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,一般将来时 B. 表示命令 You are to explain this. C. 征求意见 Who is to go there?
D. 表示相约,商定 We are to meet at the school gate at seven.
6.4 have 的用法
1)have + 过去分词,构成完成时态 2)have + been + 现在分词,构成完成进行时 3)have + been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态
6.5 do 的用法
(1)shall / will / should / would
shall用于第一人称,will用于第二、第三人称;shall用于第二、三人称变为情态动词,意为应该,含有某种命令的意味 (2)短语动词:动词+副词 / 介词 1)动词+副词:block out 2)动词+介词:look into
3)动词+副词+介词:look forward to
(3)非谓语动词:动词不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词)
6.6 动名词
动名词作主语、宾语和表语。 做宾语:动词/词组+doing
常见的动词或词组有:admit;appreciate欣赏,感激;avoid避免;complete完成;consider认为;delay耽误;deny否认;detest讨厌;endure忍受;escape逃脱;prevent阻止;fancy想象;imagine;miss;postpone推迟;recall回忆;resent讨厌;resist抵抗;resume继续;risk;face面对;include包括;stand忍受;understand;forgive宽恕;keep继续
admit to;prefer…to…;lead to…;object to…;stick to…坚持;It’s no good / use doing sth;be tired / fond of;be capable of;put off ;keep on doing sth;insist on;count on/upon;set about doing sth;take up;give up doing sth
【特殊】be worth + n. 名词为金钱时,表示值……钱 //be worth doing sth be worthy of + n. // be worthy to be done
be worthwhile to do sth // It is worthwhile doing / sb to do sth
6.7 动词不定式
(1)用法 A. 作宾语
1)动词+不定式:afford ; aim ; appear ; agree ; arrange ; ask ; bother ; care ; dare ; demand ; desire ; endeavor ; determine / decide ; elect ; expect ; hesitate ; long ; mean ; ought ; prepare ; pretend ; promise ; refuse ; seem ; tend ; wait ; undertake ; wish / hope ;
2)动词+宾语+不定式:ask ; beg ; expect ; help ; need ; prefer ; want ; wish ; like ; love ; hate ; intend ; promise
advise ; allow ; appoint ; command ; cause ; challenge ; compel ; consider ; declare ; enable ; forbid ; force ; hire ; impel ; induce ; inform ; instruct ; order ; permit ; persuade ; remind ; request ; require ; send ; suppose ; tell ; think ; train ; urge ; warn ; trust ; judge ; invite
【特殊】find it + adj. + to do // find sb doing/do sth I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
3)动词 + to be:acknowledge ; believe ; consider ; think ; declare ; discover ; fancy ; turn out ; find ; prove ; take ; suppose ; show ; see ; know ; understand
4)动词+疑问词+to:decide ; know ; forget ; learn ; show ; understand ; see ; wonder ; hear ; find out ; explain ; tell
5)to be + 形容词:seem to be ; appear to be ; be said to be ; be supposed to be ; be thought to be ; be known to be ; be reported to be ; hope to be ; desire to be; plan to be ; mean to be ; expect to be ;
6)there to +不定式:believe / expect / intend / prefer / understand there to be 【特殊】consider / regard / think / take / see / believe … as… B. 作主语
1)It’s + adj. + (for sb) to do sth
常见的形容词有:easy / difficult / hard / important / possible / impossible / comfortable / necessary / better / the first / the next / the last / the best / too much / too little / not enough
2)It’s + adj. + of sb to do sth
这类形容词大多数是与人的性格有关的:kind / nice / stupid / rude / clever / foolish / thoughtful / considerate / thoughtless / brave / silly / selfish 【特殊】句子的主语和表语都是不定式时,不能用it's … to… To see is to believe.
C. 作表语His dream is to be a doctor.
D. 作定语,放在所修饰的名词后 I have lots of work to do. E. 作状语 only to / in order to / so as to / so …as to…
(2)省略to的用法
1)情态动词;2)使役动词have/make/let;3)感官动词see/watch/look at/observe/notice/hear/listen to/smell/feel/find等 【注】被动语态不能省略to。
【特殊】had better do sth;would rather do (3)too…to 太……以至于……
A. 若too前面有否定词,则整个句子表示肯定的含义,意为不太…… It's never too late to mend. 改过不嫌晚
B. 当too前有only/but/all等词修饰时,意思是非常,相当于very I'm only too pleased to be able to help you .我非常高兴能帮助到你。 (4)动名词与动词不定式的区别:
动名词表示的是经常性的、已发生的事情,抽象的 动词不定式表示的是一次性的、将要发生的事情,具体的 【特殊词】
1)stop to do 中断去做另一件事& stop doing停止正在做的事 2)forget to do 忘记要做某事 & forget doing忘记做过某事 3)remember、regret与2)用法类似
4)cease to do长时停止做某事 & cease doing 短时停止做某事,以后会接着做 5)try to do 努力,企图做某事 & try doing 试验,试着做某事
6)go on to do做了一件事后做另外一件事 & go on doing 继续做同一件事 7)be afraid to do主观上不敢做某事 & be afraid of doing 担心doing的结果 8)mean to do 打算做某事& mean doing 意味着
9)begin/start to do & begin/start doing sth 一种习惯 【注】后接 know、understand、realize时用 to do It 作主语时,用 to do
10)感官动词+ do 强调动作的完整性、真实性 感官动词+doing 强调动作的连续性、进行性
7. 分词
(1)作定语:一般置于所修饰的词语前,遇到given、left等置其修饰词后 (2)作状语:选用过去分词还是现在分词,关键是主句的主语。 (3)作补语:置于感官动词/使役动词后
(4)作表语:现在分词表主动,正在进行;过去分词表被动,已经完成 (5)作插入语:generally speaking / speaking of / talking of / strictly speaking / juding from / all things concerned 从整体来看 / taking all things into consideration 全面看来
8. 独立主格
可与with结构互换 1)名词/代词+分词 Time / weather permitting This done,we went home. 2)名词/代词+形容词
He came into the room,his ears red with cold. 3)名词/代词+副词 4)名词/代词+不定式
5)名词/代词+介词短语
He came out of the library,a large book under his arm.
【注】当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分,也不用复数 A robber brust into the room,knife in hand.(with复合结构不受限制)
当表人体部位的词作逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用过去分词
9. 时态
9.1 现在进行时 be+ing形式
(1)表示正在进行的动作; (2)表示现阶段一直进行的动作; (3)表示按计划即将发生的动作;
此情况下,动词为表示位置移动的词,如go、leave、depart、come、arrive、stay、start等,且主语必须为人 (4)表示刚刚过去的动作;
此情况下,动词必须是表示说话的词,如tell、talk、say等 Believe it or not,I am telling the truth。 I don’t know what you are talking about。 (5)表示某种感情色彩;
此情况下,常与一些频度副词,如always、continually、constantly、for ever连用 He is continually finding fault with me。 (6)表示婉转语气
此情况只适用于hope、wonder 等词。 I am hoping / wondering if……
(7)表示逐渐
此情况下,适用于一些表示递进的词,如grow、become、turn、go、run、forget、remember、begin、die、finish、find、rise、bet等 Our country is becoming better and better。 The leaves are turning red in autumn。 (8)be动词的现在进行时
此情况下,表示说话者认为是短暂的、和平常不一样的,甚至是伪装的一种现象 一般是be与表示人的特性、性格的形容词连用,如foolish、nice、kind、careful、patient、lazy、silly、rude、polite、impolite等 He is being foolish。 He is being rude。 【注】不用进行时的动词
1)表示事实状态的动词:have、owe、possess、belong、exist、include、contain、continue、matter、weigh、measure等
2)表示心理状态的词:know、realize、think、believe、suppose、imagine、agree、recognize、remember、want、need、mean、understand、hate、love、prefer、forget、see
3)瞬间动词:accept、receive、complete、finish、give、allow、decide、refuse 4)系动词:seem、remain、lie、see、hear、smell、feel、taste、turn、get、become
9.2 过去进行时
(1)表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作 (2)表示过去某一阶段一直进行的动作
(3)表示过去某种习惯性动作
He was getting up at 6 every day that month。
(4)表示过去将来时间里的动作(按照计划安排即将发生的过去将来动作) (5)表示某种感情色彩(褒奖或厌烦,多表达不满) (6)表示婉转语气,适用于hope、wonder、want等词; (7)表示主观臆想
此情况只适用于某些固定结构,如 I would rather you were going at once。 I wish they were not playing computer games。 It is time we were leaving。
9.3 一般现在时
(1)经常性或习惯性的动作 (2)表示客观真理、科学事实等 (3)格言警句中
(4)现在的状态、能力、性格及特征等 【注】一般现在时表将来
1)表示位置移动的词,come、go、arrive、leave、start、begin、return表示在时间上已经确定好或安排好的事情
2)倒装句,表示动作正在进行 There goes the bell.
3)时间或条件从句中。When Bill comes,ask him to wait for me. 4)动词hope、take care that、make sure that等后
9.4 一般过去时
(1)在确定的过去时间里发生的动作或存在的状态 (2)过去一段时间内经常性或习惯性动作
(3)wish、wonder、hope、think等用作试探性的询问、请求或建议等,用过去时,如I thought you came tomorrow.
一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在。 【注】一般过去时表示现在,常常用于委婉语气 【句型】It is time for sb to do sth // It is time sb did sth Would rather sb did sth 【比较】一般过去时与现在完成时
(1)过去时表示过去发生的动作,强调动作;而现在完成时强调过去事情对现在的影响,强调影响
(2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用;现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用 过去时:last week、just now
9.5 现在完成时
for、since、so far、ever、never、just、yet、until/till、up to now、in past years、always、recently、lately
(3)现在完成时表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的(表示经验,经历);过去时一般用非延续性动词(表示行为的结果):come、go、leave、start、die、finish、become、get married (4)现在完成时的句型:
1)It is the first/second time…that…结构,从句用现在完成时
2)This is the best…that…,从句用现在完成时 3)主句用现在完成时,since从句用一般过去时 It is/ has been+一段时间+since从句 4)for+一段时间
9.6 一般将来时
(1)shall/wil + do
(2)be going to do(表示主观的打算或计划)
1)即将做某事;2)按计划或安排要发生的事;3)有迹象要发生的事 (3)be to do 按计划或正式安排将要发生的事情(表客观安排或受人指示) (4)be about to do 马上做某事,不能与表明确将来时的时间状语连用
9.7 过去完成时
(1)用在told、said、knew、heard、thought等动词后的宾语从句
(2)用在表示意向的动词hope、wish、expect、think、intend、mean、suppose等后,意为本来…未能…
We had hoped that you would come,but you didn't. (3)had no sooner…than… 刚……就……
10. 语态
(1)表示据说或相信的词组:believe、consider、suppose、think、understand、feel、say、see、expect、report
It's said / reported / believed / hoped / thought / suggested / well-known that… It's taken for granted that…
It has been decided that… It must be remembered that… (2)不用于被动语态:
1)不及物动词或动词短语:appear、disappear、die、end、fail、happen、sit、spread、break out、come true、fall asleep、keep silence、lose heart、take place 【注】rise、fall、happen是不及物动词,raise、seat是及物动词
2)不能用于被动语态的及物动词:fit、have、hold、marry、own、wish、cost、notice、watch、agree with、arrive at、shake hands with、succeed in、suffer from、happen to、belong to 3)系动词无被动语态
4)不定式作宾语时,很少用被动语态 (3)主动表被动
【特殊】wash、clean、cook、iron、look、cut、sell、read、wear、feel、draw、write、drive…
The books sells well。 The knife cuts easily。 blame、let、rent、keep、build、remain…
need / require / want / worth doing = need / want / require / worth to be done have sth done 要某人做某事
make sb heard / understood使别人能听见/理解自己
11.句子种类
11.1 祈使句
一种是以动词原形开头(否定句加助动词don't);一种是以let开头(let us不包
括说话者 / let's 包括说话者)
11.2感叹句
what / how 引导,表示赞美、惊叹、喜悦等感情
句型:how + adj./adv. + 主 + 谓 // how + adj. + a/an + n. + 主 + 谓 What + a/an + adj. + n. + 主 + 谓
What + adj. + n.(可数名词复数或不可数名词)+ 主 + 谓 What + n. + 主 + 谓
11.3反意疑问句
1)如果陈述句部分是含有宾语从句的复杂句,则反义疑问句部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与主句的谓语动词和主语相对应。 He never said she would come, did he?
You told me I had passed the exam, didn’t you?
2)如果陈述句部分是I think/believe/suppose/imagine/expect/fancy/reckon 等+宾语从句结构时,反义疑问句部分的谓语动词和主语代词要与宾语从句的谓语动词和主语相对应,注意否定前移。
I suppose you are not serious, are you? She imagines that people like her, don’t they? I don’t believe she knows it, does she? I didn’t expect she would come, would she?
3)如果陈述句部分是祈使句,则反义疑问句部分一般用will you。否定祈使句后还是用will you。 Read the text, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
4)如果陈述句部分是let’s 开头的祈使句,则反义疑问部分一般用shall we;如果是以let us 开头的祈使句,则反义疑问句用will you。 Let’s have a party tonight, shall we? Let us go home, will you?
5)如果陈述句部分带有never、nothing、nowhere、hardly、scarcely、seldom、rarely、barely、little、few等否定词或半否定词,反义疑问句部分要使用肯定式 You can hardly believe this, can you?
He has few good reasons for staying, does he? 6)如果陈述部分的谓语是wish,疑问部分要用 may +主语 I wish to have a word with you,may I?
7)如果陈述部分含有ought to 且是肯定的,疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't to + 主语
He ought to konw what to do, oughtn't he?
8)陈述部分含有have/has/had to,疑问部分用don't/doesn't/didn't + 主语 We have to get there at eight tomorrow,don't we?
9)陈述部分含有used to,疑问部分用usedn't / didn't +主语 He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he? 10)陈述部分含有had better,疑问部分用hadn't you? You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you? 11)陈述部分含有would rather,疑问部分用wouldn't +主语
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
12)陈述部分含有you'd like to,疑问部分用wouldn't +主语 You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 13)感叹句中,疑问部分用be + 主语
What a smell, isn't it? What colours, aren't they?
14)陈述部分主语是everything、nothing、this、that等词,疑问部分主语用it Everything is ready, isn't it?
15)陈述部分为并列复合句,采用就近原则
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
16)陈述部分含有need / dare(情态动词),疑问部分用need/dare+主语;dare/need 作实义动词讲时,用助动词
17)否定前缀不能认为是否定词,疑问部分仍用否定形式
12. 倒装
(1)表示否定或基本否定的词或词组位于句首做状语时用部分倒装,常用的词组有:never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account等。
Never have I heard it before. Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam. Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
【注】no sooner…than和hardly/scarcely/barely…when//before 位于句首时用部分倒装,在时态上主句用一般过去完成时,从句用一般过去时
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang. No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out. (2)当here、there、then、thus、only、hence、little等副词位于句首,或表示运动方向/地点状语的副词置于句首时,句中主、谓用倒装(完全倒装) Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries. Ahead sat an old woman.
【比较】Here he comes. // Away they went.(主语是人称代词时部分倒装) (3)当so/such…that结构中的so/such位于句首时用倒装 So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
(4)分句以so、neither、nor、no more等副词位于句首时,表明前面句子中所说明的情况也适用于后面的句子时用倒装。
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals. He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
【注】当so引出的句子用以对上文的内容加以肯定或证实时,不可用倒装结构,意为的确如此,So it is. (5)only位于句首
1)Only in this way,can you learn English well. 2)句子为主从复合句,从句倒装,主句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill,does he ever stay in bed.
(6)as/though 引导的让步状语从句,必须将状语或表语(形容词/副词/分词/实义动词)提前
Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
【注】句首名词不能带任何冠词;句首实义动词,助动词置于主语后,若实义动
词后有宾语或状语,随实义动词提前 (7)其他部分倒装结构
1)某些祝愿的句型中,如May you all be happy.
2)虚拟语气条件从句中,谓语动词were、had、should等词,可将if省略,将were、should、had提前
Were I you(If I were you),I would try it again.
13. 主谓一致
(1)就近原则:there be / neither…nor…/either…nor…
(2)就远原则:with / together with / as well as / but / except / no less than / like等,谓语动词与主语前的主语一致 【特殊】
half of / part of / most of / a portion of作主语时,动词与of后的名词保持一致 many a / more than one 所修饰的词作主语时,谓语动词用单数; 但more than…of 作主语时,谓语动词用复数
More than 60 percent of the students are from the city
14. 虚拟语气
(1)真实条件句,用于陈述语气,表示假设的情况可能发生
时态条件从句用一般现在时,主句用shall / will + 动词原形(不可用be going to) (2)非真实条件句,基本特点是时态退后 1)表示同现在事实相反的假设
从句用一般过去时,主句用should / would + 动词原形 If they were here,they would help you.
2)表示同过去事实相反的假设
从句用过去完成时,主句用would / should have + 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. 3)表示对将来的假想
从句用一般过去时或were to或should + v.从句用would / should + 动词原形 (3)混和条件句,主句和从句的动作发生在不同的时间,依情况而定 (4)特殊句型
1)It is demanded / ordered / required / requested / proposed / insisted that + sb should do sth ,should 可省略
2)It's important / necessary / natural / strange that +sb should do sth 3)It's a pity / shame that 4)It's no wonder that
5)表示命令、建议、要求等动词后面的宾语从句
【注】当suggest、insist表示表明、坚持认为时,用陈述语气而不是虚拟语气 6)表示命令、建议或要求的同位语从句中,用虚拟语气,如suggestion、advice、plan、idea、ordre、proposal等词
My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference. 7)It is high time that + sb should do sth (5)Wish 的特殊用法
1)表示与事实相反的情况,或将来不太可能实现的愿望
I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。 He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 2)Wish sb to do // wish to do
15. 名词性从句
连接词:that、whether、if(不充当任何成分);连接代词:what、whatever、who、whoever、whom、which、whose;连接副词:when、where、how、why 位于介词后的连词或是引导同位语从句的连词不可省略
Whether与if:当whether引导主语从句且置于句首;whether引导表语从句;whether从句作介词宾语;whether…or not,whether与if 不可替换 【注】it appears that 似乎……;it happens that碰巧……; it occured to me that… 突然想起……
16. 定语从句
whose=of which ;when = on / in which ;why = for which;where=in which (1)限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句:限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明确;非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明,去掉了也不会影响主句的意思,它与主句之间通常用逗号分开(当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时) 【注】that 和 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句
(2)as与 which引导的非限制性定语从句,as一般置于句首,which置于居中 【注】as代表整个主句且在从句中作主语时,谓语动词必须是be动词 (3)What 特指=the thing which& whatever泛指=anything
(4)只能用that的情况 1)there be 句型
2)不定代词anything、nothing、any、little、few等作先行词 3)先行词有the only、the very修饰时
4)先行词有序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时 5)先行词既有人也有物时
17. 状语从句
(1)方式状语从句
as…so…结构位于句首,这里的as有比喻的含义,意思是正如…,就像… eg. As water is to fish,so air is to man.
as if/ as though引导状语从句多用虚拟语气,似乎,好像;当所说情况是事实或者实现的可能性较大时,用陈述语气 (2)原因状语从句:as、since、for、because
Because语势最强,用来说明人们不知道的原因,常用来回答why的问题;当原因是显而易见的或是人们所熟知的,则用since、as;如果是表示说话者的推断,则用for
(1)目的状语从句:so that、in order that、for fear that、in case、lest等词 (2)结果状语从句:so…that…、such…that…引导 【固定搭配】so much / many / few / little… ;such a lot of…
(3)条件状语从句:if、unless=if not、on condition that…、as / so long as等 (4)让步状语从句:though、although引导,不能与but连用,可与yet连用 Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合,但伤疤留下了.
even if / though 即使; whether…or… 不管…都…; no matter wh- // wh- + -ever
(5)时间状语从句中when、while、as:when与as引导短暂性动作的动词;当从句的动作发生在主句动作之前,只能用when引导;表示随着时间的推移只能用as,如as the time goes on // as the day went on (6)表示一……就……的句型:
as soon as / no sooner…than ;hardly / scarcely / barely…when… No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
18. 连词
(1)and & or:平行结构
连接祈使句或名词词组表示条件 One more effort,and you'll succeed. There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.(两否定词被看做是肯定结构) (2)although与yet连用,但不与but连用
19. 情态动词
(1)特征:
1) 情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。 3) 情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
(2)can 与 be able to的区别
1)can只有现在式和过去式,be able to 可用于各种时态 2)表示成功做成某事时,只能用be able to,相当于manage to do 3)表示委婉的请求或者否定地推测/怀疑时,用could He couldn't be a bad man. (3)may与might的区别
might表示推测时,只是可能性比may小,都表示没有把握地推测 may / might as well 不妨 If that is the case,we may as well try. (4)must与have to的区别:
must表示说话人的主观看法,have to 表示客观需要 否定句中mustn't 表示禁止;don't have to 表示不必 表示要求、命令时,should、had better、must语气渐强
【引申】must用在肯定句中表示较有把握地推测,意为“一定”,有must be / must be doing / must have done / must have been doing 否定推测用can't
(5)should have done / ought to have done 表示本应做某事而事实上没有做,其否定形式表示本不该做某事却做了
(6)needn't have done 本没必要做某事而做了
(7)would like to have done 本打算做某事但事实上没有做
20. 特殊句型
1)there is no point in doing sth 做……是无济于事的/没有什么作用
there is very little/not much point in doing sth【point做目的、用处讲,不可数】 2)have difficulty/ trouble in doing sth
3)keep sb busy (in) doing sth //be busy with sth 4)feel like doing sth
21. 平行结构
当两个或两个以上的同等成分(主谓宾定状补)并列时,要求它们结构或词性相同,即名队名,介对介,分对分,句对句等 使役动词后的宾语补足语
常见的使役动词有:have、make、get、leave、let、set、want等,其宾语补足语有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式和分词等 make、let、have动词不定式不用to
强调句型 it is +被强调部分(主/宾/状语)+that+句子其他部分 It is what you will do that is essential.
It is only when one is ill that one realize the value of health.
【注】被强调的部分是表示人的名词,可用who代替;表示物的名词可用which代替;如果是原因状语从句,只能用because引导,而不能用since者as者why 有三类句子不能被强调,表语/谓语(加助动词)/though,although,whereas引导的从句
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. (误) I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. (正)
【收藏版】常用固定搭配
(1)abide by 忠于;遵守 be faithful to;
(2)being absent-minded absence of mind 心不在焉的 (3)be absorbed in/ be engrossed in / be rapt in (4)concentrate on / focus on / center on
(5)be abundant in 富裕,富有;be rich in;be well supplied with (6)by accident / accidentally / by chance 偶然地,意外
(7)of one’s own accord 自愿地;主动地(without being asked;willingly) (8)in accord with 与……一致; out of one’s accord with 同…不一致 (9)on one’s own account 为了某人的缘故;为了某人自己的利益 (10)by oneself 依靠自己 on account of 因为 on no account 无论如何 (11)take … into account/consideration 把……考虑进去 allow for… (12)give sb an account of 说明,解释(理由) (13)account for 解释,说明 (14)accuse…of… 指控,控告
charge…with…;blame sb for sth;blame sth on sb
(15)be accustomed to 习惯于… be used to / be in the habit of … (16)be acquainted with ... / have knowledge of.../ have command of... (17)act on 奉行,按照…行动 act as 扮演;act for 代理 (18)In addition 此外,又,加之
(19)in addition to… 除…之外/ as well as/besides/other than
(20)adhere to /abide by/conform to /insist on / persist
in/observe/opinion/belief/comply with 粘附,坚持;遵循
(21)have the advantage of…处于…的有利条件;have the advantage of sb (22)take advantage of/make the best of/make use of /harness /utilize (23)agree to 同意;agree with 赞同(某人意见) (24)In agreement with 同意,一致
(25)above all / especially / most important of all 尤其是,最重要的是 (26)In all 总共,总计 all in all 大体上说 be in all 累极了 (27)amount to… / be equal to…总计,等于
(28)answer for 对……负责 / undertake responsibility for/ take charge for (29)arise from 由…引起的
(30)approve of / be in favor of / agree to 同意,赞成,批准 (31)assure sb of sth 向…保证;使确信
(32)attribute…to… 把……归因于;认为是…的结果 (33)behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话) (34)on the basis of… 在……的基础上 (35)Believe in 相信,依赖 (36)On behalf of
(37)Get the better of sb 打败,胜过
(38)By birth 在出生上,论出身 give birth to (39)In bulk 成批的,不散装的 (40)On business
(41)Last but one 倒数第二 (42)But for 要不是
(43)Be capable of… 能够,有…能力的 (44)Buy sth for…money
(45)For fear that 万一in case in case of… 如果发生… (46)In the case of… 就……而言 (47)Be cautious of 谨防
(48)Round the clock 昼夜不停地/ all day and all night (49)Comment on 评论
(50)Commit oneself to…使自己承担
(51)Have something in common 和……有共同之处 (52)Keep company with… 和……要好
(53)In that 因为 now that 既然 on condition that 假如,以…为条件 (54)With confidence 满怀信心的 have confidence in… 对……有信心 in confidence 推心置腹地
(55)Be confront with 面对,面临 (56)On the contrary 相反
(57)Contrast…with… 与……相对(对照)
(58)By contract 对比之下 in contract to/with 和…形成对比 (59)Convince sb of persuade sb to do sth (60)At one’s convenience
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