句子按结构可分为简单句、并列句和复合句。复合句中包含宾语从句、状语从句或定语从句等。 ◆一 简单句
简单句就是只包含一个主谓结构的句子，其句式结构主要有五种： ①主 + 谓。He works in a big company. 他在一家大公司工作。 ②主 + 系 + 表。She is a kind girl. 她是一个善良的女孩。
③主 + 谓 + 宾。Ann eats junk food twice a week .安一周吃两次垃圾食品。 ④主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾。He gave me a pen .他给我一支钢笔。
⑤主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补。He kept me waiting for two hours .他让我等了两小时。 ◆二 并列句
并列句由两个或两个以上的简单句连接而成。并列句中的各简单句同等重要，没有从属关系，是并列的关系，之间用并列连词连接。
1. 表示顺承的并列连词有and / not only …but （also）等。 如：She not only gave us a lot of advice, but
also helped us to overcome difficulties .他不仅给了我们很多建议，而且还帮助我们克服困难。
2. 表示选择的并列连词有or，either …or …等。如：Either you or Maria will have to go .你或玛丽亚得去一趟。
3. 表示转折的并列连词有but，yet，however 等。如：It is hot in summer here , but it’s not cold in winter . 这里夏天热，但冬天不冷。
4. 表示因果关系的并列连词有so，如：He works hard , so he is one of the top students in our class .因为他学习
努力，所以他是我们班最优秀的学生之一。 ◆三 宾语从句 1. 宾语从句的引导词
宾语从句的引导词有that（可省略），if , whether , who , whose , what等。如： ①He tells me (that) he is going shopping this Sunday .他告诉我这个星期天他要去
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购物。
②She asked me if / whether she could join us .她问我她是否可以加入我们。 ③Do you know who broke the door .你知道谁弄坏了门吗？ 2. 宾语从句的语序
在含有宾语从句的复合句中，宾语从句都要使用陈述语序。如： ①I want to know when the train left .我想知道火车是什么时候离开的。 ②Could you tell me what your name is ?你能告诉我你叫什么名字吗？ 3. 宾语从句的时态
①如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句，宾语从句可以根据实际需要用各种时态。如：
He tells us that he has been able to look after himself .他告诉我们他已经能够照顾自己了。
②如果主句是一般过去时，宾语从句应该使用对应的过去时态的一种。如： They said that they had already finished the work .他们说他们已经完成了工作。 ③宾语从句叙述的是客观事实、格言等时，用一般现在时。如：
Everyone knows there are sixty minutes in an hour .大家都知道1小时有60分钟。 4. 否定前移
在宾语从句中，当主句的主语为I或we，谓语动词为think , believe , suppose等时，否定应前移。如：
①I don’t think he is right . 我认为他不对。②We don’t suppose he will come .我们猜测他不会来。 ◆四 状语从句
状语从句在复合句中作状语，修饰主句中的动词、形容词、副词等。 1. 时间状语从句
在时间状语从句中，常用的引导词有when / while / before / after / until(till) / as soon as / since / as等。如：
①She was cooking when someone knocked at the door . 有人敲门时，她正在煮饭。 ②What will you do after you finish your homework ? 你做完作业后准备做什么？ 2. 条件状语从句
在条件状语从句中，常用的引导词有if / unless等。如：
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①If it doesn’t rain , I will go fishing .如果不下雨，我将去钓鱼。
②They will have a picnic unless it rains next Sunday .如果下星期日不下雨，他们要进行野炊活动。
※ If 引导的条件状语从句，若主句用一般将来时，则从句应用一般现在时表将来。
3. 原因状语从句
在原因状语从句中，常用的引导词有because / as / since 等。如： ①He didn’t come because he was ill . 他没有来，因为他生病了。 ②As you are sorry, I’ll forgive you. 既然你悔悟了，我就原谅你。 4. 结果状语从句
结果状语从句主要由so…that… / such…that…引导。so后接形容词或副词；such后接名词。如：
①It’s so hot that we want to go swimming .天太热了，因此我们想去游泳。 ②That’s such an interesting story that everybody likes it .那是一个如此有趣的故事，大家都喜欢它。 5. 目的状语从句
在目的状语从句中，常用的引导词有so that / in order that等。如：
①Please say it in a loud voice so that everyone can hear it .请大声说，以便大家都能听见。
②He works harder in order that he can go to a good college .他更加努力地学习，以便能上一所好大学。 6. 让步状语从句
在让步状语从句中，常用的引导词有though / although / even if / even though等。though或although引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用。如：
①He often helps others though / although he is not rich .尽管他并不富裕，但他经常帮助别人。
②They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed .即使你不成功，他们也会支持你。 7. 比较状语从句
比较状语从句常由than / as…as… / not as …as…等引导。如： ①He is more outgoing than I(am) .他比我外向。
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②He ran as fast as Mike did .他和迈克跑得一样快。
③It isn’t so / as easy as you thought .这不像你想的那么容易。 ◆五 定语从句
修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 1. 关系动词的基本用法
作主语
作宾语
作定语
指人 who / that 指物 which / that
who / whom /that / 省略 whose which / that / 省略
whose
①The man who / that spoke at the meeting is from Hong Kong .在会上发言的人来自香港。（who / that指人，作主语）
②I don’t like the story which / that he told me yesterday .我不喜欢他昨天给我讲的故事。（which / that指物，作宾语）
③I visited a scientist whose name is known all over the world .我拜访了一位世界知名的科学家。（whose指人，作定语） 2. 关系副词的基本用法
⑴ when在句中作状语，表示时间。如：He remembers the day when he joined the League .他记得他入团的那天。
⑵ where在句中作定语，表示地点。如：This is the place where Lu Xun was born .这就是鲁迅出生的地方。
⑶ why 在句中作状语，表示原因。如：This is the reason why he is late today .这就是他今天迟到的原因。 练习：
一 用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。
1. Mrs. Wang said that she _________ (buy) a new car the next day. 2. Our English teacher told us that Christmas ______ (be) on December 25. 3. I’ll tell you as soon as Kate ______ (come) here.
4. Could you tell me when your father _________ (go) to New York? When he ______ (go) there, we’ll see him off.
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5. Home with kids is one of the TV sitcoms that ______ (make) us laugh again and again. 二 单项选择
1. Could you please keep the windows _____? It’s so hot in the room. A. open B. opens C. opening
2. Work hard, _____ you’ll fall behind your classmates . A. and B. but C. or
3. Ben asked me ______ I had read the news in today’s newspaper . A. what B. that C. if 4. –Can you tell me _____?
-Of course. He comes from Japan.
A. where is he from B. where does he come from C. when he comes from 5. I don’t know if she ______ to the party. If she ______, I’ll tell you. A. comes; comes B. will come; comes C. will come; will come 6. Cathy likes comedies, _____ they’re very funny. A. because B. if C. so
7. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice _____ he came to Yunnan. A. since B. after C. before
8. They piled the snow in one place _____ the children could make a snowman A. so that B. when C. until 9. –I won’t go to the party tomorrow.
-_____ you told me you would, what’s happening? A. Or B. So C . But
10. –You don’t look well. What’s wrong with you, Wang Ming?
-Last night I watched the football match and didn’t go to bed _____ 11 o’clock . A. when B. until C. while
11. Mr. Brown knows little Japanese, _____ he can’t understand the instructions on the bottle of the pills . A. or B. so C. but
12. You will be late _____ you hurry up .
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A. when B. unless C. if
13. Some people like to play mahjong, _____ others don’t. A. when B. while C. as
14. _____ he is young, _____ he knows several languages. A. Though; but B. Though; so C . Though; / 15. By then he _____ three English songs. A. has learned B. learned C. had learned 16. There is a film _____ we like best. A. whose B. who C. /
17. This is the most interesting book _____ I’ve read before. A. that B. which C. who
18. This is the room in _____ Chairman Mao lived. A. that B. which C. whom
19. August 1, 1927 was the day _____ the PLA was founded. A. where B. that C. when
答案：ACCC BAAA CBBB BCCC ABC 三 写出下列句子的同义句，每空一词。
1. The foreigners want to know how they can learn Chinese kung fu well. The foreigners want to know _____ _____ learn Chinese kung fu well . 2. When does the train leave? I want to know. I want to know _____does the train _____?
3. “Do you want to try something new?” Tom’s mother asked him. Tom’s mother asked him _____ _____ _____ to try something new . 4. You must be quick. If not, you’ll miss the early bus. _____ quick. _____ you’ll miss the early bus .
5. Jim’s mother let him watch TV after he finished his homework . Jim’s mother _____ let him watch TV _____ he finished his homework. 6. You shouldn’t tell him your address, I think . I _____ think you _____ tell him your address. 7. He ran so fast that we couldn’t catch up with him.
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He ran _____ fast _____ _____ _____ catch up with . 8. This shirt was so cheap that she could buy it.
This shirt was _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ buy . 9. He worked hard so that he could make more money
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