疑问句型
What is this?
结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋this（that…）？
答句：This（that…）＋be 动词＋a book（pen…）。
说明︰此句型意为“这（那）是什么？这（那）是书（钢笔…）”。what（什么）叫做“疑问词”，用于询问“事物”，通常放在句首，后接 be <动词>，再接<主词>，第一个字母 w要大写，句尾要加问号(?)，位置不可排错。
What is this? This is a chair. 这是什么？这是一张椅子。 What’s this? It’s a book. 这是什么？它是一本书。 What is that? That is a desk. 那是什么？那是一张书桌。 What are these?
结构︰问句：What are＋these／those…？
答句：These／Those are＋复数名词（＋s／es）。
说明︰<主词>与<动词>的形式要一致，is 后面接单数<名词>，are 后面要接复数<名词>。 What are these? These are books. 这些是什么？这些是书。 What are those? Those are cups. 那些是什么？那些是茶杯。 What are they? They are glasses. 它们是什么？它们是玻璃杯。 What are you?
结构︰问句：What＋be 动词＋主词（人）…？ 答句：主词＋be 动词＋a student…。
说明︰此句型意为“你是做什么事情的？我是学生…”。疑问词 what 除了询问事物之外，还可用于询问“人的职业或身分”。be <动词>随<人称代名词>的变化而改变形态，如：I am，we are，you are，he is…。
What are you? I am a student. 你是做什么事情的？我是一名学生。 What is she? She is a teacher. 她是做什么事情的？她是一名教师。 Are you a ...?
结构︰问句：Be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词＋…？ 肯定简答：Yes，主词＋am（are，is）。 否定简答：No，主词＋am（are，is）not。
说明︰在否定<简答句>中，<主词>和 am，is，are 可以缩写；在肯定<简答句>中则不可。 Is he a student? Yes, he is. (No, he isn’t.) 他是学生吗？是的，他是。（不，他不是。） Are you a teacher? Yes, I am. (No, I’m not.) 你是教师吗？是的，我是。（不，我不是。） Is that a clock? Yes, it is. (No, it isn’t.) 那是钟表吗？是的，它是。（不，它不是。） What is your name?
结构︰问句：What＋is＋所有格＋name? 答句：所有格＋name＋is＋名字。
说明︰“my，your，his，her”为单数人称的<所有格>；<所有格>后面必接<名词>，即“<所有格>＋<名词>”；<所有格>不可与 a，an，this，that，these 或 those 紧接一起使用。 What is your name? My name is Sue. 妳叫什么名字？我的名字叫苏。 What is his name? His name is John. 他叫什么名字？他的名字叫约翰。 What is her name? Her name is Jean. 她叫什么名字？她的名字叫珍。 Who is that ...?
结构︰问句：Who＋be 动词＋that＋形容词＋名词？
答句：That is＋名字。
说明︰Who 是<疑问代名词>，询问人的“姓名”或“关系”；将<形容词>直接放在<名词>前面，叫做“前位修饰”。
Who is that short boy? That is Bill. 那位矮男孩是谁？那位是比尔。 Who is that tall girl? That is Mary. 那位高女孩是谁？那位是玛丽。 Who is that fat man? He is my uncle. 那位胖男子是谁？那位是我叔叔。 Where is ...?
结构︰问句：Where＋be 动词（am，are，is）＋主词…？ 答句：主词＋be 动词＋in the＋名词…。
说明︰问句是“Where ...?”，简答时可用<副词词组>“In／On the＋<名词>”。 Where is Sue? She is in her room. 苏在那里？她在她的房间里。 Where are your books? On the desk. 你的书在那里？在书桌上。
Where is your mother? She is in the kitchen. 你妈吗在哪里？她在厨房里。 Are you V-ing ...?
结构︰Am（Are，Is）＋主词＋现在分词…？ 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>（人，物）正在…吗？”。这一<句型>转换的三要素是：be <动词>移到句首；改为大写；句尾用问号。
Is Mary sleeping? 玛丽正在睡觉吗？ Are you reading a book? 你正在看书吗？ Is the dog playing? 小狗正在玩耍吗？
What are you doing?
结构︰问句：What＋am（are，is）＋主词＋现在分词？ 答句：主词＋am（are，is）＋现在分词…。
说明︰“<主词>（人）正在做什么？<主词>（人）正在…”。注意：<祈使句>的动词只能用原形，不可造<现在进行式>；表示“瞬间产生”的动作的<动词词组>，如 sit down，stand up，不可造<现在进行式>。
What am I doing? You are reading a book. 我正在做什么？ 你正在阅读一本书。 What are the girls doing? They are singing. 姑娘们正在做什么？ 她们在唱歌。 What is Bill writing? He is writing a letter. 比尔在写什么？ 他在写一封信。 How old are you?
结构︰问句：How old＋be 动词＋主词（某人）？
答句：主词（某人）＋be 动词＋year(s) old。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几岁？某人是…岁”。该句型中，<疑问词>要用 how，不可用 what；且 be <动词>（am，is，are）要和后面的<主词>(某人)配合；答句中的“year(s) old”可以省略。 How old are you? I am twelve (years old). 你几岁？我十二岁。
How old is your sister? She is thirteen years old. 你的姊妹几岁？她十三岁。 How old is John? He is one year old. 约翰几岁？他一岁。 What time is it?
结构︰问句：What time is it？
答句：It is＋数字＋o’clock。
说明︰此句型意为“现在是几点钟？现在是…点钟”。问句中 what 当<形容词>，修饰后面的<名词> time；time 当时间解时，只能用单数，不可用复数。
What time is it? It is ten o’clock. 现在是几点钟？现在是十点钟。 What time is it? It is six o’clock. 现在是几点钟？现在是六点钟。
What time is it? It is nine o’clock. 现在是几点钟？现在是九点钟。 Do you + V ...?
结构︰问句：Do／Does＋主词＋原形动词…？ 肯定简答：Yes，主词＋do／does。
否定简答：No，主词＋don’t／doesn’t。
说明︰肯定句中，如有一般<动词>（speak，work，teach…），则在句首加<助动词> do 或 does，并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>（不加s或es），即构成<疑问句>。 Do you speak English? Yes, I do. (No, I don’t.) 你讲英语吗？是的，我讲英语。（不，我不讲英语。） Does she have a cat? Yes, she does. (No, she doesn’t.) 她有一只猫吗？是的，她有一只猫。（不，她没有一只猫。）
Do they work in office? Yes, they do. (No, they don’t.) 他们在办公室里工作吗？是的，他们在办公室里工作。（不，他们不在办公室里工作。） What time do you + V ...?
结构︰问句：What time＋do／does＋主词＋原形动词…？ 答句：主词（某人）＋一般动词…＋时间。
说明︰此句型意为“某人几点做某事？”<助动词> do 或 does 的选择依<主词>而定，若<主词>为第三人称单数，用 does；其它用 do。
What time do you get up? I usually get up at six. 你几点起床？我通常六点起床。 What time does he go to bed? He usually goes to bed at ten.他几点就寝？他通常十点就寝。 What time does your class begin? It begins at eight-ten. 你的课几点开始？八点十分开始。
What day is today?
结构︰问句：What day is today？
答句：It’s＋Sunday／Monday／…。
说明︰此句型意为“今天是星期几？今天是星期日／星期一／…。”it 可用于指“星期的名称”，但 this或 that 不可以；一星期七天的名称，都是<专有名词>，开头的首字母要大写，前面不加<冠词>。
What day is today? It’s Sunday. 今天是星期几？今天是星期日。 What day is today? It’s Wednesday. 今天是星期几？今天是星期三。 What day is today? It’s Saturday. 今天是星期几？今天是星期六。 How many N are there ...
结构︰问句：How many＋复数名词＋are there in／on＋名词？
答句：There is／are＋单数（复数）名词＋in／on＋名词。
说明︰此句型意为“在某处有多少…？在某处有…。”该句型中，many 修饰复数<名词>；又因本句型是 <疑问句>，故用 are there，不可用 there are。
How many seasons are there in a year? There are four seasons in a year. 一年有几个季节？ 一年有四季。
How many days are there in a week? There are seven days in a week. 一星期有几天？ 一星期有七天。
How many lessons are there in this book? There are twelve lessons in this book. 这本书里有几课？ 这本书里有十二课。
How many ... do you have?
结构︰问句：How many＋复数名词＋do／does＋主词＋have？
答句：主词＋have／has…＋复数名词＋…。
答句：主词＋don’t／doesn’t have…＋复数名词…。
说明︰“How many”后面接复数<可数名词>，复数<名词>的前面可用 many，a lot of，a few，some，few，any，no 等修饰。
How many books do you have? I have a lot of books. (I don’t have any books.) 你有几本书？ 我有许多书。（我没有书。）
How many sweaters do you have? I have three sweaters. (I don’t have any sweaters.) 你有几件毛衣？ 我有三件毛衣。（我没有毛衣。）
How many friends does she have? She has a lot of friends. (She doesn’t have many friends.) 她有几个朋友？ 她有许多朋友。（她没有许多朋友。）
How much ... do you have?
结构︰问句：How much＋单数不可数名词＋do／does＋主词＋have？ 答句：主词＋have／has…＋单数不可数名词。
答句：主词＋don’t／doesn’t have…＋单数不可数名词。
说明︰“How much”后面接单数<不可数名词>，单数<不可数名词>前面可用 much， a little，some，little，any，no 等修饰。
How much tea does he have? He has a lot of tea. (He doesn’t have any tea.) 他有多少茶？ 他有很多茶。（他没有茶。）
How much homework do they have? They have a lot of homework. (They don’t have much homework.) 他们有多少家庭作业？ 他们有许多家庭作业。（他们没有许多家庭作业。） How much fruit do they have? They have a lot of fruit. (They don’t have a lot of fruit.) 他们有多少水果？ 他们有许多水果。（他们没有许多水果。） How much do(es) ... cost?
结构︰How much do（es）＋某物＋cost…？
说明︰此句型意为“某物值多少钱？”。how much 用来询问商品的价格。还可以写作：“How much＋ be <动词>＋某物？\"。
How much does this computer cost? (=How much is this computer?)这部计算机值多少钱？ How much do the vegetables cost? 这些蔬菜值多少钱？
How much do the movie tickets cost? 这些电影票值多少钱？
Did ... V ...
结构︰Did＋主词＋原形动词＋…过去时间？
说明︰将肯定句中的过去式改为“Did＋原形<动词>”，并将 Did 放在句首，句尾用问号，即构成过去式的<疑问句>。
Did he clean the room yesterday? 他昨天打扫房间吗？
Did she wash the skirt yesterday? 她昨天洗这裙子吗？
Did your brother play in the park this morning? 你弟弟今天上午在公园玩耍吗？ Did he eat lunch yesterday? 他昨天吃午饭吗？
Did you see any elephants in the zoo last week? 上星期你在动物园里看到大象了吗？ Did Sue have her breakfast at eight? 苏在八点钟吃过早餐了吗？ Do you ever + V ...?
结构︰问句：Do／Does＋主词＋ever＋原形动词…？
答句：No，主词＋never＋一般动词（加s或es）…。
说明︰ever 通常用于<疑问句>，never 通常用于否定回答；never 也可放在句首，后接原形 <动词>，形成否定<祈使句>，如例句4。
Do you ever use a computer? No, I never use a computer. 你曾经使用计算机吗？不，我未曾使用过计算机。 Does Tom ever get up late? No, Tom never gets up late. 汤姆曾经晚起床吗？不，汤姆未曾晚起床过。
Does Sally ever play the piano? No, Sally never plays the piano. 萨莉曾经弹钢琴吗？不，萨莉未曾弹过钢琴。
Never be late for school, Bill. 比尔，上学绝不可迟到。 What year was he born in?
结构︰What date／year＋was／were＋主词＋born＋on／in？
说明︰此句型意为“你出生于几月几日（那一年）？”。born 是<原形动词> bear 的过去<分词>，在文法上当 <形容词>，前面常有 was 或 were；中文说“某人出生”，英语应说：“某人＋was／were born…”。
What year were you born in? 你出生于那一年？
What date was your mother born on? 你母亲出生于几月几日？ What month was your sister born in? 你妹妹出生于几月？
What will you do on ...?
结构︰What will／did＋主词＋do＋on＋时间？ 说明︰此句型意为“某人在某时间将做什么？（未来式）某人在某时做了什么事？（过去式）”。指特定的日期（如几月几日）、星期几或星期几的早上（下午，晚上），要用介系词on。 What will you do on Teacher’s Day? 你在教师节将做什么事？ What will they do on Christmas Eve? 他们在圣诞夜将做什么事？
What will Helen do on her birthday? 海伦在她生日那天将做什么事？ What did John do on New Year’s Day? 约翰在元旦做了什么事？ What did Mary do on Youth Day? 玛丽在青年节做了什么事？
What did the suspect do on July ninth? 嫌疑犯在七月九日做了什么事情？
How do you + V ...?
结构︰问句：How＋do＋主词＋一般动词…？
答句：主词＋一般动词…＋情状副词。
说明︰How 是问情况的<疑问副词>，表示“怎样…？”。用于说明“状态或性质”的副词，称为 <情状副词>。当用来修饰<不及物动词>时，<情状副词>位于其后；当用来修饰<及物动词>时，<情状动词>位于<及物动词>的前面或后面。
How did you do your work? I did my work happily. 你怎样做你的工作？ 我很快乐地做了我的工作。
How did Mrs. Lin look at Mr. Lin? She looked at Mr. Lin coldly. 林太太怎样注视林先生？ 她冷漠地注视林先生。
How does Mr. Wang drive his taxi? He drives his taxi carefully. 王先生怎样驾驶他的出租车？ 他小心地驾驶他的出租车。 You are ..., aren’t you?
结构︰肯定句，＋否定式助动词＋主词？
说明︰这是一种反意<疑问句>，其结构特点是：第一部分是肯定式，第二部分就用否定式。直述句的<主词>是<名词>时，附加问句的<主词>要用<代名词>代替：it 代替 this， that，<不定词>(当<主词>)或<动名词>(当<主词>)等；they 代替 these，those， people 等。下列<助动词>的否定缩写式较易弄错：will not－>won’t；would not－> wouldn’t；should not－>shouldn’t；can not－>can’t；could not－>couldn’t； might not－>mightn’t；ought not
－>oughtn’t。直述句有一般<动词>现在式，则附加问句用 do 或 does 代替；有一般<动词>过去式，则附加问句用 did 代替。
They’re ready, aren’t they?（读降调）他们准备好了吧？（读升调）他们准备好了，不是吗？
Mike has a car, doesn’t he?（读降调）麦克有辆车，是吧？（读升调）麦克有辆车，不是吗？
The secretary typed the letter, didn’t she? 是秘书打了这封信，不是吗？ They will go to Europe, won’t they? 他们将去欧洲，不是吗？ You are the teacher, aren’t you? 你就是老师，不是吗？
I suppose you have been in our woods, haven’t you?我推想你在我们的森林里呆过，不是吗？
I know he had a good time last night, didn’t he? 我知道他昨天晚上玩得很愉快，不是吗？ The wall plug is broken, isn’t it? 墙上的插座坏了，不是吗？
Clean parks are beautiful, aren’t they? 干净的公园是美丽的，不是吗？ You can do it, can’t you? 你会做它，不是吗？
We should rise early, shouldn’t we? 我们应该早起，不是吗？
He isn’t ..., is he?
结构︰否定句，＋肯定式助动词＋主词？
说明︰这是另一种反意<疑问句>。否定结构在第一部分，第二部分就要用肯定结构。对反意<疑问句>的回答和对否定式一般<疑问句>一样，要看答句。 He isn’t a manager, is he? －- Yes, he is. (No, he isn’t.)
他不是经理，是吧？－－不，他是经理。（是的，他不是经理。） Mike doesn’t have a car, does he? 麦克没有车，是吗？
The secretary didn’t type the letter, did she? 秘书没有打过这封信，是吗？ They won’t go to Europe, will they? 他们不会去欧洲，是吗？
You aren’t the teacher, are you? 你不是老师，是吗？
I don’t think he can answer the question, can he? 我想他无法回答这个问题，是吗？ What in the world ...?
结构︰疑问词＋in the world／on earth／ever＋其它
说明︰此句型意为“究竟…？到底…？”。这是特殊<疑问句>的强调说法。in the world，on earth 和 ever是强调疑问词的<词组>。
How in the world will he do it? 他到底将如何做这件事？ What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么？ How on earth did you know it? 你到底是怎么知道的？ Who on earth told you that? 那件事究竟是谁告诉你的？ Where ever did you lose it? 你到底在哪儿丢的呀？ What in the world are they hoping for? 他们到底想要什么？ Are you ... or ...?
结构︰一般疑问句（读升调）＋or＋一般疑问句（读降调）
说明︰此句型意为“是…还是…？\"。这是选择<疑问句>，前面都是一般<疑问句>，后面的问句如与前面有相同的部分，都可以省略。
Shall we come to see you or will you come to see us? 是我们来找你们，还是你们来找我们？
Are you from the America or from the England? 您是美国人还是英国人？
Will he go on Monday or on Tuesday? 他是星期一走还是星期二走？ Would you like coffee or tea? 你是要咖啡还是茶？
What ..., + A or B?
结构︰特殊疑问句(读降调)，＋A（读升调）or B（读降调）
说明︰这种选择<疑问句>使用得相当广泛，其特点是：前面的特殊<疑问句>已经明确地指出了要问的内容，再补充几项具体事物让对方做出肯定的答复。其语调是“降-升-降”调。 What would you like － coffee or tea? 你要什么？咖啡还是茶？ Which would you rather to buy － silk or cotton? 您想买什么？丝还是棉？ Where did you go: to Tianjin or to Beijing? 您去了哪里？天津还是北京？ When will you go to the Fair, tomorrow or some other day? 你何时去交易会？明天还是另找哪一天？
... what/which ...
结构︰主要子句＋疑问词（what／how／which／why 等）＋子句
说明︰这是间接<疑问句>。疑问词后面的语句采用正常词序，不采用特殊<疑问句>所用的倒装词序。全句末尾大多用句点，但也有用问号的。直接问句改为间接问句或间接句时，原先的<疑问句>要改为肯定句或<否定句>的顺序；<助动词>如 will，should，would， must，may，can 等，须照抄，不可去掉；<助动词>如 do，does，did，必须去掉，再将它后面的原形<动词>改为适当的形式。
I’d like to know how old the manager is. 我想知道经理有多大年纪。 He inquired how it was done. 他问这事做得怎么样了。
Please advise me which item I should buy. 请问我该先买哪个品种。
Tell me why it is so important? 告诉我为什么此事这么重要？
They do not know what the words mean. 他们不知道这些字的意思是什么。 Tell me what happened yesterday. 告诉我昨天所发生的事。
What they talked about is what we want to know. 他们谈论什么是我们所想要知道的事。
She washed her hair every night and measured how much it grew in a week. 她每晚洗头发，而且量量看一星期长多少。
You will never know how much your encouragement meant to me. 你决不会知道你的鼓励对我多么有意义。
... whether/if ...
结构︰主要子句＋whether／if＋子句
说明︰此句型意为“…是否…”。口语中使用 if 较为普遍。如果子句中带有 or not 等词，则只能用 whether；另外，whether 不能引导否定的间接<疑问句>，而 if 则可以。 He asked me the question whether the price was too high. 他问我价格是否太高。 They asked him whether the quality is fine or not. 他们问他质量是否好。 Tell me whether you like this color. 告诉我你喜不喜欢这种颜色。 Tell me if it doesn’t rain. 告诉我是否下不了雨。 Ask him if it is true. 问他那是不是真的。
I wonder if he is in the school. 我想知道他是否在学校。 Do you know if/where ...
结构︰一般疑问句＋疑问词（what／where／when 等）＋子句
说明︰此句为双重<疑问句>。疑问词后面采用正常词序，不用倒装词序。
Can you tell me where the teacher has gone? 你能告诉我老师到哪里去了吗？ Have you any idea where he comes from? 他是哪里人，您知道不知道？
Do you know if they like this new item? 你知道他们是否喜欢这个新品种？ Do you know who wants to go with me? 你知道谁想跟我一起去吗？ Do you know when the train will leave? 你知道火车何时开吗？
Can you tell me how much you earn a month? 你能告诉我你一个月赚多少吗？
He is ..., is he?
结构︰肯定式陈述句＋肯定式反问句
说明︰这种疑问<句型>的前后一致，都是肯定式结构。后一部分进一步强调前一部分的内容，是不需要回答的一种修辞方式。
We are old friends, not strangers, right? 我们是老朋友了，不是陌生人，是吗？ He’s a capable businessman, is he? 他是一位很有能力的业务员，可不是吗？
So you come importing Chinese textiles, do you? 原来你是来进口中国纺织品的，是么？ So you’ve been to Shanghai, have you? 原来你去过上海，是吧？ ... what ...?
结构︰…疑问词（在句中任何位置上）…
说明︰疑问词不是位于句子开头，而是在句子中任何位置上，这种方法十分简单，因此在口语中经常出现。
Two times what number makes ten? 什么数的两倍是十？ You will go where? 你要到哪里去？
You are twenty-what this year? 你今年二十几岁？ He’s your who? 他是你什么人？
What/How about + N/V-ing?
结构︰What／How about＋名词／动名词？
说明︰此句型意为“…如何？”。这是征求对方意见或提议的委婉说法。 What about the name Smith? 史密斯这个名字怎么样？ What about going to a movie? 去看场电影如何？
What about lending me some money? 借点钱给我如何？
What about washing the car on Sunday? 礼拜天洗车怎么样？
How about the others? 剩余的怎么样？ How about a drink? 来一杯吧？
How about a cup of coffee at a nearby coffee shop? 去附近的咖啡屋喝杯咖啡吧？ What if ...?
结构︰What if＋主词＋动词
说明︰此句型意为“如果…的话怎么办呢？”。但经常用于反语，有时也变成“即使…也没关系”之意。
What if it is true? 如果这是真的又该如何呢？
What if he doesn’t agree? 如果他不同意该怎么办呢？ What if he comes back now? 如果他现在回来怎么办？
What if the boy’s parents should die? 如果那男孩的父母死了该怎么办呢？ What if I fail! 即使我失败了又怎样！ What ... for?
结构︰What＋助动词＋主词＋动词…＋for？
说明︰此句型意为“为什么…？”。相当于“For what…？” What are you running for? 你为什么在跑步？ What do you want it for? 你为什么要那个？
What did they go there for? 他们为什么去那里？ How else ...?
结构︰How else＋助动词＋主词＋助动词？ 说明︰此句型意为“…还有别的方法吗？”。
How else should a father in this modern world express his affection and concern for his own son? 现代这个世界上，父亲还应该有别的方法来对自己的儿子表示爱护和关心吗？ How else can the doctor save him? 医院还有别的方法可以救他吗？ How else can I apologize for her? 我还能有别的方法可以向她道歉吗？ 假设法句型
If + Present Tense ..., S + will/shall + V ... 结构︰If＋现在式…，S＋未来式…
说明︰if 子句用现在式，表示须具备的条件，主句用未来式表示可能的结果，整句含意为“如果…，那么…”。will 用于所有的人称，在 I 和 we 之后可用 shall 代替 will。若主句的主词为 I 或 we 时，可以用 shall 代替 will。像 if necessary（如果需要），if possible（如果可能），if so（如果这样）等固定词组实际上是省略了的 if 子句。
If I lose my job, I will/shall go abroad. 如果我失业了，我就出国。
If I have a headache, I will take an aspirin. 如果我头痛，我就服一片阿斯匹林。 If it rains, we will stay at home. 如果下雨，我们将待在家里。
If the weather clears, we’ll go for a walk. 如果天晴，我们就去散步。
If the weather doesn’t clear, we won’t go for a walk. 如果天不晴，我们就不去散步。 Inflation may be rising, if (it is) so, prices will go up. 通货膨胀率可能上升。如果是这样，物价就会上涨。
If possible, She wants to go with us. 可能的话，她想跟我们一起去。 Sterling may fall, if (this should be) so, interest rates will rise. 英国货币可能贬值，如果果真如此，利率就会上升。 If + Present Tense ..., S + Modal Verb ... 结构︰If + 现在式，主词＋情态助动词
说明︰本句型实为 If I should ..., Imperative Sentence. 结构︰If I＋should ...＋祈使语气 说明︰ 如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。 Should you happen to see him, please give him my regards. 如果你万一见到他，请代我向他致意。 If you should write to her, send her my love. 如果你给她写信，请代我向她问候。 Should you not wish our agent to call, please let us know. 你若不希望我们的代理人去造访，请告之。 Should you be interested in our offer, please contact us. 你若对我们的报价感兴趣，请与我们联系。 If I should ..., I will ... 结构︰If…should…，…would（will）／should（shall）等＋原形动词 说明︰这是表示与未来事实相反的假设<句型>，if <子句>要用<助动词> should，译成“万一”。should可置于<主词>前，将 if 省略。<主要子句>的<助动词>则视可能性做变化：若可能性低，则为过去式，若可能性高，则为现在式。should 可以提前，而将 if 省略。 If he should come, I would tell him the truth. 万一他来，我会把真相告诉他。 If he should come, I will tell him the truth. 万一他来，我一定会把真相告诉他。 Should the boy come again, I would throw him out. 要是那男孩在来，我就把他撵出去。 If it should rain, our plan would be spoiled. 万一下雨，我们的计划就泡汤了。 Should that be true, the contract would be canceled. 假如那是真的，合约就该取消。 Should another world war break out, what would become of human beings? 万一另一次世界大战爆发，人类将会发生什么事？ If I were to ..., I ... 结构︰If…were to…，…would／should 等＋原形动词 说明︰这也是表示与未来状况相反的假设<句型>，与“if ... should, ...”大致相同，但“if ... were to”所表示的可能性更低，通常用以表示“与真理相反”的<假设语气>。 If the sun were to rise in the west, he would pass the exam. 要是太阳从西边出来，他就会通过考试－－他不可能通过考试。 If I were to be born again, I would like to be a bird. 我要是再活一次，我想当一只鸟。 If the sun were to disappear, what would the earth be like? 万一太阳消失了，地球会变成什么样子？ Were I to die tomorrow, what would my children do? 万一明天我死了，我的孩子们将怎么办呢？ If I + V-ed, I would ... 结构︰If…＋过去式动词…，主词＋过去式助动词（would／should 等）＋原形动词 说明︰这是与现在事实相反的假设句型。if <子句>中的 If I knew his address, I could write to him. 如果我知道他的住址，我会写信给他。 If I were free now, I might call on him. 如果我有时间，我可能会去看他。 If you were in my shoes (=Were you in my shoes), what would you do? 如果你站在我的立场，你会怎么做？ Were I rich enough, I would buy a sports car. 如果我有足够的钱，我就买一辆赛车了。 How happy I would be if I were a few inches taller! 要是我再高几寸，我会好高兴。 If I had a car, I could take her for a drive. 如果我有车， 我就带她去兜风了。 If I had binoculars, I could see that comet clearly. 如果我有望远镜，我就可以清楚地看见那颗彗星。 It is time that ... 结构︰It is（high）time＋（that）＋主词＋过去式动词 说明︰此句型意为“已经到了…的时间了”。过去式<动词>处有时亦使用“should＋<动词>原形”。that <子句>也能用 to <不定词>来表示。 It is time he went to bed. 该是他睡觉的时间了。 It is time that you left for the duty. 该你当班了。 It is time that you reflected upon your mistakes. 该是你反省思过的时候了。 It is high time he should come to our house for dinner.已经到了他该上咱家吃晚饭的时候了。 It is time for somebody to teach you to behave yourself. 该是有人教你应对进退之礼仪的时候了。 If I had V-ed, I would have ... 结构︰If…had＋过去分词…，主词＋would／should 等＋have＋过去分词 说明︰这是与过去事实相反的假设<句型>。if <子句>要用<过去完成式>，<主要子句>则要用过去式<助动词>（would，should，ought to，might，could）＋have＋过去<分词>。if <子句>中的 had可置于<主词>前面，而省略 If。 If I had seen him, I would have told him the truth. 如果我当时看见他，我会告诉他实情。 I could have finished the task if I had had more time. 如果当时我能有多一点时间，我就能完成这项任务。 If we had known of your departure, we would have seen you off at the airport. 如果我们事先知道你要离开，我们会到机场送行。 I someone had been with him, he might not have been drowned. 如果有人在他旁边，或许他就不会溺死。 I might have been incredulous had I not been accustomed to such responses. 若非我已经习惯了这样的回答，我可能不敢轻易相信。 Had he not apologize to her, she would not have forgiven him. 她（那时）不会原谅他，若非他道了歉。 Had he not saved me, I might have been drowned. 我可能溺死了，若非他救了我。 Had I proposed to you, would you have married me? 我要是当年向你求婚，你会答应嫁给我吗? Had you not helped us, we should have canceled this transaction. 假如没有你的帮助，这笔生意早就告吹了。 If I had V-ed, I would ... 结构︰If…had＋过去分词…，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词＋now／today 说明︰这是<时态>不一致时的假设<句型>，亦称混合假设条件句。即：if <子句>若与过去事实相反，用<过去完成式>表示；而<主要子句>若与现在事实相反，则用过去式<助动词>表示。此类<主要子句>句尾通常有表现在的<时间副词>，如 now，today 等。 If he had worked harder when young, he would be well off now. 如果他年轻时多努力一点，现在就能过得舒服些。 If I had been rich ten years ago, I could buy that house today. 如果十年前我有钱，今天我就能买下那栋房子了。 Had he told the truth, he wouldn’t be punished now.如果他当时肯说实话，现在就不会受罪 了。 Had he followed the doctor’s advice, he might be alive now. 当时他要是听了医生的建议，现在可能还活着。 I wish ... + V-ed ... 结构︰I wish＋（that）＋主词＋动词过去式／过去完成式（had＋过去分词）… 说明︰I wish 之后以 that <子句>为<受词>时，该<子句>的<动词>一定要用<假设语气>：若<动词>用过去式，表示与现在事实相反的愿望；若用<过去完成式>，则表示与过去事实相反的愿望。“I wish＋that-<子句>”的<句型>也可用“I would rather＋that-<子句>”取代。而 I hope 之后以 that <子句>做<受词>时，该<子句>用一般<时态>。 I wish there were meadows and lambs. 但愿有草地与小羊。 I wish I were as tall as you. 但愿我像你一样高。 I wish he could tell us. 但愿他能告诉我们。 I wish (=I would rather) he could come tomorrow. 但愿他明天能来。 I wish you had not been caught in the rain yesterday. 但愿昨天你们没有淋到雨。 I wish you had not told the truth. 但愿你没有说实话。 I wish I had known you ten years ago. 真希望十年前就已经认识你。 If only + V-ed 结构︰If only＋过去式／过去完成式 说明︰此句型意为“要是…就好了。”用过去式，表示与现在事实相反；若用<过去完成式>，则表示与过去事实相反。 If only I had a rich father. 要是我有个有钱的爸爸就好了。 If only he had been here. 要是他当时在这儿就好了。 If only I had another chance. 要是我再有一次机会就好了。 ... as if/as though ... 结构︰…as if／as though…现在式／过去式／过去完成式 说明︰此句型意为“彷佛…；好像…一样”。as if，as though 是<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>。<子句>中，可用现在式，以表示事实；也可用过去式或<过去完成式>，分别表示与现在或过去事实相反的<假设语气>。 He speaks like that as if he doesn’t want to attend the meeting.他那样说话，似乎不想参加会议。 He walks as if he is drunk. 他走起路来好像他真的醉了。 He felt as if he almost wished to kill them. 他感觉彷佛几乎要杀掉他们。 The baby opened the book as if he were able to read. 这个婴儿打开书本彷佛他会念书。 The nurse attends on the patient as if he were her father. 这护士照顾这位病人彷佛在照顾她爸爸似的。 He ran into the room as if he had seen something terrible. 他跑进屋子，彷佛他看到什么可怕的东西。 She looks as if nothing had happened to her. 她当时看起来好像什么事都没发生似的。 It seems/looks as if ... 结构︰It seems／looks as if… 说明︰此句型意为“似乎…”。本句型中的 as if <子句>可用以表示事实，或<假设语气>。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。 It seems as if he knows everything. 他似乎是个万事通。 It seems as if he knew everything, but in reality, he is as stupid as can be. 他似乎是个万事通。其实他是再愚蠢不过了。 It looks as if she had just come back from outer space. 她看起来彷佛刚从外层空间回来似的。 It seemed as if he had finished the work. 他似乎已经完成了这个工作。 It seemed as if he would never finish the work. 他似乎永远完成不了这个工作。 If it were not for ... 结构︰if it were not for＋名词／子句，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词… 说明︰此句型意为“若非（有）…”。此类句构专门用于表示与现在事实相反的<假设语气>。亦可用“but for＋<名词>”或“without＋<名词>”代替。were 可以提前，省略 if，如例句3。 If it were not for his presence, I would punish you. 要不是他在场，我会处罚你的。 But for your advice, I should have failed. 要不是你的忠告，我会失败的。 But for music (=Were it not for music), life would be dull. 要不是音乐，人生会很无聊。 If it were not for oxygen and nitrogen in the air, no man could live on the earth. 大气中如果没有氧和氮，人就无法生存于地球了。 Without air, all living things would die. 若非空气，所有的生物都会死亡。 Without newspaper, we would get behind the times. 要不是报纸，我们都赶不上时代了。 I should be lonely, were it not for the birds and the flowers. 我会寂寞，若非有鸟也有花。 Were it not for his help, I could not finish the work.若非有他的帮助，我就不能完成这件工作。 Were it not for science, we could not live a comfortable live. 若非科学，我们无法过着舒适的生活。 If it had not been for ... 结构︰if it had not been for＋名词／子句，主词＋would／should 等＋原形动词… 说明︰此句型意为“若非（有）…”。此类句构专门用于表示与过去事实相反的<假设语气>。 If it had not been for his help, I should have failed. 如果没有他的帮忙，我应该已经失败。 Had it not been for your timely help, our company would have been on the verge of bankruptcy. 若非你及时伸出援助之手，本公司将会濒临破产的边缘。 If it had not been for these experiments, the improvement of the machine would have been impossible. 要不是这些实验，这部机器也许就不可能改良了。 Had it not been for the kind guide, I might have got lost in the mountains. 要不是这位好心的向导，我可能就在山中迷路了。 If it had not been that he was here, I would have punished you. 要不是他在场，我当时就会处罚你。 I demand/insist that ... 结构︰主词1＋意志动词（demand／insist 等）＋（that）＋主词2＋（should）＋原形动词 说明︰意志<动词>有四类：建议（suggest，recommend，propose，advise，urge 等），要求（desire， ask，demand，require，request，maintain，insist 等），命令（order，command 等），规定（ rule，regulate，stipulate 等）。其后接 that-<子句>时，该<子句>里的<动词>要用原形或“should＋<动词>”。美式英语通常省略 should。 The committee moved that the meeting (should) be adjourned. 委员提议休会。 His parents demanded that he (should) be back by ten. 他的父母要求他十点以前回家。 The employees demand that their salaries be raised. 员工们要求加薪。 They ruled that the law (should) not be imposed. 他们规定不应加重法律。 His father ordered that he (should) keep a diary in English. 他的父亲规定他要用英文写日记。 My mother encouraged me and insisted that I continue my education. 我妈妈鼓励我，而且坚持我应该继续我的教育。 He insisted that I (should) apologize to her. 他坚持我应该向她道歉。 Recently, many states have insisted that high schools teach students how to drive. 最近，许多州坚持中学应该教学生如何开车。 His father insisted that they (should) move to the country. 他爸爸坚持他们应该搬到乡下。 It is proper ... that ... 结构︰It is＋意志形容词（important 等）＋（that）＋主词＋（should）＋原形动词 说明︰意志<形容词>包括 important，necessary，imperative，essential，urgent，desirable， advisable，recommendable，proper 等。that-<子句>中只能用<助动词> should，不可用 must，而 should 往往予以省略。 It is necessary that he (should) sort out the information for my reference. 他有必要整理些资料供我参考。 It is essential that he get up early. 他有必要早起。 It is urgent that food and clothing (should) be sent to the sufferers. 急需将食物和衣服送给灾民。 It is desirable that we (should) provide for the poor at Christmas. 在圣诞节施舍穷人是可喜的事。 It is important that he be quiet. 他该保持安静是有必要的。 It is important that he not do it. 他不该做那事是有必要的。 It is requested that all members be present at the party. 全体会员都被要求出席这次晚会。 It is proper that such a bad man be punished severely. 这么坏的人受重罚是应该的。 Imperative Sentence + Conj. + Main Clause 结构︰祈使句＋连接词＋主句 说明︰<祈使句>表示须具备的条件，主句表示可能的结果。<祈使句>代替 if 子句进行评说，提出要求，订立协议，提供建议或威胁等。<祈使句>的用法比 if 子句表示的更为紧迫。 Provide the materials and we’ll do the job. 提供材料，我们就做这活。 Stop shouting or you’ll wake up the neighbors. 不要喊了，否则你会把邻居吵醒的。 Put that down or else I’ll smack you. 把它放下，不然我就揍你。 Be there on time, otherwise you’ll create a bad impression. 要准时来，否则你会给人一个坏的印象。 Fail to pay and they’ll cut off the electricity. 你（如果）不付款，他们就要断电。 Stop eating sweets, or you won’t get any dinner. 你如果不停止吃糖，你就不要吃饭。 Unless ... 结构︰Unless＋子句，主要子句 说明︰此句型意为“除非…”。unless 引导一个否定假设句，相当于 if ... not ...，有时可以互换使用。总体上看，unless 的语气强于 if ... not ...，而且有时较为常用，例如在最后通牒中。 Unless you change your mind (=If you don’t change you mind), I won’t be able to help you. 除非你改变你的想法，否则我不能帮助你。 Unless the management improves their offer, there’ll be a strike. 除非资方做出进一步的建议，否则将举行罢工。 I couldn’t have got to the meeting on time － unless I had caught an earlier train. 我不可能及时赶到会场，除非我赶上了较找的一班火车。 Provided/Providing (that) .... 结构︰Provided／provided（that）＋子句，S＋V ... 说明︰此句型意为“如果…”。Provided/Providing (that) 引导假设条件句，其功能相当于 if。 Provided/Providing (that) you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow off. 如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。 As/So long as ... 结构︰As/So long as ＋子句，S＋V ... 说明︰此句型意为“如果…，只要…”。As/So long as引导一个条件假设句，其功能相当于 if。 So (As) long as you clear your desk by this evening, you can have tomorrow leave. 如果你到今晚把手头上的工作做完，你明天就可以休息。 As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 如果你开车小心，你就会很安全。 You may eat anything, so long as you don’t eat too much. 只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何东西。 As long as live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。 As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to (do). 只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。 We’ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我们就尽早装货。 You will never be good students so long as you goof around. 如果你们成天游手好闲，就永远也成不了好学生。 Suppose/Supposing (that) ... 结构︰Suppose/Supposing （that）＋子句，S＋V ... 说明︰此句型意为“如果…，假使…”。Suppose/Supposing (that) 引导假设条件句，其功能相当于 if。 Suppose/Supposing (that) we miss the train, what shall we do? 如果我们误了火车，我们将怎么办？ What if/Say ... 结构︰What if/Say＋子句，S＋V ... 说明︰此句型意为“假设…”。What if 和 Say 用来引导一个假设条件句，其义相当于 Let us suppose（让我们假设）。 What if/Say he goes home before us and can’t get in? What will he do then? 假设他在我们之前赶到家而又进不去呢？那他怎么办呢？ What if/Say you were to run out of money? What would you do? 假设你的钱用完了呢？你将怎么办呢？ With luck ... 结构︰With luck，＋主要子句 说明︰With luck 为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。with luck 意为“如果幸运的话，如果运气好的话”。 With luck, we’ll be there by tomorrow.幸运的话，我们明天将到达那儿。（=If we are lucky） With luck, she will get the job. 如果幸运的话，她将得到那份工作。（=If she is lucky） Given time ... 结构︰Given time，＋主要子句 说明︰此为含蓄假设条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。Given time 意为“（如果）给以时间的话”。 Given time, they will probably agree.给以时间的话，他们可能会同意。（=If they are given time/If we give them time） To hear him talk, ... 结构︰To hear him talk，＋主要子句 说明︰此句型意为“听某人谈话（的口气）…”。从形式上看，To hear him talk 似为不定式词组，但实则为含蓄条件句（即不用 if 直接引导）。To hear him talk 相当于 If you could hear him talk。 To hear him talk, you’d think he was Prime Minister. 听他谈话（那口气），你会以为他是首相呢。 To hear you talk, I’d think you were Prime Minister. 听你谈话（那口气），我还以为你是首相呢。 Without ..., S + V ... 结构︰Without …，＋主要子句 说明︰此句型意为“如果没有…”，是导致主要子句结果发生的必要条件。Without ... 为含蓄假设条件句，此用法在口语表达中最为常见。without 意为“（如果）没有…的话”。Without 既可以放在句首，也可以放在句尾，放在句首有强调作用。此外，如果主要子句用否定式，则和 without 构成双重否定，表示特别强调 without 之后项为主要子句动作发生之必备条件。 Without your help, I couldn’t have done it. （如果）没有你的帮助，我是不会做成的。（=If you hadn’t helped me） She can’t solve the problem without his help.如果）没有他的帮助，她不可能解决这道题。 We can’t live without air or water.（如果）没有空气或水，我们就无法生存。 Fish cannot live without water.（如果）没有水，鱼儿就无法生存。 比较句型 as/so ... as ... 结构︰as／so＋形容词或副词原级＋as… 说明︰此句型意为“…和…一样…”。比较两件东西，并表示它们的程度一样。第一个 as 为<副词>，第二个 as 则为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰第一个 as。在 as…as 中可插入单数<可数名词>，即：“as＋<形容词>＋a／an＋<名词>＋as”。若是复数<名词>，可用“as many／few＋复数 <名词>＋as”；若是<不可数名词>，则用“as much／little＋<不可数名词>＋as”。“as＋原级（形、副）＋as＋原级（形、副）”这形式表示有关同一人（物）的两种不同的性质、状态是一样程度的，译作“既有…且还有…”。 He is as handsome as his brother (is). 他和他哥哥一样英俊。 Judy goes to the movies as often as Sara does. 朱迪像莎拉一样时常去看电影。 Old John goes to sleep as easily as a baby does. 老约翰像婴儿一样容易入睡。 The girls are as busy with their work as bees. 这些女孩子就跟蜜蜂一样忙着工作。 He is as nice a boy as Peter (is). 他和彼得一样都是好男孩。 She has as many friends as Mary (does). 她和玛丽一样有许多朋友。 He has as much money as John (does). 他和约翰一样有很多钱。 He is as clever as (he is) handsome. 他不但英俊而且聪明。 My teacher is as kind as (she is) intelligent. 我的老师不但善良而且聪慧。 as many/much ... 结构︰as many／much＋名词… 说明︰此句型意为“同数（量）的…；一样多”。本<词组>旨在用以代替句中前面已提到的相 同数字，以避免该数字的重复。 He was tired enough to make ten errors in as many (=in ten) pages. 他疲倦得十页中犯了十个错误。 Mike read five books in as many (=in five) months. 麦克在五个月内看了五本书。 I didn’t expect that he should have committed three robberies in as many days. 没想到（老实的）他居然在三天内犯了三次抢劫罪。 as many/much as ... 结构︰as many／much as＋数字＋复数名词／不可数名词 说明︰此句型意为“多达…”。不要与“as many／much＋<名词>”（同数量的…）混淆。同理，此类<词组>还有：as long as＋数字＋<名词>（长达…），as wide as＋数字＋<名词>（宽达…）， as high as＋数字＋<名词>（高达…），as early as＋数字＋<名词>（早在…），as late as＋数字＋<名词>（迟在…）等。 She has as many as seven sisters. 她的姊妹有七人之多。 As many as 100 people were killed in the air crash. 这次空难中多达一百人丧生。 I gave the beggar as much as 1,000 yen. 我给了这乞丐整整一千元。 Building costs ran up to as much as NT$ 20 million. 建筑费用涨到高达新台币两千万。 I have been learning English (for) as long as 15 years. 我学英文已有十五年之久。 He came home as late as two in the morning. 他迟至清晨两点才回家。 I saw your brother as late as last week. 上个礼拜我还看到你哥哥。 The river is as wide as 100 meters. 这条河宽达一百公尺。 I mailed the letter as early as Friday. 我早在星期五就把信寄了。 A is as much + N + as B is 结构︰主词＋be＋as＋much＋名词＋as＋（be）＋主词 说明︰此句型意为“…和…同样…”。“as much＋<名词>＋as＋（be）＋<主词>”的 be 通常省略或放句末。 Comets are just as much members of the sun’s family as (are) the other planets. 彗星和其它的行星同样是太阳家族的成员。 To eat too much is as much a bad thing as to eat nothing.吃太多和什么都不吃同样是坏事。 He is as much a member of the orchestra as Tom. 他和汤姆同样是管弦乐队的成员。 not as/so + ADJ/ADV + as + N 结构︰not as／so＋形容词／副词＋as＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“不像…那样…”。as…as 可用于肯定句或<否定句>，而 so…as 仅可用于<否定句>构中。 It is not as (so) popular as other foods. 它不像其它食物那样受欢迎。 He does not study as (so) hard as John. 他不像约翰那样用功。 I am not as (so) careful as Tom. 我不像汤姆那样细心。 as far as ... 结构︰as far as＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“到…之远；到…的程度”。而“as far as＋<主词>＋<动词>”则表示“只要…，在…范围内的话…”。 Swallows from England go as far as South Africa. 英国来的燕子飞到南非那样远的地方。 We walked as far as the railroad station. 我们走到火车站那样远的地方。 We drove as far south as Kaohsiung. 我们往南开车一直到高雄。 He went as far as Yokohama to meet his friend from England. 他远至横滨去迎接由英国来的朋友。 I swam as far as I could. 我尽可能地游远。 ... just as ... as ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋just as＋形容词／副词＋as＋（代）名词／动名词 说明︰此句型意为“…就像…一样…”。第一个 as 是“同样的；一样的”，第二个 as 是“像”之意。若<主词>之后不是 be <动词>，则 as 之后不用<形容词>，而要用<副词>。 Being a good pedestrian is just as important as being a good driver. 做一个好的行人就像做一个好的司机一样重要。 Writing is just as important as reading. 写作就像阅读一样重要。 He wrote just as carefully as Tom. 他就像汤姆一样小心地写。 ... as ... as one can 结构︰…as＋形容词／副词／名词＋as one can 说明︰此句型意为“尽可能…”。“as ... as one can”相当于“as ... as possible”。one 要随<主词>的人称而变化，而 can 要随<时态>变化。 To speak English fluently, you had better read as many English articles as you can. 要想把英文讲得很流利，你最好尽量多看英文文章。 Take as much exercise as you can. 尽可能多做运动。 Be as careful as you can. 尽可能小心。 Our teacher explained the lesson to us as clearly as he could. 我们的老师尽可能清楚地为我们解释这一课。 She needed to soften her request to make it as polite and courteous as she could. 她需要使请求语气柔婉，以便尽可能把它变成有礼貌与客气。 You should be as careful as you can in making friends. 在交朋友方面，你应该尽可能小心。 We had better learn by heart as many sentence patterns as we can. 我们最好尽可能多背句型。 I looked down the road as far as I could. 我尽可能遥望这条路。 I will try to save as much as I can. 我会设法尽可能多储蓄。 You should remain as quiet as you can. 你应尽可能地保持沉默。 ... as ... as ... can be 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋as＋形容词＋as＋（形容词）＋can be 说明︰此句型意为“极…，不亚于任何人…”。此<句型>借重复同一个<形容词>而成为强调此<形容词>的说法。常用的此类<词组>有：as plain as plain can be（再明白不过了），as wise as wise can be（再聪明不过了），as white as white can be（白得不能再白了），as wrong as wrong can be（错得太离谱）等。 His failure is as plain as plain can be. 他的失败是再明白不过了。 He is as handsome as (handsome) can be. 他潇洒极了。 She is as kind as can be. 她极为和颜悦色。 Mary is as hardworking as can be. 玛丽在班上之用功不输任何人。 He may not be so clever as Peter, but he is as industrious as can be. 他也许不如彼得聪明，但却用功极了。 as ... as ever 结构︰as＋形容词／副词＋as ever 说明︰此句型意为“与往常一样…”。 He seems to be as busy as ever. 他似乎和往常一样忙碌。 He works as hard as ever. 他和往常一样努力工作。 She was as beautiful as ever after so many years. 过了那么多年，她美丽如故。 ... times as ... as ... 结构︰倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as… 说明︰此句型意为“是…的几倍”。“两倍”是 twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用 times。 An ordinary subway train, approaching the station, can be twice as loud as the loudest jet. 平常的地下火车接近车站时，发出的声音可能是最大声的喷射机的两倍。 This line is four times as long as that one. 这条线是那条线的四倍长。 I am twice as old as he. 我的年纪是他的两倍。 She studies three times as hard as I. 她用功的程度是我的三倍。 He earns twice as much as he used to. 他比往常多赚二倍的钱。 She spent half as much money as you. 她花掉的钱只有你花掉的一半。 ... times the/my N ... 结构︰…倍数词＋the（或所有格）＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“是…的几倍”。<倍数词>与<名词>之间一定有 the 或<所有格>。有时可改为“<倍数词>＋as＋<形容词>”。三倍以上的“倍”，通常用“times”。而“more than＋<倍数词>＋the（或<所有格>）＋<名词>”译为“是…的几倍还不止”。 It was over twice the distance of the earth from the sun. 那是地球到太阳的距离的两倍多。 Line A is four times the length of line B. 线条 A 是线条 B 的四倍长。 I have five times the number of Tom’s books. 我有五倍于汤姆的书。 He has three times my money. 他的钱是我的三倍。 He has more than three times my money. 他的钱是我的三倍还不止。 The river is ten times the length of the Tamsui River. 这条河的长度是淡水河的十倍。 Holland has two-thirds the inhabitants of the state of New York, which is four times the size of Holland. 荷兰的居民是纽约州的三分之二，而纽约州却是荷兰的四倍大。 more than ... as ... as 结构︰more than＋倍数词＋as＋形容词／副词＋as 说明︰此句型意为“是…的几倍还不止”。“两倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。 He is more than three times as rich as I. (=He is three times richer than I.) 他的财富是我的三倍还不止。 He studies more than three times as hard as I. 他用功的程度是我的三倍还不止。 I am more than twice as old as he. 我的年龄是他的两倍还不止。 He has collected more than three times as many stamps as I (have). 他搜集的邮票是我的三倍还不止。 ... times ...er than ... 结构︰倍数词＋形容词或副词比较级＋than… 说明︰此句型意为“比…大几倍”。“两倍”是twice，而三倍以上的“倍”，通常用times。 We now know that X-ray waves are 2,000 to 10,000 times shorter than light waves. 我们现在知道Ｘ光波比光波短二千到一万倍。 This street is four times shorter than that one. 这条街道比那条短四倍。 The mother elephant is one hundred times heavier than the baby elephant. 这只母象比小象重一百倍。 It is ten times louder than another. 它比另外一个的声音大十倍。 This street is three times wider than that one. 这条街比那条街宽三倍。 I am twice older than he. 我的年纪比他大两倍。 not so adj. as adj. 结构︰not so＋形容词／副词＋as＋形容词／副词 说明︰此句型意为“与其说是…倒不如说是…”。相当于“<形容词>／<副词>＋rather than＋<形容词>／<副词>”。 She is not so beautiful as charming. (=She is charming rather than beautiful.) 与其说她美倒不如说她迷人。 He is not so clever as diligent. 与其说他聪明倒不如说他勤奋。 She is not so kind as simple. 与其说她善良不如说她单纯。 not so much + N as + N 结构︰not so much＋名词＋as＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“与其说是…倒不如说是…”。相当于“<名词>＋rather than＋<名词>”。 He is not so much a writer as a scholar. 与其说他是作家倒不如说他是学者。 He is not so much a genius as a hard worker. 他的努力胜于天份。 The Apollo program was not so much a scientific achievement as a technical accomplishment. 阿波罗计划与其说是一项科学成果，不如说是一项技术成就。 not so much ... as ... 结构︰not so much＋介系词词组／不定词词组＋as＋介系词词组／不定词词组 说明︰此句型意为“与其说是…倒不如说是…”。相当于“<介系词词组>／<不定词词组>＋rather than＋ <介系词词组>/<不定词词组>”。 Happiness hinges not so much on wealth as on health. 快乐与其说在于财富倒不如说在于健康。 One’s greatness lies not so much in his wealth as in his character. 一个人的伟大与其说是由他的财富来判断，倒不如说是由他的品德来判断。 Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work. 与其说成功在于运气不如说是辛勤努力。 I lay down not so much to sleep as to think.我躺下来与其说是要睡觉，倒不如说是要思考。 It is not so helpful to give someone some bread as to teach him how to make a living. 与其说给人面包很有帮助，倒不如说教导他如何谋生才重要。 Our success was attributed not so much to your help as to our cooperation. 我们的成功与其归功于您的帮忙，不如归功于我们的合作。 The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things as to teach you the art of learning. 学校教育的最大用处，与其说是教你事物，不如说是教你学习的方法。 The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it. (=The oceans do not divide the world so much as unite it.) 与其说是海洋分割这个世界，不如说是统一这个世界。 not so much as ... 结构︰not so much as ... 说明︰此句型意为“甚至都不…”。相当于“not even ...”。本<词组>使用时，要置于<助动词>之后，即： cannot so much as＋原形<动词>（甚至…都不能），do not so much as＋原形<动词>（甚至…都不），have not so much as＋过去<分词>（甚至…都没有）。 He cannot so much as write his own name. (=He cannot even write his own name.) 他甚至连自己的名字都不会写。 He did not so much as thank me. 他甚至都没谢我。 He is so stupid that he can’t so much as eat. 他蠢得甚至连吃饭都不会。 When Mary walked in, she didn’t so much as take a glance at me, which angered me. 玛丽进门时，连看我一眼都没有，真令人生气。 the more ..., the more ... 结构︰the＋比较级…，the＋比较级… 说明︰此句型意为“愈…，就愈…”。若句中的<主词>为一般<名词>，而非<代名词>（he，it，you，they）或<专有名词>（John，Mary），且后面的<动词>为 be <动词>时，该 be <动词>可省略。 The more you soften a request, the more polite it becomes. 你愈使请求柔婉，请求就愈变为客气。 The longer you stay here, the more you will like the place. 你在这里待得愈久，你愈会喜欢这个地方。 The more careful you are, the fewer mistakes you will make. 你愈小心，你犯错就会愈少。 The more I learn, the less I feel I know. 学而后知不足。 The closer you stay to nature, the more you will appreciate her beauty. 你愈接近大自然，就愈能了解它的美。 The more leisure he has, the less he stays at home. 愈是有空，他愈不肯待在家里。 The better the boy (is), the more I like him. 这男孩愈好我愈喜欢他。 The colder the weather (is), the more comfortable my life (will be). 天气愈冷，我的生活就愈舒服。 The bigger the house (is), the more money it will cost. 房子愈大愈值钱。 The more haste, the less speed. 欲速则不达。 The more noble the more humble. 结实愈丰者，其穗愈低。 More profit and less honor. 舍名逐利。 The sooner the better. 事不宜迟。 The more you have, the more you want. 拥有愈多，欲望愈高。 The more you beat iron the harder it grows. 铁不炼不成钢，玉不琢不成器。 more and more ... 结构︰比较级＋and＋比较级 说明︰此句型意为“愈来愈…”。 The noise of traffic grows louder and louder. 交通的噪音变得愈来愈大。 It is getting hotter and hotter. 天气愈来愈热。 You should study harder and harder. 你应该更用功念书。 The girl became more and more beautiful. 这女孩变得愈来愈漂亮了。 With the rapid economical development, China’s position on the international stage is getting more and more important.随着经济迅速发展，中国在国际舞台上的地位变得愈来愈重要了。 ... more ... than ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋more…than… 说明︰此句型意为“…是…而不是…”。在“…”的位置，可以用<名词>，<形容词>，或带有形容词性的<分词>。 You may also find that reading has become more fun than work! 你或许也会发现阅读已经变成是有趣的事，而不是工作。 It is more a made-up story than a real occurrence.那是杜撰的故事，而不是真实发生的事 情。 I was more disappointed than discouraged. 我是失望，而不是泄气。 He seems more like a military officer than a business executive. 他似乎比较像一个军官，而不像一个商业行政主管。 He is more a sprinter than a swimmer. 他是短跑健将，而不是游泳选手。 I am more frightened than hurt. 我吓坏了而没有受伤。 Sue is more beautiful than Jane. 苏比珍较美。 The computer is more expensive than the typewriter. 这部计算机比这部打字机更贵。 People in the country are happier than people in the city.乡下的人们比城市的人们更快乐。 N1 more ... than N2 结构︰名词1＋比较级＋than＋名词2 说明︰此句型意为“比…更为…的…”。 People have to live on something more nourishing than hope. 人们必须依赖比希望更滋养的东西来过活。 I have never seen a girl more beautiful than Mary. 我从未见过比玛丽更为美丽的女孩子。 I want some persons more experienced than Tom. 我要一些比汤姆更有经验的人。 more N than + ADJ/V-ed 结构︰比较级＋名词＋than＋（be 动词）＋形容词／过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“比…来得更多的…”。be <动词>通常省略。 Some people give higher priced gifts than necessary for the situation. 有些人给了比情况所必要来得更高价的礼物。 I did more work than required. 我做了比所被要求的来得更多的工作。 We were given more money than necessary for the project. 我们被给了比计划所要求来得更多的钱。 It is better to V1 than V2 结构︰It is＋比较级＋to＋原形动词1…than＋（to）＋原形动词2… 说明︰此句型意为“…比…更…”。than 之后的 to 可以省略。 It is better to laugh than (to) weep. 笑比哭好。 It is more comfortable to lie on a lawn than (to) sit in the office. 躺在草坪上比坐在办公室里舒服。 It is harder to teach than (to) study. 教书比读书辛苦。 make ... more ... of ... 结构︰主词＋make＋受词＋more＋形容词＋of… 说明︰此句型意为“…使…更加…”。根据不同的情况，句子可以有不同<时态>。 Darkness would make him more appreciative of sight. 黑暗会使他更加珍惜视力。 Their sudden attack made us more aware of the danger around us. 他们突然的攻击使我们更加注意我们周围的危险。 Your encouragement made me more confident of my future. 你的鼓励使我对我的未来更加有信心。 all the more for ... 结构︰all the＋比较级＋for＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“即使…却更加…；因为…反而更加…”。for 为<介系词>，之后接<名词>为其<受词>。也可写成“all the＋比较级＋because-子句”。because 为<副词><连接词>，之后接<主词>＋<动词>，引导<副词子句>。 You will enjoy stories all the more for having understood the characters in them. 你会因为已经了解小说中的角色，而更加喜欢小说。 I love her all the better for her poverty (=because she is poor). 因为她穷，我反而更喜欢她。 I like the book all the more for its beautiful illustrations. 我因为精美的插图而更加喜欢这本书。 He studied all the harder because he had failed (=for his failure). 因为他失败了，他反而更用功念书了。 She is all the more beautiful for her shabby clothing (=because her clothing is shabby). 即使她衣衫褴褛，却显得更美丽了。 I respect him all the more because he has faults. 因为他有缺点，我反而更尊敬他。 I like Kyoto all the better for its many narrow streets. 正因为小道多，我反而更喜欢京都。 none the ...er for ... 结构︰none the＋比较级＋for＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“即使…却一点也不…”。相当于“none the＋比较级＋because-子句”。for 为<介系词>，之后接<名词>为其<受词>；because 则为<副词><连接词>，之后接<主词>＋<动词>，引导<副词子句>。 His health is none the better for his exercise (=because he takes exercise). 即使他运动，他的健康状况却一点也不好。 She is none the more beautiful because she wears a fancy dress. 即使她身穿时髦洋装，却一点也不漂亮。 He is none the happier for his great wealth. 即使他有钱，却一点也不快乐。 He is none the wiser because he has read many books. 他虽然读了不少书，可是并未因此而聪明些。 none the less ... for ... 结构︰none the less＋形容词／副词＋for＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“即使…却仍然”。相当于“none the less＋形容词／副词＋because-子句”。none the less 为<副词>，译成“仍然”，可修饰<动词>，<形容词>或<副词>；修饰<动词>时，置于该<动词>之后；修饰<形容词>时，置于该<形容词>之前；修饰<副词>时，置于该<副词>之前。 I love him none the less because he is poor. 即使他穷，我还是爱他。 She is none the less beautiful for her shabby clothing. 即使她衣衫褴褛，却仍然美丽。 He studied none the less hard because he had failed. 即使他失败了，却仍然用功念书。 ... no more ... than ... 结构︰A＋动词＋no more＋B＋than＋C＋动词＋D 说明︰此句型意为“A 不是 B 正如 C 不是 D”。“no more ... than”等于“not ... any more than”。若 than之后的词类与前面的词类相同，可以省略；若不同，则不可省略。 A whale is no more a fish than a horse is. 鲸鱼不是鱼正如马不是鱼一样。 A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. 没有爱的家不是家，就如同没有灵魂的身体不是人一样。 He is no more able to speak English than I am (able to speak English). 和我不会说英语一样，他也不会说英语。 He is no more considerate of others than his brother is. 他不体谅别人，就跟他弟弟一样。 He can no more sing than I can dance. 他不会唱歌正如我不会跳舞一样。 We can no more live without sleep than (we can) without water. 我们没有睡眠不能活，正如我们没有水就不能活一样。 I am no more out of my mind than you are (out of your mind). 你我两人都没有疯狂。 Tom was no more surprised than (he was) disappointed at this news. 汤姆听见那消息既不惊讶也不失望。 He is no better (no more good) at English than I am. 他的英文不好，就像我一样。 ... no less ... than ... 结构︰A＋动词＋no less＋B＋than＋C＋动词＋D 说明︰此句型意为“A 是 B 和 C 是 D 一样”。“no less ... than”等于“as ... as”，no less 之后可置<副词>或 <形容词>修饰。 A whale is no less a mammal than a horse is. 鲸鱼和马一样都是哺乳动物。 He is no less clever than his elder brother. 他和他的大哥一样聪明。 She is no less good at swimming than Mary. 她和玛丽一样擅长游泳。 His parents are no less happy over his engagement than he is (happy over his engagement). 他的双亲对他订婚的高兴并不亚于他自己。 He studies no less hard than John. 他和约翰一样用功。 Associating with good friends is no less important to us than choosing good books. 交益友与选择好书对我们同样重要。 A good shirt is no less expensive than a jacket.一件好衬衫的昂贵程度并不比一件夹克衫差。 Sports wears, no less than suits, are very much saleable.运动服和西服套一样，非常畅销。 not more ... than ... 结构︰not more…than… 说明︰此句型意为“没有比…更多；最多只是和…一样”。等于“at best as ... as”。 She is not more beautiful than Mary. 她不比玛丽美丽－－顶多只是和玛丽一样美。 I was not more surprised than he (was). 我不像他那样惊讶。 He is not more handsome than I. 他不比我潇洒－－顶多跟我一样潇洒。 not less ... than 结构︰not less ... than 说明︰此句型意为“没有比…更少；至少与…一样”。等于“at least as ... as”。 She is not less beautiful than Mary. 她至少和玛丽一样美丽。 He is not less interested in composing music than Jane. 他至少跟珍一样对谱曲很感兴趣。 He is not less handsome than I. 他至少跟我一样潇洒。 no more than ... 结构︰no more than＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“仅仅…”。等于“only＋<名词>”，强调稀少。 It will take no more than five days to read the book. 不到五天，我就会把这本书读完。 It is no more than ten minutes’ walk from the station. 由车站走到这里只有十分钟的路程。 I had no more than 2 or 3 mistakes on my English assignment. 我的英文作业中只有两三处错误。 no less than ... 结构︰no less than＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“多达…；足足有…之多”。等于“as many／much as ...”，强调多。 I received no less than ten thousand yen for my work. 我的工资多达一万元。 The audience was no less than five thousand. 听众有五千人之多。 That hotel probably costs no less than 20 dollars a night. 那间旅馆的住宿费大约要20元一晚呢。 No less than ten students flunked the exam. 整整有十位学生在这次考试中不及格。 not more than ... 结构︰not more than＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“最多不超过…”。等于“at most＋<数词>＋<名词>”。 It is not more than ten minutes’ walk from the station. 由车站走到这里最多十分钟的路程。 I’ll stay here not more than three days. 我将待在这里最多不超过三天。 For safety’s sake, don’t drive more than 30 kilometers per hour in the city. 为了安全起见，在市内开车时速不要超过三十公里。 not less than ... 结构︰not less than＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“至少…”。等于“at least＋<数词>＋<名词>”。 The audience was not less than five thousand. 听众至少也有五千人。 I’ll stay here not less than three days. 我将待在这里至少三天。 Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天，但我却认为至少需要六天。 at best + N 结构︰at best＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“充其量…；只不过是…”。等于“nothing but ...”。 Don’t expect much of him; he is at best a student. 不要对他期望过高；他只不过是个学生。 She is at best a second-rate singer. 她充其量是个二流歌手。 Don’t scold him too much; he is at best a child. 不要太责骂他；他只不过是个孩子。 much more /much less ... 结构︰much more／much less… 说明︰此句型意为“更不用说…”。“much more ...”等于“let alone ...”或“still more ...”，只用于肯定句；“much less ...”等于“still less ...”，只用于<否定句>。 She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it. 她会说英语，更不用说写英文了。 She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it. 她不会说英语，更不用说写英文了。 You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas. 你有处理自己财产的权利，更有支配自己思想的权利。 I enjoy singing, much more listening to music. 我喜欢唱歌，更不用说听音乐了。 She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries. 她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon. 他连一哩都跑不了，更不用说马拉松了。 That father can’t discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow. 那位父亲不能以身作则，更不用说做孩子的榜样了。 ... more than any other N 结构︰比较级＋than＋any other＋单数名词 说明︰此句型意为“比其它任何…都还…”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较< 句型>。也可用“<比较级>＋than＋all the other＋复数<名词>”来表示。 John is more diligent than any other student in his class. 约翰比班上其它的同学用功。 John is more diligent than all the other students in his class. 约翰比班上其它的同学用功。 Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan. 在日本，棒球比其它任何运动都受人欢迎。 Autumn is better for reading than any other season. 秋天比任何季节都适合读书。 Mt. Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan. 玉山要比台湾的任何山都高。 ... more than anyone else 结构︰比较级＋than＋anyone else／anything else 说明︰此句型意为“比其它任何…都还…”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较<句型>。anyone else 指人；anything else 指物。 John is more diligent than anyone else in his class. 约翰比班上其它的同学用功。 Time is more precious than anything else in the world. 时间比世上任何东西都宝贵。 Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company. 玛丽在公司里比其它人都漂亮。 We pay less attention to time than to anything else.我们对时间的不重视超过其它任何事物。 nothing is ...er than ... 结构︰nothing（或 no＋名词）＋动词＋比较级＋than… 说明︰此句型意为“没有如此…者”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的<句型>。 Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued. 没有比时间更贵重的东西，但也没有比它更受轻视的东西。 No place is better than one’s home. 没有任何地方比得上自己的家。 Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music. 没有一件事比待在家里听音乐更愉快的了。 Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble. 没有一件事要比帮助陷入困境的人带给他更大的快乐。 There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air. 我们对时间和空气的不重视超过其它任何事物。 ... nothing more than N 结构︰主词＋动词＋nothing more than＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“…只不过…”。“nothing more than”等于“nothing but”。 Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment. 有些只不过是被当做娱乐而不予考虑。 It is nothing more than a made-up story. 它只不过是杜撰的故事而已。 She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl. 她希望被对待得只不过像一般的女孩子。 ...er than ever 结构︰…＋比较级＋than ever 说明︰此句型意为“比以前更…”。than ever 等于 than ever before，意为“比以前任何时候…”。 There it was, ticking away, louder than ever. 它就在那里，滴答地走着，比以前更大声。 You should be more careful than ever. 你应该比以前更小心。 Does she spend more money than ever? 她比以前花更多的钱吗？ better ... than ... 结构︰better＋…＋than＋被比对象 说明︰此句型意为“宁可…；最好还是…”。better 之后可接<形容词>，<副词>，<名词>，<动词>等。 Please try to attend the meeting. Better late than absent.请您尽量参加会议。迟来也比不来强。 Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract. 与其撤约还不如延期装运。 Better reduce the price than allow a discount. 与其给折扣，不如减价。 with no N is it ...er than 结构︰... and with no＋名词1＋is it＋比较级＋than＋with＋名词2 说明︰此句型意为“…这种情形没有一种…比…更为…”。此种结构，由于有 no，所以用 is it的倒装句型。 It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English. 把某一种语言视为某一特定的国家所拥有是不合理的，而这种情形没有一种语言比英语更为不合理。 It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer. 生病是糟糕的，而这种情形没有一种疾病比癌症更为糟糕。 It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends. 和朋友聊天是愉快的，而这种情形没有比和知己的朋友聊天更为愉快。 Who is the most ... 结构︰Who is the＋最高级…？ 说明︰此句型意为“谁最…？”。此句型中若将 who 改为 which，即用来询问一组事物中最具某种特色的，如例句4。 Who is the oldest of them? 他们之中谁的年纪最大？ Who is the most beautiful in their family? 谁是他们家里最美丽的人？ Who is the youngest here? 这里谁是最年轻的？ Which is the most interesting subject for you? 哪个科目对你来说最有趣？ the ...est ... not ... 结构︰最高级＋…not… 说明︰<最高级>词类与 not 并用时，有“甚至…都不…”的意味。 The most foolish man knows his own name. 再笨的人都知道自己的名字。 The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty. 再漂亮的花也比不上她的美丽。 The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem. 再伟大的学者也没有办法解答这个难题吧。 The richest man in the world cannot buy everything. 即使是世上最富有的人，也无法买到一切。 There is not the smallest chance of his escape. 他一点逃走的机会也没有。 Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold. 就连最厚的夹克也不足以御寒。 The strongest man (that) you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands. 就连你所能想到的最壮的人也不能光用手就将木头撕裂。 the ...est ... that V-ed 结构︰the＋最高级…＋（that）＋完成式 说明︰此句型意为“最…”。that 是<关系代名词>；<完成式>中习惯使用<副词> ever 强调。 That’s the best book that I have ever read. 那是我读过的最好的书。 That’s the nicest thing that has ever happened to me. 那是我遇到的最美好的事。 He is the most diligent student that I have ever known. 他是我所知道的最用功的学生。 That’s the worst performance (that) I have ever seen. 那是我所看过的最糟的一次表演。 of all the N, the ...est 结构︰of＋the three／the four／all the＋复数名词，＋最高级子句 说明︰此句型意为“在…中，…最…”。但须注意：“of the two＋复数<名词>＋<比较级><子句>”，表示“两者中…较…”，如例句7。<最高级><子句>也可置于句首。 Of the three students, he is the best. 三个学生中，他是最好的。 Jane is the best of all the students in her class. 珍是班中最好的学生。 Jane is the best of the three (students). 珍是三个学生中最好的一个。 Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the highest. 在所有高山当中，玉山为最高。 Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest. 在所有四季当中，夏天最热。 Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful. 在所有这些女孩子当中，她最美。 Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful. 这两个女孩中，玛丽较漂亮。 A is the ...est among ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋最高级＋(名词)＋among… 说明︰此句型意为“…是…之中最…”。<最高级>后的<名词>通常省略。 The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them. 浊水溪是其中最长的一条。 Which river is the shortest among them? 哪一条河流是它们之中最短的？ Paris is the most beautiful among the cities. 巴黎是这些城市中最美的。 A is the ...est N in ... 结构︰A＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋名词＋in＋场所。 说明︰此句型意为“A 是…里面最…”。the 不能漏掉。 Jane is the best student in her class. 珍是她班上最好的学生。 Mr. Jones is the busiest man in the office. 琼斯先生是办公室里最忙的人。 The baseball game on Tuesday is the most important game this year. 星期二的棒球赛是今年最重要的棒球赛。 A is the ...est of N 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋of＋复数名词 说明︰此句型意为“…是最…的…”。本<句型>的意思等于“<主词>＋be <动词>＋the＋<最高级>＋单数<名词>”。 Robert Frost was the most American of American poets. 罗伯?佛洛斯特是最具美国风格的美国诗人。 He is the strictest of teachers in our school. 他是我们学校最严格的老师。 It is the most popular of movies. 这是最受欢迎的电影。 English is the most international of languages. 英语是最国际化的语言。 It is the most difficult of examinations. 那是最难的考试。 You must make the most of your opportunities. 你必须尽量利用机会。 A is the ...est of all. 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the＋最高级＋of all 说明︰此句型意为“…是最为…”。“<最高级>＋of all”的<语气>比“<最高级>”强。 These frozen foods are the most convenient of all. 这些冷冻食品是最为方便。 It is the most important of all. 那是最为重要的。 They are the most dependable of all. 他们是最为可靠的。 A is most ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋没有 the 的最高级… 说明︰在以下几种场合里的<最高级>之前没有 the：被用来代替“very＋原级”或“very”以加强 <语气>时前面没有 the；most 的含义是“多数”时前面没有 the；用作<最高级><副词>时前面没有 the；带有<所有格>的<最高级><形容词>之前没有 the。 I think he is a most learned man. 我认为他是个很有学问的人。 A most beautiful girl came to see him yesterday. 昨天有一个很漂亮的女孩来看他。 Such a most talented person as he shouldn’t be satisfied with what he is. 像他这么有才华的人不应满足于现状。 A comet is at perihelion when it is closest (=very close) to the sun. 彗星最接近太阳时，它就是在近日点。 A person is most disappointed when he is in despair. 一个人在绝望时最失望。 He is calmest (=very calm) when he is all by himself. 他一人独处时极为平静。 The sentence of six months imprisonment was most unjust. 六个月监禁的判决极其不公。 Most people need six to eight hours of sleep every day.多数人每天需要六至八小时的睡眠。 Most learned men are modest. 大部分有学问的人都很谦虚。 I like apples best of all fruits. 所有水果中我最喜欢苹果。 Bill runs quickly, Jack runs more quickly than Bill, and Bob runs most quickly of all. 比尔跑得快，杰克跑得比比尔快，鲍伯在三者中跑得最快。 Jane’s worst fault is her quick temper. 珍最大的毛病是她的急性子。 She is my youngest sister. 她是我最小的妹妹。 A is the last to ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the last＋（名词）＋to-不定词／子句 说明︰此句型意为“…是最不可能…”。the last 表示“最不可能…；绝不至于…”，它的后面有时有 <名词>。 I would be the last to attempt to answer the question. 我是最不可能去尝试回答这个问题。 He is the last person (that) I want to see. 他是我最不想要看到的人。 This is the last attempt (that) he would make. 这是他最不可能做的尝试。 The author should be the last man to talk about his work. 作者应该是最不喜欢谈论自己作品的人。 superior/inferior to ... 结构︰superior／inferior to… 说明︰此句型意为“优于／劣于…”。这是不规则的<比较><句型>，其后跟 to 代替 than，其它还有“prefer… to…（喜爱…甚于…）”，“senior to ...（年长的）”，“junior to ...（年少的）”等。 I prefer tea to coffee. 茶与咖啡，我较喜欢茶。 I prefer chemistry to physics. 我喜欢化学甚于物理。 He is superior to his brother in mathematics. 他的数学比他兄弟好。 A cheaper camera is not always inferior to a more expensive one. 廉价照相机的质量并总不比昂贵的差。 This plastic is inferior in quality to glass. 这塑料的质料比玻璃差。 He is senior to me by seven years. 他比我年长七岁。 The president was so young that he was junior to some of his employees. 总裁的年龄甚至是比他的一些雇员还小。 含不定词句型 I am glad to ... 结构︰主词（人）＋be 动词＋情绪形容词（如 glad，sorry…）＋不定词…。 说明︰<不定词>放在情绪<形容词>如 glad，sorry，happy，sad，surprised，troubled等字之后修饰，这是<不定词>做<副词>的用法。 I am glad to see him. 我很高兴看到他。 Sue was troubled to see trash everywhere. 苏看到到处是垃圾很苦恼。 Sara was excited to see the rock band. 莎拉看到摇滚乐团很兴奋。 ... too ... to ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋too＋形容词／副词＋（for＋sb.）＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“太…而（使某人）不能…”。too 为<副词>，可修饰<副词>或<形容词>。too 后也可接含有<形容词>的单数<名词>，即“too＋<形容词>＋a＋单数<名词>＋to-<不定词>”，也可以是“too much＋<不可数名词>＋to…”或“too many＋复数<名词>＋to…”。该句型如提到“对某人来说”，则加入“for＋人”。该句型表示“否定”的意义，若加上<附加问句>，则须用否定，如例句8。 He walked too slowly to catch up with me. 他走得太慢而不能跟上我。 It is too dark in this room for me to read a book. 房间太暗，使我无法看书。 This problem is too difficult for them to settle. 这对他们来说真是一个难解的问题。 The price is too low for customers to believe. 价格低得令顾客难以相信。 He is too young a boy to do it. 他还太小，无法做这事。 He has too much work on hand to go picnicking with us. 他手头的工作太多了，不能跟我们去野餐。 He has too many things at his disposal to go home early. 有太多事要他处理，使他不能早点回家。 The boy is too young to do it, isn’t he? 这男孩年纪太轻不能做这件事，不是吗？ I am too glad not to ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋too＋形容词／副词＋not＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“太…而必能…；非常…”。本<句型>具有双重否定作用，也可将否定词移到<动词>部分。 Our professor is too capable not to solve this difficult problem. 我们教授非常有才干，必定能解决这一难题。 This customer is too honest not to deceive us. 这位客户非常诚实，不会骗我们。 I am too glad not to help the boy.我太乐意了而不能不帮助那男孩－－我非常乐意帮助那男孩。 It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。 I am only too ... to ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋only too＋形容词／副词＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“非常…”。only 除去了 too 的否定意义，only too 相当于 very，very much 等。 I am only too glad to accept your kind invitation. 我非常高兴地接受你的邀请。 He is only too willing to serve friends. 他极愿为朋友效劳。 I am only too pleased to do business with you. 我能和你做生意，太高兴了。 ADJ/ADV + enough to ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋…形容词／副词＋enough＋（for sb.）＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“足以…”。enough 可做<副词>或<形容词>用，在此做<副词>，可修饰<副词>或<形容词>，恒置于被修饰的<副词>或<形容词>之后。 We need several men strong enough to do the work. 我们需要几个强壮得足以做这件工作的人。 They bought a house large enough for ten persons to live in. 我们买了一栋房子，大得足以供十个人住。 He is competent enough to fill that position. 他足以胜任那职位。 He ran fast enough to catch the thief. 他跑得飞快，足以抓住那小偷。 Our teacher is old enough to retire. 我们老师年纪已够得上退休了。 The assignment is few enough to be finished within half an hour. 作业很少，足能在半小时内完成。 ... enough + N + to do ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋enough＋名词＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“有足够的…可以做…”。该句型也可写作“主词＋动词＋名词＋enough＋to-不定词”。 enough 在此做<形容词>，修饰<名词>，可置于该<名词>之前或之后。 He has enough money (=money enough) to buy a car. 他有足够的钱买一辆汽车。 He hasn’t enough sense to realize his mistakes. 他没有足够的辨别力去认识自己的错误。 It is a pity that he doesn’t have enough money to sponsor the project. 遗憾的是他没有足够的钱来支持这项计划。 Will 2,000 dozens be enough for selling? 两千打够卖吗？ ... be good enough to ... 结构︰Would you be good enough＋to-不定词…？ 说明︰此句型意为“请你…好吗？”。本<句型>的意思和“Would you be so kind as to ...?”一样， <语气>较客气。 Would you be good enough to turn the radio down a bit?请你把收音机的声音关小一点好吗？ Would you be good enough to keep silent? 请你保持安静好吗？ Would you be good enough to move a bit to the right? 请你往右边移一点好吗？ ... how (+ N) + to do ... 结构︰…how／what／when／where／which／whose（＋名词）＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“应该如何做／何时做／何地做／做哪些事…”。what，whom，which 为疑问<名词>，做其后 <不定词词组>中<动词>的<受词>，否则就做<介系词>的<受词>。how，where，when，why均为<疑问副词>。<不定词词组>中的<动词>若为<及物动词>，则后面要有<受词>；若为<不及物动词>，则不需要<受词>。 How do I know what to do and what not to do? 我怎么知道什么该做，什么不该做？ He showed me how to use the tape recorder. 他教我如何使用这台卡式录音机。 What to do is one question, and how to do it is quite another. 应该做什么和应该怎样做是完全不同的两个问题。 The trouble is when to start the business. 麻烦在于应该什么时候开始这项工作。 We haven’t decided where to go for lunch. 我们还没有决定去哪里午餐。 I don’t know which advise to follow. 不晓得该听谁的劝告。 I learned what expressions to use in public. 我懂得在公共场所中应使用什么措辞。 How to begin is more difficult than where to stop. 如何着手远比在何处结束来得困难。 You should know what to cook to eat. 你应该知道该煮什么来吃。 The problem is when to get the money we need. 问题是什么时候能得到我们所需要的钱。 There are so many fancy cars on display here that I don’t know which to buy. 有这么多的豪华汽车在此展出，我不知要买哪一辆才好。 ... only to do ... 结构︰…only／merely／simply／just＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“竟然…；却…”。表示与先前的努力相反的结果，一般用在句尾。 He studied hard only to fail in the exam. 他这么用功，结果竟然考场失利。 He rushed all the way to the station only to miss the train. 他一路冲往车站，结果还是错过了火车。 He tried a second time only to fail again. 他再试一次，竟然还是失败。 He tried to increase his income by gambling only to plunge more deeply into the mire. 他企图藉赌博增加收入，却陷入了更深的困境。 I went out, merely to get caught in a shower. 我跑出去，结果徒然碰到一场骤雨。 ... have only to do ... 结构︰have only＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“只需…就够了”。相当于“All one has to do ...”或“What one has to do ...”。 You have only to sit there and watch what I am doing. 你只要坐在这里，看着我做就行了。 Don’t worry; you have only to sing a song to please her. 不用担心，你只需唱首歌让她高兴就行了。 You have only to go. 你只要去即可。 You have only to ask and he’ll tell you. 你只要问他，他就会告诉你。 ... never to do ... 结构︰…never＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“不会再有…的结果”。 He went on a journey when he was 18 years old, never to come back. 他十八岁时出外旅行，一直没有回来。 He went off to the war never to return alive. 他去参加战争，没能活着回来。 She left her husband, never to come back. 她离开了她丈夫，再也没回来。 make/have sb. do sth. 结构︰主词＋make／have／bid／let＋受词（人）＋不定词原形 说明︰此句型意为“要／嘱咐／叫…”。<使役动词>中，make、have、bid、let 等字加了<受词>之后，要接原形<动词>做<受词补语>，与使用<分词>相比，<不定词>原形重点在事实。变成<被动语态>时，该<受词补语>要变成<不定词词组>。但是 have 当<使役动词>时，无<被动语态>。 I made him do it. 我叫他做这事。 I let him do it. 我让他做这事。 They had/made the girl clean the floor. 他们叫这个女孩打扫地板。 The mother bade the child behave himself. 妈妈叮咛孩子要守规矩。 He was bidden to finish the work on schedule. 我要他按时完成工作。 My father will probably have Tom paint the house green. 我爸爸很可能叫汤姆把房子漆成绿色。 He had me help him with his homework. 他叫我帮忙他做家庭作业。 ... want/like to do ... 结构︰主词＋一般及物动词＋不定词（to＋V）…。 说明︰常以<不定词>作为<受词>的<及物动词>有：like（喜欢），want（想要），try（设法）， love（喜爱），hate（讨厌），forget（忘记），begin（开始），start（开始），need（必须）。 Some students hate to study English. 有些学生不喜欢研读英语。 You need to study in a quiet place. 你必须在一个安定的地方读书。 He likes to go to the movie. 他喜欢去看电影。 She wants to help Mary. 她想要帮助玛丽。 ... want/ask sb. to do ... 结构︰主词＋want／ask／tell 等＋受词＋to-不定词 说明︰<不定词>放在<受词>的后面，用于补充说明<受词>的动作，叫做“<受词补语>”；当<不定词>要表达“不要做某事”的意思时，则须采用<不定词>的<否定式>，即直接在<不定词>前加 not。常用的此类<动词>有 want，get，compel，expect，ask，would like，advise，urge，wish，tell，allow，permit，trouble，help，teach 等。 I told him not to goof around. 我叫他不要游手好闲。 The teacher urged his students to prepare for the exam. 老师劝他的学生准备考试。 They forced me to do things against my will. 他们强迫我做违背我心意的事。 Do you want me to go there instead of you? 要不要我代你到那儿去？ I got him to do it. 我叫他做这事。 Their help enabled me to finish the work with ease.他们帮助我，使我能够顺利地完成工作。 A sense of humor enabled him to get along well with others. 幽默感使他能与人相处愉快。 The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.繁重的工作量迫使我取消去露营。 The father allowed (=permitted) his son to travel abroad alone. 父亲答应让他的儿子单独出国旅行。 We troubled him to turn on the light. 我们麻烦他打开电灯。 We needed someone to fix the tape recorder. 我们需要有人来修理录音机。 I heard him sing. 结构︰主词＋hear／see／feel＋受词＋原形不定词 说明︰此句型意为“听／看／感觉…”。英文中表示“看”，“听”，“感觉”的三类<动词>，加了<受词>之后，须接原形<动词>做<受词补语>，用以表示已发生，而且是主动意味的事实。我们称此类<动词>为知觉<动词>，常用的有 see，watch，notice，look at，hear，listen to，feel 等。变成<被动语态>时，<受词补语>要变成<不定词词组>，如例句4。这些词后也可接现在<分词>，强调“动作进行”，而接原形<动词>，则强调“整个事实”。 Did you notice anyone come in? 你注意到有人进来过吗？ As far as I remember, I have never seen him smile. 在我记忆中，我从未见他笑过。 She once heard him whisper to another girl. 她曾听到他对另外一个女孩说悄悄话。 He was heard to sing. 我听到他唱歌。 I felt my heart beat violently. 我感觉到自己的心跳得很厉害。 She liked to listen to children talk. 她喜欢听孩子们谈话。 We heard him playing with his puppy. 我们听到了他在玩着他的小狗。 Rick often watched the boats returning to port in the late afternoon. 瑞克常常看到小船在傍晚正回到港口。 be going to ... 结构︰主词＋be going＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“将做…”。“be going＋to-<不定词>”用作表示未来的<助动词>，表示最近之未来将做的行为或未来的意图。这种<句型>经常用于会话体，表示包含讲话者的主观或感情的情形。 He is going to marry Jane in May. 他打算五月和珍结婚。 I am going to stay up late to finish my paper. 为了完成报告我打算熬夜不睡。 I’m afraid he is going to lose the match. 我恐怕他会输掉比赛。 The train was just going to start when we arrived. 我们到达时，火车马上就要开了。 My father was a sailor and I’m going to be one, too. 我父亲（以前）是水手，我也打算当水手。 be about to ... 结构︰主词＋be about＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“将做…”。表示极近的未来之行为，故为了表示几乎等于现在的未来而不和未来之 <副词>一起使用，如：不能说“I am about to go next week.”。 He was surely about to change his mind. 他一定会改变主意。 She was about to walk out of the door when the telephone rang. 电话铃响时她正要出门。 Something unusual was about to happen. 某种不寻常的事正要发生。 ... be to ... 结构︰主词＋be＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“预定要…”。“be＋to＋<不定词>”含有事先的安排或命令，表示“必须…；应该…；打算…”。 A was to be placed onto A’, and B onto B’. ... seem/appear to ... 结构︰主词＋seem／appear＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“似乎是…，好像…”。to-<不定词>的内容是表示状态的词。seem 有时要加入“或许”（probably）的意思翻译起来才适当；appear 近于“乍看之下好像是…”的意思。 Taiwan seems to contain no petroleum. 台湾恐怕没有蕴藏石油吧！ The thread seems to match the cloth. 这线和这布似乎很相称。 He appears to be very tired. 他似乎很累。 These stars appear to move around the North Star. 这些星星似乎环绕着北极星转。 They appear to be able to handle the problem. 他们似乎可以处理这个问题。 John seems to love music very much. 约翰似乎很喜欢音乐。 To ..., Main Clause 结构︰不定词词组，主要子句 说明︰此类<不定词词组>通常放在句首，表示目的，修饰<主要子句>。常用的有 to tell the truth（老实说），to do someone justice（替某人说句公道话），to be brief（简言之），to begin with（首先），to sum up（总之），to make matters worse（更糟的是），so to speak（可以这么说），needless to say（不用说），to say nothing of sth。（更不用说）等。 To make sure that he was at home, I called him up in advance. 为了确定他在家，我事先打电话给他。 To tell the truth, I don’t agree to your plan. 老实讲，我不同意你的计划。 To do her justice, she is not as bad as you described. 说句公道话，她并没有你说的那样坏。 To sum up, only when strict punishment can be imposed on the lawless, can social stability be maintained. 总之，唯有当严刑峻罚加之于违法之徒时，才能维持社会安定。 Mary is, so to speak, a hardworking student. 玛丽可说是个用功的学生。 I can’t speak English, to say nothing of Chinese. 我不会说英语，更别提中文了。 Needless to say, learning without thinking is useless. 不用说，学而不思则罔。 ... pretend to ... 结构︰主词＋pretend＋to-不定词／that-子句 说明︰此句型意为“假装…”。pretend 后面用 to-不定词或 that 子句。 He was pretending to climb a mountain. 他假装在爬山。 She pretended not to go. 她假装不去。 He pretended to be a good man. 他假装是好人。 Let’s pretend (that) we are pirates. 让我们玩假装海盗的游戏吧！ ... stop to ... 结构︰主词＋stop＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“停下来…”。若“stop＋Ving”是“停止…”。 They just don’t stop to think. 他们就是不停下来想一想。 They stopped to look into the window. 他们停下来看看橱窗。 I have stopped smoking for half a year. 我已经半年不抽烟了。 ... be meant to ... 结构︰主词＋be meant＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“…是有意要…；…是命中注定要…”。“be meant to V”有时变成“be meant for N”。 Some TV programs are meant to be watched today and forgotten tomorrow. 有些电视节目的用意是要今天观赏，明天忘掉。 He believes he is meant to be a great man. 他相信他命中要成为伟人。 This dictionary is meant for you. 这本字典是要给你的。 be + ADJ + to ... 结构︰主词＋be＋形容词＋to-不定词 说明︰<主词>实际上是 to-<不定词>的<受词>，经过转变而移到句首。 It was even more pleasing to look at in the morning light. 它在早晨的光线下看起来更悦目。 The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.旭日从这个角度看起来特别美。 I think she is easy to please. 我想她是很容易讨好的。 ... be likely to ... 结构︰主词＋be likely＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“…可能…”。likely 表示具有充分根据的预测。有时<句型>可变为“It is likely that ...”。 One’s first impression is likely to be that everyone is in a rush. 一个人的第一个印象是，每个人都是匆忙的。 He is likely to arrive at any time. 他可能随时会到。 His health is likely to get worse. 他的健康可能会恶化。 make an/no attempt to ... 结构︰主词＋make an／no attempt＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“…打算要／没有打算要…”；“…试图要／没有试图要…”。 His smile deepened, but he made no attempt to answer. 他的微笑加深了，但他没有打算要回答。 I made no attempt to make friends with her. 我没有打算要和她做朋友。 Will they make any attempt? 他们会再做另一次的尝试吗？ happen/chance to ... 结构︰主词＋happen／chance＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“…碰巧…”。 A friend of his happened to be sitting in a railroad-coach next to a young man who was obviously depressed. 他的一个朋友碰巧在火车车厢里坐在一个无精打采的年轻人的身边。 We happened to meet at the station. 我们碰巧在火车站相遇。 He happened to be sleeping. 他碰巧在睡觉。 I chanced to be thinking of the same thing. 我碰巧想到同样的事。 ... is said to ... 结构︰主词＋is said＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“据说…（现在）是…”。而“is said to have been ...”是“据说…（以前）是…”。 His music is said to be “good”or “great”. 他的音乐据说是“好”或“了不起”。 He is said to have been the richest man in Taiwan. 据说他以前是台湾最有钱的人。 They are said to build a hospital here. 据说他们要在这里盖一家医院。 ... be bound to ... 结构︰主词＋be bound＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“一定…”。“be bound to V”是“be sure to V（一定）”之意，而“be bound for”是“前往”之意。 Something is bound to happen one way or another to end the conflict or solve the problem. 事情一定以某种方式发生以结束冲突或解决难题。 He is bound to come tonight. 他今天晚上一定会来。 If so, your points of view are bound to conflict with his. 如果这样的话，你的观点一定会和他的起冲突。 ... do all one can to ... 结构︰主词＋do all one can to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“尽一切可能来…”。注意 do 和 can 的<时态>要保持一致。 Daddy did all he could to fill my needs and desires.爸爸尽一切可能来满足我的需求和欲望。 You should do all you can to persuade him. 你应该尽一切可能来说服他。 We have done all we could to catch up with them. 我们已经尽了一切可能来赶上他们。 have sth. to do with ... 结构︰... have something／nothing to do with ... 说明︰此句型意为“…与…有／无关系”。这是包含不定式的习惯用法。随着“有关系”的程度， something 可改为 little，much，a great deal 等。have nothing to do with表示否定；have anything to do with 用于<疑问句>中。 Her diligence must have something to do with his success. 她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某些关系。 The traffic accident had nothing to do with him. 这交通事故和他一点关系也没有。 His wife had much to do with his bankruptcy. 他的破产和他的妻子很有关系。 have no other N except to 结构︰主词＋have no other＋名词＋except／than＋to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“除了要…没有其它的…”。except 可以换成 than。 The speaker has no other purpose except to make people laugh. 这位演说者除了想搞笑之外，没有别的目的。 We have no other choice than to agree with them. 我们除了同意他们之外，没有别的选择。 I have no other wish except to pass the examination.我除了要通过考试之外，没有别的心愿。 ... in order/so as to ... 结构︰in order／so as＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“为了…；想做…就得…”。这是表目的的不定词句型，意思更为明确。 He must work very hard in order to support his large family. 他必须拼命工作以养活他的大家庭。 Listen carefully so as to follow the teacher. 要仔细听才能听懂老师讲的课。 You must watch your step so as not to fall down. 你必须留心脚下才不会跌下去。 ... be used to ... 结构︰主词(物) + be used to-不定词 说明︰此句型意为“被用来…”。主词通常是无生命的东西。而“物＋be used as＋<名词>”译为“被用来当做…”。 The book is used to teach us how to write. 这本书教我们如何写作。 The knife can be used to cut meat. 刀能用来切肉。 It is said that the plant can be used to treat hepatitis. 据说那种植物可用来治肝炎。 The book is used as a reference book. 这本书被用来做参考书。 含分词之句型 I am + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋am（are，is）＋现在分词… 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>（人，物）正在…”。<现在进行式>用于表示现在“正在进行”的动作或“暂时性”的动作，常和 now，still，at this time 等<副词>（<词组>）连用。而<简单现在式>用于表示现在的“事实，习惯或状态”，常和 every day，usually，always 等<副词>(<词组>)连用。 Bill is singing. 比尔正在唱歌。 Linda is cooking. 琳达在烹饪。 My father is sleeping. 我父亲在睡觉。 Mother cooks dinner every evening. 妈妈每天晚上做晚饭。 She is cooking in the kitchen now. 她现在正在厨房里做饭。 Father walks to his office every morning. 爸爸每天早上走路去上班。 He is walking to his office now. 他现在正在走路去上班。 Mary sings in her room every afternoon. 玛丽每天下午在她房间里唱歌。 She is singing in her room now. 她现在正在她房间里唱歌。 an interesting movie 结构︰主词＋动词＋a／an＋（very）＋现在分词＋名词（物）…。 说明︰“情绪<动词>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修饰事物，常用现在<分词>；现在<分词>含有“主动”或动作“正在进行”的意味。 That is an interesting movie. 那是一部令人有趣的电影。 That is an exciting game. 那是一场令人兴奋的比赛。 That is a satisfying book. 那是一本令人满意的书。 Have you + V-ed ...? 结构︰Have／Has＋主词＋过去分词＋…？ 说明︰将<助动词> have（has）提到句首，即构成<现在完成式>的疑问式。 Have you had your lunch? 你已吃过午饭吗？ Has she ever written a letter to Mark? 她曾经写信给马克吗？ Have you found the pen you lost yesterday? 你找到昨天丢失的钢笔了吗？ a troubled student 结构︰主词＋动词＋a／an＋（very）＋过去分词＋名词（人）…。 说明︰“情绪<动词>”如 interest，excite，satisfy，bore，confuse，trouble 等，要修饰人，常用过去<分词>；过去<分词>含有“被动”或动作“已经完成”的意味。 He is a troubled student. 他是一位感到苦恼的学生。 He is an interested person. 他是一位表现兴趣的人。 He is a bored student. 他是一位感到厌烦的学生。 I have written a letter. 结构︰主词＋have（has）＋过去分词＋…。 说明︰<现在完成式>用于表示“过去某时”发生的事情，“直到现在”才完成，或“继续到现在”，或其结果“影响到现在”，它的肯定式由“have（has）＋过去<分词>”构成，其中 have或 has 是<助动词>，当<主词>是第三人称单数（he，she，it…）时，用 has，其余人称用 have。 I have written a letter. 我已经写了一封信。 Mary has studied English for three years. 玛丽研读英语已有三年。 He has liked dogs since he was a child. 自从他是小孩时，他就喜欢狗。 ... is ...ed by ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋过去分词＋by＋受词…。 说明︰将主动句改为被动句时，先将主动句的<主词>变成被动句的<受词>，再将主动句的<及物动词>改成“be＋过去分词”，且须注意 be <动词>的时式要与主动句的<及物动词>时式相同，最后将主动句的<主词>变成被动句 by 的<受词>。 The news is widely spread by them. 这一消息被他们广为传播。 Vegetables are needed every day by us. 蔬菜每天被我们所需要。 This letter was typed by Alice this morning. 这封信在今早被艾丽斯用打字机打过了。 will be V-ed by ... 结构︰主词＋will be＋过去分词＋by＋受词…。 说明︰将现在式被动句的 be <动词>（am，is，are）改为 will be，是构成未来式被动句的一种方法。 That book will be brought by Mary tomorrow. 那本书明天将被玛丽带来。 That car will be washed this afternoon. 那部汽车今天下午将会被洗。 The building will be opened next month. 那栋大楼下个月将营业。 be going to be V-ed by 结构︰主词＋be going to＋be＋过去分词＋by＋受词…。 说明︰在现在式被动句的 be <动词>（am，is，are）后加 going to be，是构成未来式被动句的另一种方法。 These clothes are going to be washed by her. 这些衣服将由她来洗。 A birthday cake is going to be brought to the table by the cook. 一只生日蛋糕将被厨师放到桌子上。 Music is going to be taught by Miss Lin. 音乐课将由林小姐来教。 can(not) be V-ed by ... 结构︰主词＋can（not）be ＋过去分词＋by＋受词…。 说明︰将主动句中的<助动词>（can，must…）照抄，后面加上 be＋过去<分词>，即构成含有<助动词>的被动句。 That lesson can not be understood by many students. 那一课无法为许多学生所理解。 The question can not be answered by many people. 这一问题无法被许多人回答。 His poor handwriting can not be read by himself. 他糟糕的笔迹无法被他本人所辨认。 ... V + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋补语（现在分词） 说明︰英文中，若两个<动词>在一起而无<连接词>加以连接，所表示的动作又是同时发生的，则第二个<动词>要变成现在<分词>；若第二个<动词>是be<动词>时，应变成现在<分词> being，但 being通常予以省略。 We sat listening to the sound of the waves. 我们坐着倾听海浪的声音。 The dog lay dozing in front of the door. 小狗躺在门前打盹儿。 She stood there (being) motionless. 她站在那儿，一动也不动。 He quickly ran home, looking as if there was something wrong with him. 他快步跑回家，看上去好像有什么事不对劲。 I stand looking over the lake. 我站着展望湖面。 Some leaves went flying into my room. 几片叶子飞着进入我的房间。 ... V-ing／V-ed + N ... 结构︰…现在分词／过去分词＋名词（或名词＋现在分词／过去分词） 说明︰这是<分词>做<名词>之修饰语的用法，该<分词>修饰其前或后紧临之<名词>；<名词>之前有其它单字或<词组>跟随时，<分词>通常放在<名词>后面。 The shouting boy did not hear his mother call him. 大声叫嚷的孩子听不到妈妈的叫唤。 The girl standing in the front row is my niece. 站在前排的少女是我的侄女。 There were no printed books in those days. 当时没有印刷的书籍。 This is a play written by an American author. 这是美国作家写的剧本。 The prisoners closely guarded escaped from the prison last night. 被严密监视的这些囚犯昨夜越狱了。 I looked painfully at the vase broken into pieces. 我痛苦地看着这个破得粉碎的花瓶。 It is difficult to shoot a flying bird, especially a small bird flying high up in the sky. 要射中飞行中的小鸟，尤其是高空飞行的小鸟，非常困难。 Soon we came to a crowded street, a very wide street crowded with allsorts of vehicles. 我们很快就来到一条很宽、很吵杂，各种车辆来往行驶的大马路上。 feel/make ... V-ing/V-ed 结构︰keep／make／hear 等＋受词＋现在分词／过去分词 说明︰<动词> keep，find 或<使役动词> make，let，get 等，以及<感官动词> hear，see，watch，feel 等后的<受词补语>若强调正在进行的概念，且有主动意味时，以现在<分词>表示；若有被动意味时，则以“being＋过去<分词>”表示，均译成“正在…”。若要强调被动且已发生的概念，则用过去<分词>做<补语>，译成“被…”。 At last I succeeded in getting my car moving slowly.最后，我终于成功地让我的车子慢慢移动。 We saw him watering the lawn around the house. 我们看见他在为屋子四周的草坪浇水。 Have you heard the opera sung in French? 你听过用法语唱的这场歌剧吗？ I felt something crawling up my arm. 我感觉到有什么东西爬上我的手臂。 I saw him being punished by the teacher. 我看到他正被老师处罚。 I saw the boy carried away to the hospital. 我看到那个男孩被抬去医院。 I found the work being done in a rush. 我发现这件作品正仓促地被完成。 ... get(s) V-ed/ADJ 结构︰主词（某人）＋get（s）＋过去分词（或形容词）…。 说明︰此句型意为“某人变成…”。get＋<形容词>（过去<分词>）的常见用例有：get old（年纪大）， get hungry（肚子饿），get angry（生气），get sick（生病），get fat（发胖）， get tired（疲倦），get lost（迷路），get confused（困惑），get hurt（受伤）， get excited（兴奋），get ready（准备好）。 John got lost. 约翰迷路了。 Mary gets tired of wearing red dresses. 玛丽厌倦穿红色衣服。 The question is so hard, and we’re getting confused. 这问题太难，我们感到困惑。 ... have/get sth. done 结构︰主词＋have／get／make＋受词＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“把…（办完）”。make 之后的<受词>习惯上是“人”而非“物”；但 have 和 get 后的<受词>在此 <句型>中是“物”，有“叫别人代劳”的意味，即做事的人并非<主词>，而是别人。 Be sure to get the work finished before six o’clock. 务必在六点之前把工作完成。 Are you going to get the house painted green? 你打算要把房子漆成绿色吗？ I want to get/have these shoes mended. 我想把这些鞋子修补一下。 He has been unable to raise enough money to have the big clock repaired. 他一直无法筹募到足够的钱来把这个大钟修理好。 I’ll have it sent right away. 我会立刻把它（拍送）出去。 Have it charged to my credit card. 把它记在我的信用卡的账号里。 I cannot make myself understood in English. 我无法用英文使自己被人了解。（我无法用英文把我的意思讲清楚。） I had my tooth extracted. (=I had the dentist extract my tooth.) 我把牙拔了。（我是叫医生拔的。） Sth. is being + V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋is being＋过去分词… 说明︰此句型意为“…正在被…”。是<进行式>的<被动语态>。 Money is being used in place of something more direct.金钱正在被更直接地用来取代某种东西。 The machine is being experimentally used. 这些机器正在被实验地使用着。 The problems are being discussed. 这些问题正在被讨论着。 ... go + V-ing ... 结构︰go＋现在分词 说明︰此句型意为“从事…”。go 之后的现在<分词>通常是运动类的<动词>，如：fishing（钓鱼），boating（划船），skating（溜冰），skiing（滑雪），hunting（打猎），mountain climbing（爬山）， shopping（购物）等。 Sometimes Mr. Black went swimming with the children.有时布拉克先生和这些小孩去游泳。 We went fishing yesterday and I caught three fish. 我们昨天去钓鱼，而我钓了三条。 I find it interesting and healthy to go mountain climbing. 我觉得爬山有趣又有益健康。 The American housewife probably goes shopping only once or twice a week. 美国家庭主妇可能一星期只购物一、二次。 You may go grass skiing, bicycle riding, or shopping on the weekend. 周末你可以去滑草，骑脚踏车，或购物。 the + V-ing/V-ed/ADJ 结构︰the＋现在分词／过去分词／形容词 说明︰<形容词>，包括可做<形容词>的<分词>，前面加<冠词> the，可当复数<名词>用，表示“全体”的意思，其后的<动词>用复数形。常用的有：the wounded（所有受伤的人），the handicapped（所有残障者），the rich（有钱人），the dead（所有已死的人），the dying（所有垂死的人），the unknown（所有未知之事）等。 The rich are not necessarily happy. 有钱人未必快乐。 The oppressed were free after the coup. 被压迫的人民，在政变之后获得自由。 The dying were rushed to the hospital. 垂死的人被急速送往医院。 During the depression, millions of the unemployed wandered around in the streets. 经济萧条时期，有好几百万的失业者在街头游荡。 V-ing/V-ed ..., Main Clause 结构︰现在分词／过去分词…，主要子句 说明︰这是含<分词>句构的<句型>，是以<分词词组>代替<副词子句>。<主要子句>中的<主词>应和<分词词组>中的动作接受者一致。若<动词>为 be 或 have been，变成现在<分词> being 或 having been后，可以省略。<否定句>若变成<分词词组>时，<否定副词> not 或 never 应置于<分词>之前。 Holding the watch up, she listened. 把表拿起来，她注意听。 Standing in the dark, I can not see anything. 站在黑夜里，我什么也看不见。 Sitting under the tree, I was hit by a stone on the head. 我坐在树下，被一块石头击中了头。 (Being) a lover of nature, he often goes mountain climbing.因为热爱大自然，他常常去爬山。 Angry with his wife, Tom kicked the dog. 因为和太太生气，汤姆踢狗。 Rich and generous, he contributed two million dollars to the Red Cross. 因为有钱又慷慨，他捐了两百万圆给红十字会。 (Having been) Knocked down by a car, he spent a week in the hospital. 被车子撞倒后，他在医院里度过了一星期。 Seriously damaged, the bridge is no longer in use. 因受到严重损坏，这座桥不再使用了。 Caught in a rain, he was wet all over. 淋到了一场雨，他全身都湿了。 Bitten by a dog, the little boy did not dare to play with dogs again. 被狗咬过，这个小男孩不敢再和狗玩。 Written in English, the book is difficult for me to understand. 用英文写的这本书对我来说很难理解。 Not (being) fond of learning, he ran away from home. 由于不喜欢读书，他就离家出走了。 Never having been to Switzerland before, he longs for a trip there. 因为从来没去过瑞士，他期待一趟瑞士之旅。 When + V-ing ... 结构︰when／while／once／if／unless／though＋现在分词 说明︰当when，while，once，if，unless，though 等<副词><连接词>引导<副词子句>时，若其<主词>与<主要子句>相同，可保留该<副词><连接词>，其余部分则化简为<分词词组>。 He says \"Please\" when making a request. 请求时，他说：“请”。 When waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. 等公共汽车时，他按顺序排队。 He stopped to talk to me when seeing me. 看到我的时候，他停下来和我说话。 If falling ill, I’ll stay home taking a good rest. 如果生病，我会待在家里好好休息。 Once arriving there, I’ll keep contact with you. 一到那里，我会跟你连络。 Unless (being) rich, I am not going to buy a house. 除非有钱，要不然我是不会买房子的。 Though knowing the truth, he remained silent. 虽然他知道实情，却保持沉默。 N + V-ing/V-ed 结构︰名词＋现在分词／过去分词，… 说明︰这是含独立<分词>结构的<句型>，即因<主词>不同而将<分词>意义上的<主词>置于<分词>之前。若 <动词>为 be 或 have been，变成现在<分词> being 或 having been 后，可以省略。若<分词>意义上的<主词>是 we，you，one 等表世上之一般人的情形时，即使和<主要子句>之<主词>不同，也可省略，变成惯用的句子，常用的有：frankly speaking（坦白说），judging from（由…观之），talking about／of（谈谈…），generally speaking（一般而言），roughly speaking（大体言之）等。 They were trembling, their mouths watering at the thought of the beer. 他们颤抖着，一想到啤酒，口水就流出来。 He was sitting next to Mrs. Smith, his eyes resting on her daughter. 他坐在史密斯太太的旁边，他的视线落在她女儿的身上。 The earthquake took place, the windows broken into pieces. 地震发生了，户破得粉碎。 \"There it is,\" he whispered, his eyes (being) bright with sudden tears. “就在那里。”他低声地说，他的眼睛闪亮着突然而来的眼泪。 He said in a low voice, both his hands (being) on his back. 他低声地说，他的双手放在背后。 He argued, his voice trembling with anger. 他争论着，他的声音由于生气而颤抖。 Generally speaking, women live longer than men. 一般而言，女性寿命较男性长。 Frankly speaking, he is not so bad as you might think. 坦白讲，他没有你想象中的坏。 with + N + V-ing/V-ed 结构︰with＋名词＋现在分词／过去分词 说明︰这是表“附带状况（并行行为）”的<副词词组>，常用来描述情景。有时使用<形容词>、<副词>、<介系词>代替<分词>。 She sang to the music with her hand waving gently. 她跟着音乐唱歌，手斯文地挥动着。 He came running here with one hand holding a knife. 他手上握着刀向这里跑来。 He came running here with a knife held in one hand. 他一手握着刀向这里跑来。 With our work done, we felt much at ease. 工作做完后，我们觉得好轻松。 She looked at him with the color gone from her face. 她凝视着他，脸上毫无血色。 He was dozing with a book open in his hands. 他在打盹，手上的书打开着。 My father sometimes goes out for a stroll with a stick in his hand. 父亲有时候带着手杖出去散步。 What a lonely world it would be with you away! 妳要是不在，这世界不知将有多寂寞！ V-ing ... + be + N ... 结构︰现在分词…＋be 动词＋名词 说明︰此句型的<名词>是句子的<主词>，所以 be <动词>要和<名词>一致。 Coexisting with such love in the American family are cultural values of self-reliance and independence. 和美国家庭的这种爱同时并存的是自强及独立的文化价值观。 Growing along the river are tall palm trees. 沿着这条河生长的是高大的棕梠树。 Lying north of the church is a girls’ senior high school.位于这座教堂以北的是一所女子高中。 含动名词之句型 Thinking correctly is ... 结构︰动名词＋副词（或名词）＋单数动词＋…。 说明︰此句型意为“做某事是…的”。<动名词>在文法上具有<动词>与<名词>的双重性质，故<动名词>可以像<名词>一样充当<主词>；又因<动名词>当<主词>时，用于指“某一件事”，属于第三人称单数，故取单数<动词>。 Thinking correctly is important. 思考正确是重要的。 Living in the big city is convenient. 住在大城市是方便的。 Reading good books makes us happy. 阅读好书使得我们快乐。 ... without + N/V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋…without＋名词／动名词…。 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>没有（不用）…”。without 当“没有；不用；假如没有；当…不”解，是<介系词>，后面接<名词>（<代名词>）或<动名词>，用法相当于“and ... not”或“if（when）…not＋<动词>”。 I can’t start a fire without matches. 我没有火柴不能点火。 We won’t go without you joining it. 你没有参加的话我们就不去了。 You can’t see the movie without the ticket. 你没有票，不能看电影。 He went to school without breakfast. (=He went to school and did not eat breakfast.) 他没吃早饭就去上学了。 I like + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋及物动词＋动名词（当受词）＋…。 说明︰此句型意为“某人…做某事”。下列的<及物动词>后面，常接<动名词>当<受词>：like，love， hate，begin，start，try，enjoy，mind，practise。 I like doing my homework. 我喜欢做我的家庭作业。 He loves listening to music. 他喜欢听音乐。 The boys hate doing homework on Sundays. 男孩们讨厌在星期日做家庭作业。 cannot help + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋cannot help＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“不得…，不禁…”。这里的 help 作“抗拒”或“避免”解，此时一定要用<动名词作受词>，相当于“<主词>＋cannot but／cannot help but＋原形<动词>”。 He cannot help loving Mary because of her beauty. 因为玛丽长得美，他不禁爱上她。 Whenever I hear the story, I cannot help crying. 每次我听这故事，就忍不住要哭。 After learning of his sufferings, I couldn’t help sympathizing with him. 得知他痛苦的遭遇后，我忍不住同情他。 I cannot help laughing. 我忍不住笑出来。 I cannot help being poor. 我是穷，可是没有办法呀！ I cannot help wondering about that girl. 我不免对那个女孩感到惊奇。 I cannot help worrying to hear that there is no steamer this week. 我听到本周没有船的消息，禁不住担忧起来。 There is no + V-ing ... 结构︰There is no＋动名词… 说明︰此句型意为“做…是不可能的”。等于“It is impossible to＋原形<动词>”或“No one can＋原形<动词>”。 There is no accounting for tastes. 人各有所好。 There was no telling what the next assignment would be. 不晓得下一个任务将是什么。 There is no reasoning with such a stubborn man as Peter. 跟彼得这种固执的人讲理简直是不可能的事。 There is no denying that Taiwan is a beautiful island.台湾是座美丽的岛屿，这是不可否认的。 There is no describing the beauty of the scene. 谁都无法形容这景色的美丽。 There is no typing up this letter within five minutes. 不可能在五分钟内打完这封信。 feel like + V-ing ... 结构︰feel like＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“想要…”。like 是<介系词>，故之后要接<名词>或<动名词>。当接<动名词>时，解释为“想要做…”，相当于“would like to＋原形<动词>”；接<名词>时，解释为“感觉像…”。 I don’t feel like studying tonight. 我今晚不想念书。 I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation.我好想明年暑假去一趟欧洲。 Do you feel like going to a movie? 你想看电影吗？ I feel like a newborn baby. 我感觉像是个新生的婴儿。 ... come near + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋come near＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“几乎去做…”。near 后跟<动名词>。 It came near being the prettiest bow he had ever seen.那几乎是他所见过最漂亮的一只果盆。 I came near hitting him. 我几乎揍他。 They came near being drowned. 他们几乎被水淹死。 My son came near being run over by a truck. 我的儿子差点被大卡车辗过。 ... worth + V-ing ... 结构︰worth＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“值得…”。worth 是<介系词>，使用时要用<名词>或<动名词>做<受词>，形成<介系词词组>，当 <形容词>用。worth 之后接<动名词>时，<主词>必须为该<动名词>之<受词>，否则<动名词>之后须另加<介系词>，使<主词>做其<受词>。这种<句型>不可用虚<主词> it 做<主词>。 London is a city worth visiting. 伦敦是值得参观的城市。 He who does his duty is worth praising. 凡是忠于职守的人都值得赞扬。 A book worth reading once is worth reading time and time again. 值得一看的书值得一看再看。 The work is worth doing. 这个工作值得去做。 He is worth doing the work for. 值得为他去做这份工作。 be worthy of + V-ing 结构︰be worthy of＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“值得…”。等于“be worthy＋to be＋过去<分词>”。worthy 是<形容词>，也引导<形容词词组>；同 worth 一样，使用 worthy 时，不可用虚<主词> it 做<主词>。 This book is worthy of reading. 这本书值得一读。 He who does his duty is worthy of praising. 凡是忠于职守的人都值得奖励。 The event is worthy of being remembered. 那事件是值得记忆的。 On/Upon + V-ing ... 结构︰On／Upon＋动名词… 说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。相当于 once 引导的<副词子句>。on 后面所跟的<动词>的动作执行者必须与<主要子句>的一致。 Upon reaching an appropriate age, children are encouraged, but not forced, to “leave the nest”. 一达到适当的年龄，孩子们就被鼓励，而不是被强迫，“离开老窝”。 On entering the classroom, I found a book lying on the floor. 一走进教室，我就发现一本书丢在地上。 Upon receiving your letter, I was as happy as could be. 一收到你的信，我非常高兴。 before + V-ing ... 结构︰before + 动名词 ... 说明︰此句型意为“在…之前”。before 后面动作的执行者，应该与<主要子句>中的动作执行者一致。 Before entering a house in some Asian countries, it is good manners to take off your shoes. 在某些亚洲的国家，进屋子之前脱下鞋子才是有礼貌的。 Before reading the book, you had better ask yourself if you have the time. 在读这本书之前，你最好问问自己是否有时间。 Before visiting him, I called him up in advance. 在拜访他之前，我先打电话给他。 of one’s own + V-ing 结构︰of one’s own＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“由某人亲自所…的”。本<词组>为<形容词词组>，置于<名词>之后，做后位<修饰语>。 This is a picture of his own painting. 这是他的亲笔画。 This is a coat of her own making. 这是她亲手做的外衣。 I least expected that this should be a house of his own constructing. 我怎么也没想到这房子是他自己造的。 keep ... from + V-ing 结构︰主词＋keep／prevent／stop／discourage＋受词＋from＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“防止…／阻止…／使…不能…／劝阻某人不要…”。有时把 from 省略。 It will take everybody’s efforts to keep city noises from increasing. 那是需要每个人的努力来防止都市噪音的增加。 The rain kept us from getting there on time. 那场雨使我们不能准时到达那里。 They should try to keep prices from rising. 他们应该设法阻止价钱上涨。 Sometimes we can prevent a cloud from producing rain. 有时我们可以阻止云产生雨。 Nobody can prevent him from running the risk. 没有人能够阻止他去冒险。 The bad weather prevented us from getting there on time. 恶劣的天气阻止了我们准时到达那里。 They didn’t even try to stop him getting it. 他们甚至没有试图去阻止他得到它。 You should have stopped him from going swimming. 你本来应该阻止他去游泳。 A strong will will stop one from committing a crime. 强烈的意志会阻止一个人去犯罪。 Even his closest friends discouraged him from seeking higher office. 甚至他最知己的朋友也劝阻他去寻求更高的职位。 He was discouraged from making another attempt. 他受劝阻去做另一次的尝试。 I remember + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋remember＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“记得曾做…”。“remember＋<动名词>”是指现在记得以前曾经做过某事，而“remember＋to-<不定词>”是指“记住要做某事”。forget，regret 的情形和 remember 也有大致相同的区别。 I remember feeling that God, or someone, had brought us together. 我记得感到上帝或某人把我们凑合在一起。 Do you remember taking a trip to Japan with him? 你记得曾经和他到日本旅行吗？ I can’t remember quarreling with him in junior high school. 我不记得国中时和他吵过架。 I’ll remember to mail these letters. 我会记着寄这些信的。 ... one’s + V-ing ... 结构︰所有格＋动名词 说明︰<动名词>之意义上的<主词>是放在<动名词>前面的<名词>(<代名词>)，原则上是以<所有格>出现。但在口语中经常以受格出现，尤其美语此种倾向更强。<动名词>意义上的<主词>若非“人”时，则不必变成<所有格>。 She is not sure of his answering her letter. 她无法确定他是否会回信给她。 I prefer John’s playing tennis to his playing cards. 我宁愿约翰打网球而不玩朴克牌。 I dislike my mother’s interfering in the affair. 我不喜欢母亲介入这件事。 Our teacher didn’t mind my coming in late. 老师对于我的迟到并不在意。 Would you mind my opening the window? 你介意我开窗吗？ I remember our meeting ten years ago. 我记得十年前我们会见过。 My father doesn’t like my/me going out alone. 我父亲不喜欢我单独出门。 I dislike my house being too small. 我不喜欢我的房子太小。 ... be busy V-ing ... 结构︰be busy＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“忙着做…”。等于“be busy with＋<名词>”。 Mother is busy making cookies for the picnic. 母亲正忙着为野餐做饼干。 He was busy preparing for the exam. 他忙着准备考试。 I was busy looking up all the new words of the lesson in my dictionary. 我忙着在字典里查本课所有的生字。 ... be used to + V-ing/N 结构︰主词＋be used to／be accustomed to＋动名词／名词 说明︰此句型意为“习惯于…”。“<主词>＋used to-<不定词>”是“过去常常…”；而“物＋be used to-<不定词>”则是“被用来…”的意思。 The winter was much colder than they were used to and many people died. 那年冬天比他们所习惯的更为寒冷，因而很多人死亡。 He is used to sitting up late. 他习惯熬夜。 Are you used to the weather in Taipei? 你习惯台北的天气吗？ He is accustomed to hearing noise, because he lives right in the center of the city. 他住在市中心，所以已经习惯于噪音了。 be on the point of + V-ing 结构︰be on／upon the point／verge of＋动名词／名词… 说明︰此句型意为“正要…”。相当于“be just about to ...”。 It started raining when I was on the point of leaving home.我正要离开家的时候开始下雨了。 On being sent to hospital, he was on the point of breathing his last. 他被送到医院的时候已经奄奄一息了。 He was on the point of death. 他濒临死亡。 She was on the verge of telling all the secret. 她正想把全部的秘密讲给我听。 make a point of + V-ing 结构︰主词＋make a point of＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“一定…；认为有必要…”。本<句型>也可以写成“<主词>＋make it a point／rule＋to-<不定词>”。 I make a point of giving a hand to others. 我一定对别人伸出援助的手。 Whenever I go to Taipei, I make a point of visiting the National Palace Museum. 不论何时我到台北，我一定去参观故宫博物院。 They make a point of going on a picnic every two weeks.他们一定每两个星期去野餐一次。 to the point of V-ing ... 结构︰…to the point of＋动名词… 说明︰此句型意为“到…的程度”。 To regret one’s errors to the point of not repeating them is true repentance. 对自己的错误后悔到不致重犯的程度是真正的后悔。 She hates him to the point of not talking to him. 她讨厌他到不和他讲话的程度。 They argued to the point of fighting with each other. 他们争吵到打架的程度。 do a little + V-ing 结构︰do＋a lot of／a little／any／the＋动名词 说明︰此句型意为“做…”。可以用 a lot of（许多），a little（＝some 一些），any（任何的），the 等字。 I can do a little dancing. 我可以做一点舞蹈动作。 She helped her mother do the washing. 她帮她妈妈做清洗的工作。 He has done a lot of traveling. 他做了很多的旅行。 with the + V-ing of + N 结构︰with＋the＋动名词＋of＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“随着的…”。若<动名词>有相对的<名词>，则用<动名词>或<名词>都可以。 With the coming of Easter, winter ends and spring comes. 随着复活节的来临，冬天结束而春天来了。 With the inventing of the computer, society seems to have changed greatly. 随着计算机的发明，社会似乎已经大大地改变了。 With the setting of the sun, night comes silently. 随着太阳的落下，夜晚悄悄地来到。 spend ... (in) V-ing 结构︰主词（人）＋spend＋时间＋（in）＋动名词… 说明︰此句型意为“…花／用若干时间做…”。要用人做<主词>。等于“It takes＋时间＋to-<不定词>”。 He spent his last years (in) teaching and editing earlier writings. 他把晚年用在教书和编纂以前的著作。 How much time do you spend practicing English everyday? 你每天花多少时间练习英文？ He is going to spend his last years writing a book on the history of Chinese literature. 他打算用晚年写一本中国文学史。 She spends too much time (in) dressing herself. 她用太多的时间装扮自己。 He spent much of his spare time roaming about the streets.他把大部分的闲暇时间用来逛街。 prefer V-ing/N to V-ing/N 结构︰主词＋prefer＋动名词／名词…to＋动名词／名词… 说明︰此句型意为“宁可…而不愿…；喜欢…而不喜欢…”。<动名词>的位置可以换成<名词>。 In the U.S., people prefer waiting for a table to sitting with people they don’t know. 在美国，人们宁可等着空的桌子，而不愿和不认识的人坐在一起。 Some people prefer sitting up to going to bed early. 有些人宁可熬夜，而不早睡。 He said he preferred country life to city life. 他说他喜欢乡下生活，而不喜欢都市生活。 when it comes to + V-ing 结构︰…when it comes to＋动名词／名词 说明︰此句型意为“…一谈到…”。请注意 to 是<介系词>，后跟<动名词>，有时也可跟<名词>。 Their memory wasn’t very good when it came to recalling other things, but they remembered the comet. 一谈到别的事情时，他们的记性并不是很好，但他们却记得彗星。 When it comes to making friends, you cannot be too careful. 一谈到交朋友，你再怎么小心也不为过。 When it came to the summer vacation, we all became excited. 一谈到暑假，我们大家都变兴奋了。 the + V-ing + of + N ... 结构︰the＋动名词＋of＋名词… 说明︰本结构在句中充当<主词>，述词或<受词>。 The actual cause of the quake itself is the rupturing or breaking of rocks at or below the earth’s surface. 地震本身的真正原因是地球表面的或地底下的岩石断裂或破裂。 The building of the bridge is very important for the transportation between the two towns. 这座桥的建造对这两个镇的交通很重要。 The breaking of his right leg made him walk on crutches only. 他右脚的折断使他只有靠拐杖走路。 be all for + V-ing ... 结构︰主词＋be all for＋动名词… 说明︰此句型意为“尽其所能地…”。等于 try one’s best to do sth。 I was all for calling on each of these ladies. 我尽量去拜访每一位女士。 He is praised for his being all for helping the poor. 他因尽力帮助穷人受到了赞美。 I am all for jogging early in the morning. 我尽可能一大早慢跑。 含助动词之句型 Can you speak English? 结构︰问句：Can＋主词＋原形动词…？ 肯定简答：Yes，主词＋can。 肯定详答：Yes，主词＋can＋原形动词＋…。 否定简答：No，主词＋can’t。 否定详答：No，主词＋can’t＋原形动词＋…。 说明︰此句型意为“某人会…吗？是的，某人会…。（不，某人不会）”。can 是<助动词>，后面必须接原形 <动词>；当<主词>是第三人称单数时，can 的字尾不可加 s；can 的后面，不可接<不定词> to。can 的否定形，有三种写法：can not，cannot，can’t；can 的<否定句>形式为：<主词>＋can’t＋原形<动词>＋…。 Can he speak English? Yes, he can (speak English). 他会讲英语吗？是的，他会讲英语。 Can Tom play Frisbee? Yes, he can (play Frisbee). 汤姆会玩飞盘吗？是的，他会玩飞盘。 Can Mary ride a bicycle? Yes, she can (ride a bicycle). 玛丽会骑脚踏车吗？是的，她会（骑脚踏车）。 Can you speak Chinese? No, I can’t (speak Chinese). 你会讲中国话吗？不，我不会讲中国话。 Can your father cook? No, he can’t (cook). 你父亲会烹饪吗？不，他不会烹饪。 Can she sing English songs? No, she can’t (sing English songs). 她会唱英文歌吗？不，她不会（唱英文歌）。 You can never do it again. 结构︰主词＋助动词＋频率副词＋原形动词＋…。 说明︰<频率副词>通常修饰<动词>或<形容词>，当句中出现 be <动词>时，它位于 be <动词>之后。当出现<一般动词>时，<频率副词>位于<一般动词>之前。当句中同时出现<助动词>与本<动词>，<频率副词>位于<助动词>之后，本<动词>之前。 Do you always eat lunch at school? 你总是在学校吃午饭吗？ Does John often watch television in the evening? 约翰常常在晚上看电视吗？ You can never do it again. 你绝不可再做那事。 He is usually busy. 他通常是忙碌的。 She never comes to school late. 她上学从不迟到。 I sometimes speak English at home. 我有时在家说英语。 ... will + V ... 结构︰主词＋will＋原形动词＋…。 说明︰<简单未来式>由“will＋<动词>原形”构成。未来式常与下列<时间副词>（<词组>）连用：tomorrow，tomorrow morning（afternoon，evening），the day after tomorrow，next week，next year，next＋星期几，tonight，this evening（afternoon），some day（总有一天），one of these days（近两三天内），How soon？（再过多久？），in＋时间，如：in a few days（过几天后），in ten minutes（过十分钟后）…。<简单未来式>还可由“be going to＋<动词>原形”构成。 We will eat lunch together tomorrow. 我们明天将一起吃午饭。 I will walk home after school this afternoon. 今天下午放学后我将走路回家。 Mr. Lin will wash his motorcycle tomorrow morning. 林先生明天早晨将擦洗他的摩托车。 Will she cook dinner this evening? 她今晚要做晚饭吗？ Will they go on a picnic next week? 他们下星期将去野餐吗？ We will not play basketball tomorrow. 我们明天不打篮球。 David won’t go to the movies with Helen next week. 戴维下星期不和海伦一起去看电影。 Your brother is not going to study this evening. 你弟弟今晚不读书。 They will have a lot of fun next month. 他们下个月将玩得很愉快。 School will begin next Tuesday. 下星期二将要开学。 ... should/would + V ... 结构︰主词＋should（would，may）＋原形动词…。 说明︰should 是 shall 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第一人称 I 或 we；should又当“应该”解释，表示义务或责任，常用于指“现在或未来”的事情，<主词>可用任何人称。 would 是 will 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第二人称或第三人称； would 又用于表示“愿望”；would 和 like 连用，表示“客气”的语气；would 又可用在<疑问句>中，表示客气的请求。 may 可用于表示“可能性”或“不确定的推测”，中文常译为“可能，或许”，相当于 perhaps或 maybe；may 可用于<疑问句>表示“请求对方允许”；在否定答句中，may 的<否定式>可以有两种形式：mustn’t 表示“强烈的禁止”，mayn’t 表示“婉转的禁止”。 You should study hard. 你应该努力读书。 He must be sick today. 他今天一定是生病了。 I would like to help you pack. 我想帮忙你捆扎东西。 ... should not + V ... 结构︰主词＋should（would，may）＋not＋原形动词…。 说明︰should 是 shall 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第一人称 I 或 we；should又当“应该”解释，表示义务或责任，常用于指“现在或未来”的事情，<主词>可用任何人称。 would 是 will 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第二人称或第三人称； would 又用于表示“愿望”；would 和 like 连用，表示“客气”的语气；would 又可用在<疑问句>中，表示客气的请求。 may 可用于表示“可能性”或“不确定的推测”，中文常译为“可能，或许”，相当于 perhaps或 maybe；may 可用于<疑问句>表示“请求对方允许”；在否定答句中，may 的<否定式>可以有两种形式：mustn’t 表示“强烈的禁止”，mayn’t 表示“婉转的禁止”。 He would not lend you his dictionary. 他不愿意把字典借给你。 He may not come tomorrow. 他明天不可能（不可以）来。 We should not tell lies. 我们不应该说谎。 Should/Would you + V ...? 结构︰Should（Would，May）＋主词＋原形动词…？ 说明︰should 是 shall 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第一人称 I 或 we；should又当“应该”解释，表示义务或责任，常用于指“现在或未来”的事情，<主词>可用任何人称。 would 是 will 的过去式，当“将要”解释，通常用于<主词>是第二人称或第三人称； would 又用于表示“愿望”；would 和 like 连用，表示“客气”的语气；would 又可用在<疑问句>中，表示客气的请求。 may 可用于表示“可能性”或“不确定的推测”，中文常译为“可能，或许”，相当于 perhaps或 maybe；may 可用于<疑问句>表示“请求对方允许”；在否定答句中，may 的<否定式>可以有两种形式：mustn’t 表示“强烈的禁止”，mayn’t 表示“婉转的禁止”。 May he do that? 他可能（可以）做那件事吗？ Would you like to go with us? 你想跟我们去吗？ Should they read the newspaper more often? 他们应该更常看报吗？ ... used to + V ... 结构︰主词＋used to＋原形动词… 说明︰此句型意为“以前（常）…”。等于“<主词>＋would often＋原形<动词>”。这是一种表过去的经验的句构，对比地叙述过去与现在。而“would＋原形<动词>”也可表示过去的习惯，但“used to ...”比“would ...”规则。 Difficult problems used to take hours of work with pencil and paper. 困难的问题以前总是需要用笔和纸工作数小时。 There used to be a post office there. 以前在那里有一个邮局。 I used to (=would often) go fishing. 我以前常去钓鱼。 We used to hear the train whistle at night. 过去我们常会在晚上听到火车的汽笛声。 He would sit for hours doing nothing. 他常常什么也不做，一坐就是好几小时。 ... would like to V ... 结构︰主词＋would like＋（sb.）＋to＋原形动词 说明︰此句型意为“想要…”。would like 是一种表示意愿的<动词>，后接<不定词> to 引导的原形<动词>。“should like to ...”虽有同样的意思，但较少用于第2，3人称。 Would you like to have a look at the picture? －- Yes, I should very much like to. 你想瞧瞧这画吗？－－是的！很想！ I would like to take a trip around the world toward the end of this year. 我想在今年底环游世界。 I would like you to meet Mr. Jones. 我想让你见见琼斯先生。 I would like him to do it. 我想要他做这事。 would rather V1 than V2 结构︰主词＋would rather＋原形动词1…than＋原形动词2… 说明︰此句型意为“宁愿…也不愿…”。would rather 和 than 之后都要用原形<动词>。若 than 之后的<动词>和 would rather 之后的<动词>相同，则 than 之后的<动词>可省略。 I’d rather take care of the stomachs of the living than (take care of) the glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials. 我宁愿照顾活人的肚子，也不愿以石碑的形式来照顾死者的荣耀。 They would rather go fishing than stay at home. 他们宁愿去钓鱼，也不愿待在家里。 I would rather be laughed at than quarrel with him. 我宁愿被嘲笑，也不愿和他吵架。 He would rather give away a point than claim an advantage. 他宁愿送分数，也不愿要求利益。 I would rather fail than cheat in the examination. 我宁愿考不及格，也不愿意考试作弊。 I would rather die than live in disgrace. 我宁可死，也不愿忍辱偷生。 I would rather remain poor than get money by dishonest means. 我宁可安于贫穷，也不愿用不当手段赚钱。 ... had better + V ... 结构︰主词＋had better＋原形动词… 说明︰此句型意为“最好…；还是…为好”。用 had better 来执行和一个<助动词>一样的功能。“had better have＋过去<分词>”表“最好已经…”之意；“had best ...”则是“以…为最佳”，比 had better… 的意思还要强调。 You had better consult a doctor soon. 你最好快点去看医生。 The policeman said to him, \"You’d better come with me and tell me all about the accident.\" 警察对他说：“你最好跟我来，并告诉我这次事故的经过。” You had better have stayed at home. 你留在家里那是最好。 Hadn’t you better make a market report? 你不认为写一份市场报告好些吗？ You had better go to the factory and have a look. 你最好到厂里去看一看。 You had best not accept the offer. 你最好是不要接纳这要求。 May you + V ... 结构︰May＋第二、三人称主词＋动词原形＋其它 说明︰此句型意为“祝…”。may 此处表示祝福与愿望，多用于书面语中，口语中有时也用，但显得较庄重。本<句型>的特点是：may 不是在<主词>后面，而是摆在句子开头，使全句成倒装语序，表达出祝愿的意义。 May you recover soon! 愿您早日康复！ May you succeed in business. 祝您生意兴隆！ May our two parties achieve even greater successes in our business. 祝我们双方在生意中取得更大的成功。 may well + V ... 结构︰may well + 原形动词 说明︰此句型意为“理当…；大可…”。may 是<助动词>，well 是<副词>，后接原形<动词>。若将 well 置于<主词>前面，可加强<语气>。 You may well find that the end of the book is better than the beginning. 你应该会发现这本书的结尾比开头好。 You may well get angry with him. 你大可对他发脾气。 She is proud of her son, and well she may. 她以儿子为傲也是应该的。 An unlimited arms race may well increase the danger of war. 无限度的武器竞赛当然会增加战争的危险性。 Since he can play many musical instruments, he may well be called a man of accomplishments. 他能演奏许多乐器，当然称得上是个多才多艺的人。 may as well + V ... 结构︰may as well＋原形动词 说明︰此句型意为“最好…；不妨…”。等于 had better，但<语气>比较委婉。 We may as well leave the table after dinner is over. 晚餐后我们不妨离开桌子。 You may as well keep it a secret. 你最好将这件事保密。 You are not (physically) strong, so you may as well take care of your health. 你的体格不壮，因此最好注意健康。 ...may as well ... as ... 结构︰may／might as well＋原形动词 A＋as＋原形动词 B 说明︰此句型意为“与其 B 倒不如 A”。相当于“had better A than B”。“may as well ... as”实现的可能性较大，而“might as well ... as”实现的可能性较小。 Since it is raining hard, you may as well stay here as leave. 既然雨下得这么大，你与其离开倒不如待在这儿。 You might as well throw your money into the sea as lend it to him. 你借他钱不如把钱扔到海里去。 You might as well not know a thing at all as know it only a little. 只知道一点点，不如完全不晓得。 I may as well die as marry him.我与其嫁给他，倒不如去死算了。（我若嫁给他，很可能去死。） I might as well die as marry him. 我与其嫁给他，倒不如去死算了。（我不太可能嫁给他，也不太可能去死。） You might as well talk to a stone as try to argue with a stubborn woman. 你与其跟一个倔女人争吵，还不如对一块石头说话。 You might as well advise me to give up my fortune as my argument. 你劝我停止辩论，倒不如劝我抛弃一切财产。 You might as well ask the tree for help as request him to reduce the price. 你与其要他减价还不如求助于一棵树。 ... must have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋must have＋过去分词… 说明︰此句型意为“一定曾经…”。本<句型>是对过去之事做肯定之推测，而“must＋原形<动词>”是对目前或将来之事做推测。 Anyway, he must have eaten a lot because now he is fat. 无论如何，他一定吃了很多东西，因为现在他胖了。 You must have mistaken her for her sister. 你一定是把她误认为是她的姊妹了。 They must have left. 他们一定是离开了。 The rubbing must have worked. 搓揉一定是有效了。 They must have read the article. 他们一定读过这篇文章。 You must have seen him before. 你以前一定见过他。 He must have forgotten my name. 他一定忘了我的名字。 He must have told you about it. 他一定告诉过你这件事。 Tom must have taken your dictionary by mistake. 汤姆一定是弄错了才拿了你的字典。 The poet must have been very young when he wrote this poem.诗人写这首诗时一定非常年轻。 ... may have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋may／might have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“很可能曾经…”。表示对过去之事做不太肯定的推测。而“may／might＋原形<动词>”是对现在或未来事物做推测。might have 所表示的可能性要比 may have 低一些。 He may have overslept this morning. 今天早上他或许睡过头了。 The tea is hot; he may have been here before. 茶还热着，不久前他很可能在这里。 He may have known the truth; otherwise he wouldn’t be so angry now. 他当时很可能知道事情的真相，否则他不会这么生气。 The boy might have known the truth, but I am not quite sure. 这男孩当时也许知道真相，但我不很确定。 ... cannot have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋cannot have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“不可能曾经…”。是对过去之事做否定的推论，此时一定要用 cannot have 或 cannot，不能使用 must not have 或 must not。而“cannot＋原形<动词>”是对目前或将来之事做否定的推论。 She cannot have written the letter herself. 这封信不可能是她自己写的。 He is honest, so he cannot have stolen my money.他是个老实人，所以他不可能偷了我的钱。 He cannot have caught a cold, because I saw him dancing with Mary the same day. 他不可能感冒，因为当天我还看到他跟玛丽跳舞。 ... would have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋would have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“原本会…但却未如此”。用以表示“与过去事实相反”的<假设语气>。 He would have attended meeting, but upon learning that he had no time, he dropped the idea. 他原本要出席会议的，但知道没有时间，就打消了这个念头。 I would have told you the truth, but you didn’t give me a chance. 我本来要告诉你事情的真相，但是你不给我机会。 I would have done it, but I had no time. 我本来要办这事的，可是没时间。 She would have married him, but when she learned that he was a rascal, she parted with him. 她本来会嫁给他的，但知道他是个流氓后，她就离开他了。 ... could have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋could have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“原本能够…但却未如此”。 He could have bought the car, but soon his company went bankrupt. 他本来能买那辆车的，但没多久他的公司就倒闭了。 He could have finished it on schedule, but somehow he fell behind. 他原本能按预定进度做完这件事的，但不知怎地却落后了。 I could have done it if I had wanted to. 如果我那时想做，我能做得到的。 ... should have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋should／ought to have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“原本应当…但却未如此”。此<句型>表示没有实现之过去的行为、状态，含有讲话者的责难或遗憾之意。 You should have spoken up in the meeting. 会谈时你实在应该发言（然而你却没有）。 He should at least have come to say good-by. 他至少也该来道个别（然而却没来）。 He ought to have kept his promise. 他原本应该遵守自己的诺言。 You should have been more careful in money matters. 在钱方面，你本当更小心点的。 He ought to have arrived there by now. 他现在应该已经到那里了。 The drama drew a capacity audience; you should have gone to see it. 这出戏吸引了满场观众；你真该去看的。 I should have known better 结构︰主词＋should have known better（than to＋原形动词） 说明︰此句型意为“本来不应该那样笨（而…）”，是指已经做过之事，而 know better（不致那样笨）是指未做之事。 I should have known better. 我本来不应该那样笨。 You should have known better than to talk like that. 你本应更懂事而不致说这样的话。 You should have known better than to go mountain climbing alone. 你本来不该笨得单独去爬山。 I know better than to go swimming after dinner. 我不致笨得吃过饭就去游泳。 ... need not have V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋need not have＋过去分词 说明︰此句型意为“原本不必…但却…”。表示“与过去事实相反”的<假设语气>，即做了没有必要做的事。而“didn’t need to＋原形<动词>”则表示“过去的事实”，译为“当时不必…而且也没…”。need not have 在<疑问句>中表对过去之必要性的强烈疑问，即“有…的必要吗？”。 You need not have bought extra oil for this short trip.在这么短的旅程中，你实在没有必要多买油。 You need not have got up so early. 你不必起得那么早。 Need he have gone to the station to meet her? 他有必要到车站去接她吗？ He need not have come. (But he came.) 当时他不必来。（但却来了） He didn’t need to come. (And he didn’t come.) 当时他不必来。（而且也没来） It was fine that day, so I need not have brought an umbrella with me. 那天天气很好，我原本不必带伞的（但却带了）。 含代名词之句型 It is warm in ... 结构︰It is＋天气＋in＋四季名称。 说明︰此句型意为“在某季节天气是…”。it 此处指天气＝the weather；<介系词> in，常加在四季名称的前面。 It is warm in spring. 春天天气是暖和的。 It is cold in winter. 冬天天气是寒冷的。 It is hot in summer. 夏天天气是炎热的。 It rains a lot in ... 结构︰It rains／snows＋a lot＋in＋地方。 说明︰此句型意为“在某地下很多的雨／雪”。<代名词> it 可用于指“天候”，如下雨，下雪等。常放在句首，当<主词>。rain 当“下雨”解，是<动词>，a lot 当<副词>，用于修饰<动词>。相当于 very much。 It rains a lot in Taipei. 在台北下很多的雨。 It snows a lot in New York. 在纽约下很多的雪。 It showers a lot in Guangzhou. 在广州下很多阵雨。 This is my ... 结构︰This is＋所有格（my／your／…）＋名词。 说明︰相当于“This＋名词＋is＋所有代名词（mine／yours／…）。”<所有代名词>由“ <所有格>＋s”构成，如 yours，ours，theirs，hers。但是 mine， his 二字除外，字尾不可加 s。<所有代名词>用于代替句前已出现的<名词>，故后面不可接<名词>。<所有格>不可与 a，an，the，this，that，these 或 those 等一起使用。 This is my pen. 这是我的钢笔。 This pen is mine. 这钢笔是我的。 This is your box. 这是你的箱子。 This box is yours. 这箱子是你的。 This is his bicycle. 这是他的脚踏车。 This bicycle is his. 这脚踏车是他的。 My pen is ... 结构︰所有格（My／Your／…）＋名词＋be 动词＋形容词。 说明︰此句型意为“某人的…是…”。相当于“所有代名词（Mine／Yours／…）＋be 动词＋形容词。”译为“某人的是…”。<所有格>的后面必须接<名词>。当<主词>用的<所有代名词>，如果代替单数<名词>，则取单数<动词>；如果代替复数<名词>，则取复数<动词>。 My pen is new. 我的钢笔是新的。 Our bedroom is small. 我们的卧室是小的。 Their cars are blue. 他们的汽车是蓝色的。 Mine is new. 我的是新的。 Ours is small. 我们的是小的。 Theirs are blue. 他们的是蓝色的。 Are these your pens? 结构︰问句：Be 动词＋主词＋所有格＋名词…？ 答句：Yes／No，主词＋be／not＋所有代名词。 说明︰<名词>的<所有格>和<所有代名词>完全相同，都是在<名词>的后面加（’s）。 Are these Mary’s pens? No, they are not hers. 这些是玛丽的笔吗？不，它们不是她的。 Are those Bob’s books? Yes, they’re his. 那些是鲍伯的书吗？是的，它们是他的。 Is this your parents’ apartment? No, it’s my brother’s. 这是你双亲的公寓吗？不，它是我兄弟的。 One/Each of the ... 结构︰One／Each of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋单数动词…。 说明︰此句型意为“…其中之一（每一个）…”。one，each 为<不定代名词>，one (each) of 指“二者以上”的每一个；跟随 of 表示限定范围的若为<名词>，则<名词>前须加 the，若为复数 <代名词>，前面不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用单数。 One of the boys is nice. 这些男孩之中有一位是好的。 One of them needs a new jacket. 他们之中有一位需要一件新夹克。 Each of the theaters has different movies. 每家电影院都上映不同的电影。 Both of the girls are ... 结构︰Both／Three／Some／Many／All of the＋复数名词（或代名词）＋复数动词＋…。 说明︰此句型意为“…其中两个（三个，一些，许多，全部）…”。both，three，some，many，all都是<不定代名词>；若跟随 of 表示限定范围的为复数<代名词>，则<代名词>前不加 the。该结构中<动词>须用复数。 Both of the girls are nice. 这两位女孩是好的。 Many of the supermarkets are having sales. 很多这些超级市场正在举行拍卖。 Three of the students came here yesterday. 这些学生中有三位昨天来这里。 ... who ... 结构︰主词（人）＋关系代名词（Who）＋动词＋…。 说明︰who 是主格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“人”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。who 可用 that 代替。 The man who called was tired. 打电话的那个男人是疲倦的。 The boy who is speaking to Helen enjoys playing soccer. 正在跟海伦谈话的那男孩喜爱踢足球。 People who use their free time well are usually healthy and happy. 善于利用空闲时间的人通常健康又快乐。 ... which ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋名词（物）＋关系代名词（which）＋动词…。 说明︰which 可作主格或受格<关系代名词>，引导<形容词子句>，前面的先行词接“动物”或“事物”，后面接<动词>，必须和先行词保持一致。 Here is a book, which is very interesting. 这里有一本非常有趣的书。 I like to watch TV programs which are about sports.我喜欢观赏有关运动的电视节目。 They want to sell the house, which has only one door.他们想卖掉那幢只有一扇门的房子。 ... by oneself ... 结构︰主词（人，物）＋动词＋by oneself…。 说明︰此句型意为“某人（物）自己…”。反身<代名词>的人称、数和性别，须和相关的<主词>一致。 They went to Suao by themselves. 他们自己去苏澳。 John fixed the tape recorder by himself. 约翰靠他自己修理录音机。 You can’t go mountain climbing by yourself. 你不能自己去登山。 ... that/those of ... 结构︰that／those of 作为避免重复的代名词 说明︰英文句构中，两个<名词>对称而形成<比较>的情况时，为避免重复，第二个<名词>若为单数，就改为<代名词> that；若为复数，则改为<代名词> those。不过在遇到<所有格>时，可使用<所有格>的<名词>形态取代 that 或 those。 The population of Tokyo is larger than that of London. 东京的人口比伦敦的多。 The climate here is like that of Taipei. 这儿的气候和台北非常相似。 His children are well bred, whereas those of his sister are naughty. 他的孩子很有教养，但他姊姊的孩子却调皮得很。 The students work harder than those of our school. 这些学生比我们学校的学生用功。 His car is bigger than mine. 他的车比我的大。 the former ... the latter 结构︰the former ... the latter ... 说明︰此句型意为“前者…后者…”。可代替单复数<名词>，而“that（指前者）… this（指后者）…”或“the one（指前者）…the other（指后者）…”，只能代替单数<名词>。若两个<名词>均为复数时，也可用“those ... these ...”取代“the former ... the latter ...”。 Virtue and vice are two different things: the former/that/the one leads to peace, the latter/this/the other to misery. 美德与邪恶是不同的，前者带来和平，后者导致痛苦。 Man differs from beasts in that the former is able to laugh, while the latter aren’t. 人不同于野兽，因前者能笑，而后者却不能。 Jane and Mary are good friends; the former is a teacher, the latter is a nurse. 珍和玛丽是好朋友，前者是老师，后者是护士。 Dogs are more faithful animals than cats; these attach themselves to places, and those to persons. 狗比猫忠心，后者依恋地方，前者依恋人。 ... one ..., the other ... 结构︰…two＋复数名词，one…the other… 说明︰此句型意为“一个…另一个…”。用于限定的两者，只有在“two＋复数<名词>”之后才能使用。 I have two aunts; one lives in Tokyo and the other in Osaka. 我有两个姑妈；一个住在东京，另一个住在大阪。 I have two dogs; one is white, and the other is brown.我有两条狗；一条白色的，一条棕色的。 The two brothers often quarrel with each other; one is stubborn, and the other (is) selfish. 这两兄弟经常吵架；一个很固执，另一个则很自私。 I don’t like this one; show me the other. 我不喜欢这个，给我看另一个。（暗示：这种东西只有两种） ... one ..., another ... 结构︰…three＋复数名词，one…another…and the other… 说明︰此句型意为“一个…一个…而另一个…”。用于限定的三者，只能在“three＋复数<名词>”之后使用。 There are three rooms; one is mine, another is my sister’s and the other is my parents’. 有三间房间：一间是我的，一间是我妹妹的，剩下的一间是我父母的。 He has three brothers; one is a teacher, another (is) a soldier, and the other an artist. 他有三个兄弟：一个是老师，一个是军人，而另一个是艺术家。 They three get along well with one another; one is married, another is still a bachelor, and the other has a girl friend. 他们三人彼此相处愉快；一个已婚，一个仍是光棍，而另一个则已有了女友。 ... one ... another ... 结构︰... one ... another ... 说明︰此句型意为“一个…而另一个…”。若有三者以上，而未加以限定时，则可使用本<句型>。 I don’t like this one; show me another. 我不喜欢这个，给我看另一个。（暗示：这种东西至少有三种以上） At one time, she is fine, but at another, she is abnormal. 有时候，她表现得很好，有时候又失常。 I really don’t know what kind of man he really is; on one occasion, he is normal, and on another, he acts like a lunatic.我真不了解他到底是怎样的人；一会儿正常，一会儿又像个疯子。 ... one thing, ... another 结构︰... is one thing, and ... is another 说明︰此句型意为“…是一回事，而…又是另一回事”。 To know is one thing; to teach is quite another. 知道是一回事，教又是另一回事。（学者未必是良师。） It is one thing to make money, and it is another to spend it. 赚钱是一回事，而花钱又是另一回事。 Saying is one thing, and doing is another. 说是一回事，做又是另一回事。 ... one ... or another ... 结构︰one＋名词＋or another 说明︰此句型意为“某一…”。本<句型>等于“some＋<名词>＋or other”。 Most of us have to read a certain amount of material for one reason or another. 我们大多数人必须为某种理由阅读若干的数据。 He was absent from the meeting for one reason or another.他为某种理由而没有出席会议。 I am sure he will succeed one day or another. 我确信某一天他会成功的。 For one reason or another, she committed suicide. 不知什么原因，她自杀了。 ... some ... others ... 结构︰... some ... others ... 说明︰此句型意为“一些…而另一些…”。用于非限定的众群，相当于“some ... some ...”。 Some of us value peace and comfort very highly. Others value pleasure and excitement. 我们有些人非常重视安宁与舒适，有些人重视快乐与刺激。 Some of us can speak English. Others/Some can speak French. 我们有些人会说英语，有些人会说法语。 Some people believe in God and others don’t. 有人相信上帝；有人则不相信。 To some life means pleasure, to others suffering. 对一些人来说，人生的意义是享乐，对另外一些人来说则是受苦。 ... one ... the others ... 结构︰... one／some ... the others ... 说明︰此句型意为“一个／一些…其余…”。用于限定的三者以上。 We have 30 students in our class; one passed the exam, and the others (=the rest) all failed. 我们班上有三十位学生，只有一位通过考试，其余都不及格。 Of the 40 students, some do well in study, and the others are playing around. 四十个学生中，有一些功课很好，其余的都很混。 Some of the boys were late, but all the others were in time for the meeting. 男孩子中，有一些迟到了，但其余的人都及时赶上开会。 ..., some ..., others ... 结构︰... some ... others ... still others ... 说明︰此句型意为“一些…一些…而另一些…”。用于非限定的众多群，相当于“some ... some ... some ...”。 People vary in taste; some love music, some enjoy taking pictures, and still others are fond of climbing mountains. 每个人嗜好不同，有人喜欢音乐，有人喜欢摄影，还有些人喜欢爬山。 Society is made up of a variety of people; some are good, others (are) bad, and still others (are) in between.社会是由形形色色的人组成。有些人很好，有些人很坏，也有些人介乎两者之间。 There are many people in the park; some are walking, others are jogging, and still others are doing exercises. 公园里有很多人，有的在散步，有的在慢跑，还有的在做操。 Of all (the) ..., ... 结构︰Of all（the）＋复数名词，主词＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“在所有…之中…”。all 之后有 the，表示“所有这些…”，是特定的观念；all 之后没有 the，表示“所有的”，是泛指的观念。 Of all the fibers now used by man, a very large percentage is man-made. 现在人类所使用的所有纤维之中，有很大的百分比是人造的。 Of all books, the Bible seems to be read most widely. 在所有的书中，圣经是最广泛地被阅读的。 Of all the students in our school, Tom is mathematical genius. 在我们学校所有的学生之中，汤姆是数学天才。 含关系词之句型 ... + N + who/which ... 结构︰…＋名词＋who／whom／which／that… 说明︰<关系代名词>有 who，whom，which 三种，均用以引导<形容词子句>，修饰前面的<名词>。修饰人用 who 或 whom；修饰物用 which。that 可用来取代 who，whom 或 which，但须注意其前不可置<介系词>，也不可有逗点，that 之前若有<插入语>，则不受逗点限制。作受格的 whom， which，that 在限定修饰的句构中可以省略。 Never trust a man who (that) breaks his word easily. 不要信任一个常常食言的人。 He laughs best who laughs last. 最后笑者笑得最好。 He is a man on whom I can rely. 他是我可以信赖的那一种人。 No one will buy a book which (that) is poorly written. 没有人会买一本写得很烂的书。 I have found the bicycle which (that) you lost yesterday.我发现了你昨天丢的那辆脚踏车。 I like my school, which is famous for its excellent facilities. 我喜欢我的学校，它以优良的设备出名。 Volleyball is a sport of which I am very fond. 排球是我很喜欢的运动。 He is a good boy, as far as I know, that (whom) you can trust. 据我所知，他是个好男孩，你可以相信他。 There are many things that money can’t buy. 有很多东西是金钱买不到的。 Don’t take things that do not belong to you. 不要拿不属于你的东西。 ... + N + whose ... 结构︰…＋名词＋whose… 说明︰whose 为关系<代名词的所有格>，系由 his，her，their，my，your 以及 its 等<所有格>变化而成，引导<形容词子句>。 People whose homes are in town want to live in the country.住在市区里的人希望住在乡下。 This is a short story whose easy style I love very much. 这是一则短篇小说，我很喜欢它那简单的笔调。 I envy Mike, whose car is fancy. 真羡慕麦克，他的车子真漂亮。 ... those who + V ... 结构︰those＋who＋动词 说明︰此句型意为“（那些）…的人”。those 在此是泛指一般的人。 Christmas is a time for friends and family members to see each other again and to send Christmas cards to those who live far away. 圣诞节是朋友家人互相再见，以及寄圣诞卡给住在远方的人的一段时间。 God helps those who help themselves. 自助者神助之。 We can talk to those who live far away by telephone.我们可以用电话和住在远处的人说话。 Those who abandon themselves to despair can not succeed.那些自暴自弃的人无法成功。 There is no easy way to do business, and only those who do their best to win clients can win business. 做生意无快捷方式可走，只有那些千方百计赢得客户的人才能赢得生意。 ... all (that) ... 结构︰... all (that) ... 说明︰此句型意为“所有…的一切东西”。all 等于 everything；that 为<关系代名词>，代替 all。that 在所引导的<形容词子句>中若做<主词>时，不可省略，但若做<受词>，则往往予以省略。all that 往往可视为<复合关系代名词> what 看待。 All (that) he said is true. 他说的都是真的。 We must do all that is to be done. 我们必须做该做的事。 All (What) you have to do is (to) follow me. 你所必须要做得就是跟着我。 All (that) I want is a beautiful red car. 我所要的就是一辆美丽的红色车子。 All that he does, he does it well. 他做任何事都很出色。 All that you do, do with your might. 做任何事都应不遗余力。 All you have to do is call on the house phone. 我只要做的就是拨个室内电话。 All you have to do is learn it by heart. 你只要做的就是把它背出来。 All I have to do is persuade him to go with us. 我只要做的就是说服他跟我们一起去。 ... all + N + that ... 结构︰…all／any／every／no＋名词＋that… 说明︰all，any，every，no 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取 代 who，whom，which。 All the students that work hard can definitely pass the exam. 用功的学生必能通过考试。 I have no disk that may interest you. 我没有一张唱片能引起你的兴趣。 Every student that comes here should report to me. 每一个到这里来的学生都应向我报告。 Don’t do anything that should go against his will. 不要做违背他心意的事。 ... the only N that ... 结构︰…the only／the very／the first／the last＋名词＋that… 说明︰the only，the very，the first，the last 若修饰<名词>，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom，which。 Man is the only creature that is gifted with speech. 人类是唯一被赋予语言能力的动物。 He is the last person that I’ll get along with. 他是我最不愿与之相处的人。 He is the very person that knows the password. 只有他知道密码。 ... the most N that ... 结构︰形容词最高级＋名词＋that… 说明︰<最高级>的<形容词>修饰<名词>时，该<名词>之后的<关系代名词>一般要用 that 取代 who，whom， which。 This is the most interest book that I have ever read. 这是我念过的最有趣的书。 You are the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 你是我见过的最美丽的女孩。 This is the most convincing evidence that I can find to prove my point. 这是我所能找到的最令人信服的证据，以证明我的观点。 Who/What ... that ... 结构︰疑问词（who，what 等）…＋that… 说明︰为避免与疑问词重复，可使用 that 取代 who，whom，which。 Who is the boy that is standing over there? 站在那里的男孩是谁？ What is the book about that she is reading? 她在看什么书？ Where is the man that owes you $100? 那个欠你一百块的人住在哪里？ what ... V ... 结构︰what＋（主词）＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“…的东西”。what 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 the thing which。不论“what＋<动词>…”或“what＋<主词>＋<动词>”，都是<名词子句>。“what＋<主词>＋be”译成“…的样子／情况”。 That’s what’s polluting the lake. 那就是污染湖水的东西。 What do you guess is in the box? 你猜箱子里有什么？ This is what he wanted. 这就是他要的东西。 Character is what we are when we are alone with ourselves in the dark. 品德就是自我在暗地里独处时的样子。 John is not what he was. 约翰不是以前那样的约翰了。 Without Mr. Chang, I would not be what I am.如果没有张先生的话，我就不会有现在的样子。 ... what + be + called ... 结构︰…what＋be＋called… 说明︰此句型意为“所谓的…”。等于“what＋we／you／they＋call”。 He gathered earlier writings to prepare what are called the Five Classics. 他搜集以前的作品，编成了所谓的五经。 He is very interested in what are called popular songs. 他对所谓的流行歌曲很感兴趣。 We should improve what is called the quality of living.我们应该改进所谓的生活质量。 He is what you call a “walking dictionary”. 他就是你所谓的“活字典”。 What we do is + V ... 结构︰What＋主词＋do＋is＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“…所要做的就是…”。<主词>之后一定用 do；至于<动词>，可以看成是 to＋<动词>的 to 被省略了。 What we can not do is make a cloud produce rain if it is not ready to produce it. 我们所办不到的是要使云产生雨，如果它不是随时要产生雨的话。 What you have to do is say (put) in a good word for me.你所必须做的就是为我美言几句。 What we need to do is prepare something to eat. 我们所需要的就是准备一些吃的。 ... what is said above ... 结构︰…what is said above… 说明︰此句型意为“上面所说的”。 As we learn from what is said above, the tides can be very useful. 依照上面所说的，我们知道潮汐可以是非常有帮助的。 From what is said above, we can draw a conclusion. 由上面所说的，我们可以做一个结论。 We should pay more attention to what is said above. 我们应该更加注意上面所说的。 What follows is ... 结构︰What follows＋be 动词… 说明︰此句型意为“以下（跟着来的）是…”。What follows 是<名词子句>。若要表达其它的意思，可以把 follows 换成别的<动词>。 What follows is some excerpts of the famous speech he delivered in Washington D.C. 以下是他在华府所发表的那篇著名的演讲中的一些摘录。 What follows is the truth that men are created equal. 以下是人生而平等的真理。 What follows is the process of his being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964. 以下是他被颁赠一九六四年诺贝尔和平奖的过程。 ... what little + N 结构︰…what little＋不可数名词 说明︰此句型意为“所有的一点点…”。等于 all the little。 His mother sent him what little money she had saved.他的母亲把所有仅存的钱都寄给他了。 I’ll let you share what little information I have collected. 我会让你分享我所搜集的仅有的一些资料。 She was robbed of what little money she had. 她仅有的一点儿钱都被抢了。 The little boy use what little strength he had to push the door open.这小男孩使劲地把门推开。 A is to B what C is to D. 结构︰A is to B what C is to D. 说明︰此句型意为“A 之于 B 犹如 C 之于 D”。等于“A is to B as C is to D.”或“What C is to D (that) A is to B”或“As C is to D so is A to B”。这是为了让人明白 A 与 B 的关系，而利用人所熟知的 C 与 D 的关系来比喻的句法。what 是“A is to B”之 be <动词>的<补语>。 Exercise is to the body what thinking is to the brain. 运动和身体的关系，如同思考和头脑的关系。 What lungs are to the animal, leaves are to the plant. 就像肺是动物所不可缺的一样，叶子也是植物所不可或缺的。 As water is to the plant, so are books to me. 书和我的关系正如同水和植物的关系。 what with ... and ... 结构︰what with ... and (what with) ... 说明︰此句型意为“一方面因为…一方面因为…”。等于“half through ... (half through) ...”、“partly because (of) ... (partly because (of)) ...”。 What with laziness and (what with) illness, he lost his job. 一方面因为懒，一方面因为生病，他丢了工作。 What with the wind and what with the rain, our trip was ruined. 又是刮风又是下雨，我们的旅游都给搞砸了。 What with the high prices, and what with the badness of the times, we find it hard to get along. 部分因为物价高涨，部分因为时机不好，生活真是愈来愈难过了。 ... the same + N + as ... 结构︰…the same＋名词＋as… 说明︰此句型意为“与…相同的”。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）引导的<形容词子句>”。 I want the same camera as you have. 我想要一只和你一样的照相机。 He is the same person as came here yesterday. 他就是昨天来这里的那个人。 He is not the same man as he used to be. 他已不是当年的他了。 ... such + N + as ... 结构︰…such＋名词＋as… 说明︰此句型意为“像…一样的”。是以 as 以下的人、物、动作、状态等为对象，比较有关种类、性质、程度、范围等。as 做准<关系代名词>(既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用)，相当于“as the＋前面的<名词>＋<关系代名词>（who，whom，which）”引导的<形容词子句>。 Such people as are friendly are easy to approach. 亲切之人容易接近。 He is not such a bad guy as you (are). 他不是那种和你一样的坏家伙。 Such a good student as he (is) will succeed. 像他这样的好学生一定会成功。 ... such ... as ... 结构︰such＋复数名词＋as＋名词… 说明︰此句型意为“像…的…；…这一类的”。as 后的<名词>有多个，表示举例说明。 From animals we get such materials as wool, silk, leather and furs. 从动物我们得到像羊毛、丝、皮革、与毛皮这样的材料。 At his birthday party, I met such people as professor, scientist and actor. 在他的生日宴会上，我遇到了像教授、科学家和演员的人。 You should eat such vegetables as carrot, celery and spinach. 你应该吃胡萝卜、芹菜和菠菜这类的蔬菜。 ... such as ... 结构︰主词＋动词…复数名词＋such as 名词1，名词2 and 名词3 说明︰此句型意为“…例如…”。such as 引导的部分是作为<名词>的补充说明。 Acid rain is harmful to amphibians such as salamanders, spring peepers, and frogs. 酸雨是有害于两栖的动物，例如鲵、春天里唧唧叫的小动物和青蛙。 In this paragraph there are many nouns, such as boy, girl, and book. 这一段里面有很多名词，例如男孩、女孩和书本。 I know many of them, such as John, Peter, and Tom. 我认识他们当中的很多人，例如约翰、彼得和汤姆。 They may choose to study foreign languages, advanced mathematics or science, such as physics or chemistry. 他们可以选择学习外国语文、高等数学或像物理、化学的科学。 We have different pies, such as apple, cherry, and strawberry pies. 我们有不同的派，例如苹果、樱桃和草莓派。 Many things pollute water, such as tires, trash, and plastic bags. 很多东西使水污染，例如轮胎、垃圾和塑料袋。 as is often the case ... 结构︰as／which is often the case (with) ... 说明︰此句型意为“…是常有的情形”。这是当<关系代名词>的 as 以全体<主要子句>当先行词的<句型>，可以用 which 代替 as。 He was late for school, as (which) was often the case with him. 他上学迟到，但这对他而言已是家常便饭了。 As is often the case with old people, my grandfather is fond of talking about good old days. 就像其它老人一样，我祖父也老喜欢讲他当年的故事。 He quarreled with his friends, as was the often the case. 他和朋友吵架，但这已屡见不鲜。 There is no + N + but ... 结构︰There is no＋名词＋but… 说明︰此句型意为“无…而不”。but 做准<关系代名词>（既当<连接词>又做<关系代名词>用），相当于“who／whom／which…not…”。 There is no one but is (=who is not) concerned about his future. 没有人不关心自己的未来。 There is nothing but he can do. (=There is nothing that he can’t do.) 没有他做不到的事。 There is no rule but has exceptions. (=There is no rule that doesn’t have exceptions.) 每一种规则都有例外。 There is no one but wishes to get somewhere. 没有人不希望将来能有所成就。 There is no man but has his faults. 没有人没有缺点。 ... N + where ... 结构︰…地方名词＋where… 说明︰此句型意为“…的地方”。where 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 where，而将前面的<名词>省略。 There are some countries where (=in which) the supply of fuel is very limited. 有些国家的燃料供应非常有限。 He went to the station, where (=at which) he met his father.他到车站去，见到了他父亲。 That’s (the place) where he spent most of his life. 那里就是他度过大半生的地方。 ... reach the point where 结构︰... reach the point + where ... 说明︰此句型意为“到了…的地步”。reach 可以换成 come to（到达）。 Things reached the point where the two groups sat on opposite sides of the church, glaring across the aisle. 事情到了两群人马各坐在教堂里相对的两边，隔着通道怒目相视的地步。 They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other. 他们已经到了必须彼此分手的地步。 Noise is coming to the point where we can’t put up with it. 噪音快到我们无法忍受的地步。 ... N + when ... 结构︰…时间名词＋（when）… 说明︰此句型意为“…的时候”。when 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。在限定修饰的句构中，可保留 when，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 when 省略。 Tell me (the exact time) when the next train will arrive.告诉我下一班火车抵达的正确时刻。 She came in June, when (=in which) it was very hot. 她六月来，那时天气非常热。 The last time (when) I saw him, he was quite well. 最后一次看到他时，他还相当健康。 ... the reason why ... 结构︰... the reason + why ... 说明︰此句型意为“…的理由”。why 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 why，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 why 省略。the reason why 无非限定用法，即 why 之前不可以加逗点。 Please tell me the reason why (=for which) you were absent. 请告诉我你为什么缺席。 Tell me the reason (why) he refused to listen to my advice.告诉我为何他拒绝听从我的劝告。 That’s (the reason) why he cried. 那就是他为何哭的原因。 ... the way how ... 结构︰... the way + how ... 说明︰此句型意为“…的方法”。how 是<关系副词>，由“<介系词>＋<关系代名词> which”变化而成，引导<形容词子句>，修饰<名词>。可保留 how，而将前面的<名词>省略；也可将 how 省略。the way how 无非限定用法，即 how 之前不可以加逗点。 I don’t know the way how (=in which) he did it. 我不知道他是以何种方法做这事的。 That’s the way (how) he treats people. 那就是他的待人之道。 I know (the way) how he did it. 我知道他是以何种方法做这事的。 ... whoever/whomever ... 结构︰... whoever／whomever ... 说明︰此句型意为“任何…的人”。whoever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>，等于 anyone who； whomever 也是<复合关系代名词>，但只能做<受词>，等于 anyone whom。 Whoever commits the crime shall be sentenced to ten years in prison. 任何人犯了此罪就要被判处十年徒刑。 I’ll teach English to whoever wants to learn it. 谁想学英文，我就教他。 I hate whoever lies. 我痛恨任何一个说谎的人。 I like whomever you like. 你喜欢的人，我都喜欢。 You may dance with whomever you like at the dancing party.舞会上你想跟谁跳舞就跟谁跳。 ... whatever ... 结构︰... whatever ... 说明︰此句型意为“任何…的事”。whatever 是<复合关系代名词>，可做<主词>或<受词>， 等于 anything which。 Whatever she says is true. 她所说的都是实话。 They do whatever they are doing--all out.他们做任何他们所做的事－－都是全力以赴。 You can’t always do whatever you like. 你不能老是做任何你喜欢的事。 Whatever my mother cooks is to my liking. 妈妈做的菜我都喜欢。 Whatever it is. 任何存在的东西都是存在的。 ... whichever ... 结构︰... whichever ... 说明︰此句型意为“（同一类的）任何…的东西”。whichever 是<复合关系代名词>，等于 any one which。与 whatever 的用法完全相同，只不过 whichever 是指同一类的任何一项，而 whatever则指不同类的任何一项。 I have three cars, and you may have whichever you like. 我有三辆车，你可以挑一辆你喜欢的。 I have a car, a house and an orchard and you may have whatever you like best. 我有一辆车，一栋房子和一座果园，你可以挑一样你最喜欢的。 These pictures can be kept for free. You may take whichever you like. 这些画可免费拥有。你喜欢哪一幅就拿哪一幅。 否定句型 I am not ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词（am／are／is）＋not＋…。 说明︰在肯定句中 be <动词>的后面加 not 就构成<否定句>。 I am not a student. 我不是学生。 You are not a lawyer. 你不是律师。 It is not a watch. 它不是手表。 I am not + V-ing. 结构︰主词＋am（are／is）＋not＋现在分词…。 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>（人，物）不是正在…”。要构成<现在进行式>的<否定句>，只需在 be <动词>后面加 not。 They are not playing. 他们不是正在玩。 She is not watching TV. 她不是正在看电视。 We are not cleaning the room. 我们不是正在打扫房间。 I don’t + V ... 结构︰主词＋don’t／doesn’t＋原形动词＋…。 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>不（没有）做某事”。肯定句中，如有一般<动词>（speak／work／teach／…），则在一般<动词>前加 don’t 或 doesn’t，并将一般<动词>改为原形<动词>（不加s或es），即构成<否定句>。 I don’t have any brothers. 我没有任何的兄弟。 He doesn’t know Mr. Brown. 他不认识布朗先生。 My mother doesn’t speak English. 我母亲不会讲英语。 I wasn’t ... 结构︰主词＋was／were＋not＋形容词＋过去时间。 说明︰此句型意为“<主词>不是…”。was，were 是 be 动词的<过去式>，当句中出现以下<副词>（<词组>）时，<动词>常用过去式：ago，before，yesterday（morning，afternoon，evening）， last night，the other day，in the past，just now…。 在 was，were 后面加 not，即构成 be < 动词>过去式的<否定句>；将 was，were 移到句首，w 改为大写，句点改为问号，即构成 be <动词>过去式的<疑问句>。 Tom was not busy yesterday. 汤姆昨天不忙。 We were not at home yesterday. 我们昨天不在家。 It was not hot yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午天气不热。 The boys were sick yesterday. 这些男孩昨天生病。 It was cold last winter. 去年冬天天气寒冷。 Was your brother early to class yesterday morning? 你弟弟昨天早晨上课早到吗？ I didn’t + V ... 结构︰主词＋didn’t＋原形动词＋…过去时间。 说明︰本句型的肯定形式是：“<主词>＋过去式（＋ed）＋…过去时间”；将肯定句中的过去式改为“did not（＝didn’t）＋原形<动词>”，即构成过去式的<否定句>。 He didn’t clean the room yesterday. 他昨天没打扫房间。 She washed the skirt yesterday. 她昨天洗这裙子。 Tom didn’t watch TV last night. 汤姆昨晚没看电视。 He talked to his sister after lunch. 午餐后，他跟他的妹妹谈话。 They didn’t cook lunch for their grandfather yesterday.他们昨天没有为他们的祖父做午饭。 Mary cleaned the room this morning. 玛丽今天早晨打扫了房间。 John didn’t get up early this morning. 约翰今天早晨没有早起床。 Tom didn’t iron his shirt yesterday. 汤姆昨天没有熨衬衣。 My mother didn’t water the garden last week. 我母亲上星期没有给花园里浇水。 I have not + V-ed ... 结构︰主词＋have／has＋not＋过去分词＋…。 说明︰在<助动词> have（has）的后面加“not”形成<现在完成式>的否定式。 I have not heard from John for a long time. 我好久没有收到约翰的来信了。 She has not read today’s newspaper. 她还没有看今天的报纸。 They have not seen that movie on television. 他们还没看过电视上的那部影片。 There is no + N/V-ing ... 结构︰There＋be＋no／not a／not any＋名词／动名词（＋副词） 说明︰这是表示存在的<否定句>型。否定词用 no，也可用 not a 或 not any。not a 后面跟单数<名词>；not any 跟复数<名词>；no 后面的<名词>单复数都可以。其中以 not a 所表示的否定<语气>较强。如果带有各种<副词>，通常是地点<副词>置于<时间副词>的前面。 There was nothing to buy in the store. There were no shirts, no vests, no jeans, and no pajamas. 那家商店里没什么可买的。那里没有衬衫，没有背心，没有牛仔裤，也没有睡衣。 There was not a moment to be lost. 分秒必争。 There is no denying the fact. 事实决不能否认。 (There must be) No talking in here! 这儿不许讲话。 No smoking (within these walls)! （场内）禁烟！ There is no such + N 结构︰There is no such＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“没有这样的…”。 There was no such club. 没有这样的俱乐部。 There is no such man in our neighborhood. 在我们的邻近没有这样的人。 There is no such book as you want. 没有像你所要的这种书。 I am away from ... 结构︰用肯定的陈述句形式来表达否定意义 说明︰这主要是通过某些含有否定意义的词汇来表示，如：off，out of，far from，away from， refuse 等，以及含有否定意义的词缀的词汇，如：dislike，unhappy，impossible 等。 Mr. Jones is away from Taipei. 琼斯先生已不在台北。 The project is far from perfect. 这项企划很不完美。 The manager is out of the office. 经理不在办公室。 They shun personal fame and gains.他们不计个人名利。(shun 原义为“避开”，引伸为“不要”） I dislike this student very much. 我顶讨厌这个学生。 ... far from ... 结构︰... far from ... 说明︰表“离…很远”，后面接<名词>做<受词>；但 far from 可置于句首做<介系词>，表“非但不…”，以<动名词>做<受词>；若置于 be <动词>之后，则视为<副词>，表“一点也不”，后面接<名词>或<形容词>。 It is far from my intention to do such a thing. 我根本不想做这种事。 I live far away from my school. 我住的地方离学校很远。 Far from working hard, he played around. 他非但不用功，反而到处鬼混。 Far from accepting my advice, he went back on me.他非但不接受我的劝告，反而背叛了我。 His explanation was far from satisfactory. 他的解释一点也不令人满意。 I am far from blaming him. 我并不是在责备他。 Far from losing money, he can hardly count his profits. 他哪里是在赔钱，他几乎无法计算其利润呢！ He is far from well. 他并不健康。 It is far from the truth. 这哪里是事实。 It is free form + N ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋free from＋名词… 说明︰此句型意为“没有…”。本<词组>须置于 be <动词>之后，等于 without，以<名词>做其<受词>。 He leads a life (which is) free from care. 他过着无忧无虑的生活。 The hill is completely free from trees. 这个山丘上一棵树也没有。 This city is free from thieves. 这个城市没有盗贼。 When her son returned she was at last free from anxiety.她儿子回来了，她总算解除了忧虑。 I told him not to go. 结构︰…not＋非述语成分 说明︰本<句型>的述语是肯定形式，not 加在句中其它成分上，可以否定<主词>、<受词>或<副词>。 not 用以否定非述语成分，主要是用在两种情形：一是不这样安排 not，就会改变句子的意义；二是用于含有对比的叙述中。 I told him not to go. 我告诉了他，叫他不要去。 He goes to school not by bus, but on foot. 他去上学不是乘公共汽车，而是走路去的。 Not a contract was to be signed. 连一个合同也没签。 The teacher told him not to make such a mistake again. 老师叫他不要再犯这样的错误。 I went to see my friend off, not to meet him. 我是去送朋友，不是去接他。 He felt sorry for not coming to the meeting on time. 他为没有准时到会感到很抱歉。 No + N + V ... 结构︰No＋单数名词＋肯定式动词… 说明︰此句型意为“没有一…”。此<句型>“No＋<名词>”的 No 是“Not a（没有一个）”之意，有时“No＋<名词>”是“No＋other＋<名词>”之意。 No animal of the horoscope is considered dumb or ugly or evil. 天宫图上的动物没有一种被认为是愚笨的或丑陋的或邪恶的。 No student in this school is from the southern part of Taiwan. 这个学校没有一个学生是来自南台湾的。 No grammar book is more popular than this one with senior high school students. 没有（别的）一本文法书比这一本更受高中生的欢迎。 I don’t think ... 结构︰主词＋否定式动词＋副词／that-子句 说明︰如果否定的是后面的<副词>或<子句>，通常是将否定词提前移到述语中去，其意义仍然是表示否定后面的部分。像 I think，I believe，I suppose，I feel，I see 等词语引出否定的<子句>时，大多是将 not 放在述语<动词>部分。在口语中，尤其是这样。 I don’t think it’s right to make such a hasty decision.我认为如此仓促地做出决定是不正确的。 I don’t think this is worth trying. 我看这是不值得一试的。 Many people don’t think it is dangerous to go mountain climbing.很多人认为爬山并不危险。 I still don’t see the point you emphasized. 我仍然弄不清楚你所强调的要点。 I don’t see any point of playing video games all day.我看不出整天打电动玩具有什么意义。 I don’t believe that he will come tonight. 我认为他今晚不会来。 I’m not feeling very well today, I can’t attend the meeting. 我今天感到不怎么舒服，我不能参加会议了。 He did not come here in order to attend the meeting. 他来这里决不是要参加会议的。 All is not ... 结构︰all／both／every…＋not… 说明︰此句型意为“并非一切…都是”。含有全体意义的<代名词>和<副词>如 all，every（及其派生词）， both，always，altogether，entirely，wholly 等，用于否定结构时不是表示全部被否定，而只表示其中的一部分被否定。也可将 not 置于 all，every 等词的前面。 All is not gold that glitters. (=All that glitters is not gold.) 闪闪发光者并非都是金子。 Not all the students study hard. 并非所有的学生都用功念书。 I don’t know all of them. 我并不都认识他们。 The rich are not always happy. 富人未必一定幸福。 A kind man is not always patient. 心肠好的人未必总是有耐心。 His deeds do not always agree with his words. 他的言行并非总是一致。 Nobody can always have good luck. 没有人始终能够有好运。 A wise man doesn’t know everything. 智者并非每一件事都懂。 Every one cannot become businessman. 不是所有的人都能成为商人。 Such a product is not found everywhere. 这样的产品不是随处可以找到的。 Not both of his sisters agree to his suggestion. 他两个姊姊并未都同意他的提议。 Both items are not fashionable. 两个品种并不都很时髦。 I don’t like both of them. 他们两人我并不都喜欢。 Not both the artists have a keen eye for beauty. 这两位艺术家并非都有审美的眼光。 Not both Peter and John enjoy music. 并非彼得与约翰都喜欢音乐。 He doesn’t wholly agree to the plan. 他并不完全同意这项计划。 ... not necessarily ... 结构︰... not necessarily ... 说明︰此句型意为“未必是…”。not necessary 是\"不必要的\"。 The name of a restaurant won’t necessarily tell you much about the food it serves. 餐厅的名字未必能告诉你很多它所供应的食物。 A good book does not necessarily sell well. 好书未必畅销。 This is not necessarily the best. 这未必是最好的。 Learned men are not necessarily wise. 博学者未必都是聪明的。 A hero is not necessarily one who has done brave things. 英雄未必是做过勇敢之事的人。 The strongest man does not necessarily live the longest. 最强壮的人未必活得最久。 No/none ... + V ... 结构︰no／none 等否定词＋肯定式动词… 说明︰本<句型>表示全体否定。否定词 no，none，nobody，nothing，nowhere，nohow，neither， never 等本身就是绝对的否定意义，<动词>虽是肯定形式，但整个句子仍表达否定的意义，常译做“任何…都不”，“大家都不…”，“全都没有…”，“任何时候都不…”，“无论何处都不…”等。这些否定词引导的词组大多做<主词>，也可做<受词>和<副词>。 No buyers can buy this sort of product. 任何买主都不能购买这种产品。 Neither of my parents enjoys music. 我父母都不喜欢音乐。 I like neither of the designs. (=I don’t like either of the designs.)这两个花样我都不喜欢。 None of the three is a good student (are good students). 这三人都不是好学生。 Nothing worth doing is easy. 值得做的事没有容易做的。 Nothing is impossible to a willing mind. 有志的人没有做不到的事。 Nothing is changeless. 没有一成不变的东西。 Nobody is without faults. 没有人是没有缺点的。 He never gets up early. 他从未早起过。 The book is nowhere to be had. 这本书什么地方都买不到。 All + V + un... 结构︰all／both／every 等＋肯定式动词＋含否定意义的单词… 说明︰此句型意为“一切…都不”。all，every 等词在本句型中表示全部否定,其否定意义不是通过述语 <动词>，而是通过句子其它成分中含有否定意义的单词表达出来的。 All goods here are unsaleable. 这里的一切货物都是卖不出去的。 All his plan came to nothing. 他的一切计划都没有实现。 Every selling plan made by him is impossible of execution. 他所做的一切销售计划都是不能实现的。 We all disbelieved what he promised. 对于他的许诺我们全都不相信。 Their quarrels about the trivia are always interminable. 他们对琐事的争吵总是没完没了。 ... not ..., neither ... 结构︰（前句）否定句，＋（后句）nor／neither＋肯定式动词＋主词… 说明︰后句是补充的否定，因为以 no，neither 开头，所以要采用倒装句构。 She has no experience in typing, nor does the skill interest her. 她没有打字经验，那种技术也引不起她的兴趣。 You can’t cancel the contract, nor can I, nor can anybody else. 你不能撤约，我也不能，任何人都不能。 The first isn’t good, and neither is the second. 第一个不是好的，第二个也不好。 You did not see the teacher, neither did I. 你没有看见老师，我也没有。 ... not ... still ... 结构︰主词＋否定式动词…＋much less／still less＋名词词组／子句 说明︰much less 或 still less 引导的<词组>或<子句>，表示一种追加的否定。less 是由 little 的否定意义而来的，所以只能用于<否定句>，一般译做“更无；更不”。 She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries. 她连生活必需品都不能买，更不用说奢侈品。 He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon.他连一哩都跑不了，更不用说马拉松了。 I did not even see him, still less talk with him.我看也没看见他，更不用说跟他谈过话了。 ..., to say nothing of ... 结构︰主词＋否定式动词…；＋to say nothing of＋名词（子句） 说明︰此句型意为“更不用说；更不待言”。to say nothing of 可用 not to speak of，not to mention等代替。 He does not know English, to say nothing of German or French. 他不懂英文，更不要说德文和法文了。 At that time they could not produce ordinary garments, not to speak of high-grade ones. 那时他们连普通衣服都不能生产，更不要说高级的了。 We can’t afford a car, not to mention the fact that we have no garage. 我们买不起汽车，没有车库的事就更不必说了。 It hardly/scarcely + V ... 结构︰主词＋hardly／scarcely＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“…几乎不…”。这是通过 hardly 等半否定词表示的<否定句>。此类半否定词还有： scarcely，seldom，little，few，rarely 等。 It hardly (scarcely) matters. 没有什么关系。 I have hardly ever been out of this city. 我几乎未曾离开过这个城市。 Justice was hardly done but someone complained (=without someone’s complaining). 要达到没有人认为不公平的公平是很难的。 We seldom buy this sort of goods. 我们很少买这种货。 Seldom seen, soon forgotten. 少见则易忘；别久则情疏。 Little remains to be talked about. 简直没什么可谈的了。 ... seldom or never ... 结构︰…seldom or never… 说明︰此句型意为“几乎不…；简直不…”。也可用“little or nothing”。 She seldom or never reads a book. 她简直不看书。 People seldom or never bought silk garments a few years ago. 几年前，人们几乎是不买丝绸服装的。 I saw little or nothing of him after graduation. 毕业后我几乎没有看见过他。 She bought little or nothing in this shop. 她在这家店里几乎没买过东西。 I can’t ... 结构︰主词＋否定式动词…＋否定词／含否定意义的词… 说明︰此句型意为“无…不…；没有…不…”。这是双重<否定句>型。也可译做肯定句。本<句型>的<动词>是否定式，所以<主词>不能用否定<代名词>。英语的习惯用法是否定<代名词>后面不能再用否定式<动词>。 You can’t make something out of nothing. 巧妇难为无米之炊。 What’s done cannot be undone. 已经做了的事后悔也无用。 He has never dissatisfied with this plan. 他从来没有对计划表示不满。 No one wanted to + V ... 结构︰No one（Nobody）＋ wanted（liked）to＋原形动词…。 说明︰此句型意为“没有人想要（喜欢）…”。nobody（无一人）与 no one（无一人）同义，仅限用于“人”，但是 nobody 更具口语化；nobody（或 no one）如当<主词>，后面接单数<动词>。 No one wanted to buy small oranges. 没有人想买小柳橙。 No one liked to have trouble. 没有人想碰到麻烦。 No one wanted to listen to a madman. 没有人想听疯子讲话。 ... no ... without + N 结构︰…never／not／no…＋without＋名词／动名词 说明︰此句型意为“每…必然…；没有…就没有…”。这是双重<否定句>。有时译成“没有…而不…”；“每一次…都…”。 I cannot see this picture without thinking of my father.看到这幅画使我不能不想起我父亲。 I never see him without feeling like crying. 我每次见到他就想哭。 He never helps me without trying to take advantage of me. 他每次帮我都想占我便宜。 He never visits me without asking about our old friends. 他每次来访必然问起我们昔日的朋友。 The president of their company never makes a promise without intending to keep it. 他们公司的董事长每次许诺必然会遵守诺言。 He never went to the bookstore without buying some books. 他没有一次到书店而不买一些书。 They never met without smiling at each other. 他们每一次相遇都彼此微笑。 I never speak English without making mistakes. 我没有一次说英语而不犯错的。 Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm. 没有一件伟大的事情可以达成而没有热诚。 No gains without pains. 不劳则无获。 No one can succeed without working hard. 没有人能够成功而不努力。 No one can live without breathing. 没有一个人可以不呼吸而生存。 No prisoner escaped from the prison without being seen. 没有一个囚犯逃离这个监狱而不被看到。 never ... but ... 结构︰never…＋but＋主词＋动词 说明︰此句型意为“每…必然…”。but 在此是<连接词>，引导<副词子句>。本句构的 but 相当于 if…not…。 It never rains but it pours. 一下雨就倾盆而降－－祸不单行。 I never look at the stars but I think how little I am.我每次看星星必然会想自己是多么渺小。 She never reads a book but she goes to sleep. 她一看书就想睡觉。 He never goes on a vacation but he takes his pet dog. 他每次度假都会带他的狗去。 I never see him but I am happy. 我看到他就高兴。 He never goes out but he drops in at that bookstore. 他每次外出都会顺道去那家书店待一会儿。 I never fail to + V ... 结构︰主词＋never fail to＋原形动词 说明︰此句型意为“必定会…；一定会…”。fail 因包含“失败”的否定意义，故也属双重否定。 She never fails to write to her parents every month. 她每个月一定写信给她的父母亲。 He never failed to send the ambassador a report each week. 他每个礼拜必送报告给大使。 A good teacher never fails to try his best to answer his students. 一个好老师总是尽力为学生解答。 He is eloquent and humorous as well. What he says never fails to please us. 他口才好又幽默，他所说的一定能使我们高兴。 I cannot but + V ... 结构︰主词＋cannot＋but／choose but／help but＋原形动词 说明︰此句型意为“不得不…”。but 后只能跟原形<动词>。 I cannot but admire his wise plan. 我不得不赞美他的计划。 They cannot (choose) but admit that our requirement is reasonable. 他们不得不承认我们的要求是合理的。 I could not (help) but laugh. 我不禁笑出来。 It is not uncommon for ... 结构︰It is not uncommon for＋名词＋to-不定词… 说明︰此句型意为“…并非不常见”。not uncommon 是双重否定，表肯定。it 是虚<主词>。 It is not uncommon for parents to put a newborn in a separate room. 父母把新生儿放在分隔的房间并非不常见。 It is not uncommon for women to smoke in public. 妇女在大众面前抽烟并非不常见。 It is not uncommon for people to jaywalk. 人们任意穿越马路并非不常见。 I am anything but ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋anything but＋名词／形容词… 说明︰此句型意为“绝非…”。等于 far from。后面跟<名词>或<形容词>做 be <动词>的<补语>。 He is anything but a scholar. 他绝非学者。 He is anything but diligent. 他一点也不勤奋。 The man was anything but rich. 这人绝不是个富翁。 He was anything but a hero. 他绝不是一个英雄。 It is anything but complete. 这并未完成。 Climbing Mt. Everest is anything but a pleasure trip. 登圣母峰绝不是一次轻松的旅途。 His visit to Paris was anything but a success. 他的巴黎之行根本不成功。 I am in no way ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋含否定意义的词组（in no way／by no means 等）… 说明︰此类<词组>有 in no way，by no means，in no wise，on no account 等，译为“决不；毫不”。如因强调而置于句首，则要采用倒装句构。 I am in no way to blame. 我一点也没错。 It is by no means easy to satisfy everyone. 要满足每一个人绝非易事。 He will in no wise give up any chances to get a better job. 他不会放弃任何机会以获得一份好工作。 On no account (do you) forget to lock the door. 千万别忘了锁门。 I am not in the least ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋not＋in the least… 说明︰此句型意为“一点也不…”。 I am not in the least tired. 我一点也不疲倦。 He is not in the least kind. 他心肠一点都不好。 I was not surprised in the least. 我一点也不感到惊讶。 The shop assistant was not in the least afraid of the trouble. 那店员一点也不怕麻烦。 I am no + N ... 结构︰... no＋名词… 说明︰no 通常当形容词，后面须接名词；no的后面不可紧接a，an，any，many，much等字。 We feel that life is no laughing matter. 我们觉得人生绝非是开玩笑的事情。 Mr. Chen used no (didn’t use any) chemicals on his fruit. 陈先生的水果不使用农药。 Tony used no reference books in class. 托尼上课时不使用参考书。 It is no joke. 这绝非是开玩笑。 This is no fact. 这绝非是事实。 That’s no lie! 那绝不是谎话！ He is no writer. 他绝不是作家。 Tom is no coward. 汤姆绝不是懦夫。 no + N + in the world ... 结构︰…否定词＋名词＋in the world／on earth… 说明︰此<句型>中否定词与<名词>结合的<词组>可以是<主词>，也可以是<受词>或其它句子成分；in the world，on earth，all 等大范围词语一般作<形容词>或<副词>用。 There will be no difficulty in the world that they cannot overcome. 世界上任何困难他们都可以克服。 This is a market condition no force on earth can change.这一市场情况任何力量也改变不了。 He was not all confused. 他一点儿也不胡涂。 It is of no value at all. 那是毫无价值的。 I’m the world’s worst businessman. 我最不会做生意。 I am the last man to ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋the last＋名词＋to-不定词／子句 说明︰此句型意为“绝不可能是…；最不像是…”。<子句>是以 that 做<关系代名词>所引导的<形容词子句>。 A plane crash was the last thing that we had expected. 我们绝对没有想到飞机会出事。 This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我绝没想到会在这里遇见你。 He is the last man to do such a thing. 他绝不可能会做这种事。 Mick is the last man to break his word. 迈克绝不是不守承诺的人。 He is the last man (that) I want to see now. 他是我现在最不愿见到的人。 You were the last man (that) I had dreamed of meeting here. 那天我万万没有料到会在这里遇到你。 He is the last man to accept a bribe. 他绝不像是会接受贿赂的人。 I cannot ... too ... 结构︰cannot…too＋形容词／副词 说明︰此句型意为“再…也不为过；愈…愈好”。也可用“cannot＋<动词>＋too much”或“cannot…＋too many／much＋<可数名词>／<不可数名词>”。 You cannot be too careful when driving a car. 开车时愈小心愈好。 I cannot thank enough for your kindness. 我再怎么感谢你的好意也不为过。 We cannot emphasize too much the importance of learning English. 我们再怎样强调学英文的重要性也不为过。 It is wrong to think that one cannot make too many friends. 认为一个人交愈多朋友愈好是错的。 He thinks it right that one cannot make too much money.他认为一个人赚再多的钱也不为过。 You cannot study too hard. 你愈用功愈好。 One cannot be too careful in choosing friends. 择友愈谨慎愈好。 You cannot quit smoking too soon. 你愈早戒烟愈好。 too + ADJ + for ... 结构︰too＋形容词＋for＋(代)名词 说明︰此句型意为“太…而不适宜／而不能…\"。相当于“too＋<形容词>＋to-<不定词>”。 It is still too cold for farming. 气候还是太冷而不适宜农耕。 You are too young for marriage. 你太年轻了，还不能结婚。 The scenery is too beautiful for words. 风景优美，非文字所能形容。 The book is too difficult for most senior high school students. 这本书太难而不适合大多数的高中生。 Servings in restaurants are too large for many people. 餐厅里端出来的食物对许多人来说量是太多了。 The skirt is too long for you. 这条裙子对你来说是太长了。 This room is too large for us. 对我们而言，这间屋子太大了。 He is too tired to walk anymore. 他累得再也走不动了。 She walked too slowly to catch up with us. 她走得太慢，跟不上我们。 ... no exception ... 结构︰主词＋be 动词＋no exception 说明︰此句型意为“…也不例外”。 Almost every language in the world has dialects and American English is no exception. 世界上几乎每种语言都有方言，美国话也不例外。 The poor need love and the rich are no exception. 贫穷的人需要爱，有钱的人也不例外。 Plants can not live without the sun and animals are no exception. 植物没有太阳不能活，动物也不例外。 I have no idea ... 结构︰主词＋have no idea… 说明︰此句型意为“不知道…”。 We have no idea how the birds find their way. 我们不知道这些鸟如何找到它们的路。 I have no idea why he resigned his post. 我不知道他为何辞去他的职务。 We have no idea how to persuade him to give up the idea. 我们不知道如何说服他放弃这个念头。 I care nothing about ... 结构︰主词＋care nothing about… 说明︰此句型意为“一点也不关心…；毫不在乎…”。 My friends were all boys who cared nothing about studying. 我的朋友都是男生，他们一点也不关心读书。 Do you really care nothing about your future? 你真的一点也不关心你的将来？ I cared nothing about what they said of me. 我毫不在乎他们对我怎么说。 I do not care what ... 结构︰主词＋do not care＋疑问词（what／whether／…）＋主词＋动词 说明︰此句型意为“…不在乎…”。 He does not care whether he wins or loses. 他不在乎是否他赢或输。 I do not care what you will say about me. 我不在乎你们会说我什么。 She does not care whether you like her or not. 她不在乎你是否喜欢她。 I can’t bear to ... 结构︰主词＋can’t bear＋to-不定词／动名词 说明︰此句型意为“忍受不了／不忍…”。bear 后可跟<不定词>或<动名词>。 His suspense became so great that he couldn’t bear to look out the window. 他的疑虑变得这样大，所以他忍受不了往窗外看。 I can’t bear to see him treated like that. 我不忍见到他受到那样的对待。 I can’t bear being called “Fool”. 我忍受不了被叫做“傻瓜”。 ... make no sense ... 结构︰主词＋make no／much／little sense… 说明︰此句型意为“…有（没有／很有／很少有）意义”。通常用于否定或疑问。 It didn’t make much sense to Galileo to have different rules for motion on earth and in space. 对伽利略来说，地球上和太空中有不同的运动法则是没有多大意义。 His argument does not make sense. 他的争论没有意义。 Does it make sense to let children play with matches? 让小孩玩火柴有意义吗？ ... and ... 结构︰主词＋动词…＋and＋动词…。 说明︰and 当“和；并且；而”解，它常含有“结果”的意味；由 and 所连接的两个单字，须用相同的词性。 They can visit many places and see many things.他们可以参观许多地方并且看到许多事物。 You can stay at home and watch TV. 你可以待在家里并且看电视。 We will get up early and do some housework. 我们将早起并且做点家务。 ... or ... 结构︰主词＋动词…＋or＋动词＋…。 说明︰or 当“或者”解，含有“选择”的意味；由 or 所连接的两个单字，须用“相同的词性”。 They will go to the zoo or play volleyball. 他们要去动物园或打排球。 He can drive his car to work or go by bus. 他可以自己驾车上班或乘公交车。 We will play sports or go on a picnic. 我们将做户外运动或去野餐。 ... but ... 结构︰主词＋动词…，＋but＋主词＋动词＋…。 说明︰but 当“但是；然而”解，它含有“相反；对比”的意味；由 but 所连接的两个单字须用“相同的词性”。 I went to bed late, but I got up early. 我晚睡但是早起。 It doesn’t rain a lot in fall, but it rains a lot in spring. 秋天不下很多雨，但春天下很多雨。 He caught a cold yesterday, but he went to school today.他昨天得了感冒，但今天去上学了。 A＋Positive，but B＋Negative 结构︰A（主词）＋肯定（或否定）…，but＋B（主词）＋否定（或肯定）…。 说明︰此句型意为“A…，但是 B 不…（或：A 不…，但是 B…）”。but 是<连接词>，用于表示“相反”或“对比”，故 but 可连接一个肯定<子句>与一个否定<子句>；本句型中 <助动词>要与一般<动词>的<时态>相一致。 Mr. Collins was tired, but Mr. Smith wasn’t. 柯林斯先生累了，但是史密斯先生不累。 It won’t hurt you, but chemicals will. 它不会伤害你，但是农药会。 Mr. Chen knows this, but other people don’t. 陈先生知道这件事，但是别人不知道。 He made more money, but I didn’t. 他赚了更多的钱，但是我没有。 My sister eats natural foods every day, but I don’t.我妹妹每天都吃天然食品，但是我不吃。 ... when/as/while ... 结构︰主要子句＋when／as／while＋子句 说明︰此句型意为“当…时”。when 引导的<子句>，不仅说明一般时间，而且可以表示与<主要子句>同时或提前的动作时间。两个<动词>常用现在式。as 所表示的同时意义更突出一些，语意更强一些；while 多指动作的过程，时间范围较大一些。<连接词> while 后面的<主词>，如果与<主要子句>的<主词>相同时，while 后面的<主词>与 be <动词>可以省略，如例句8。 When I got there, they were having a negotiation. 我到那里时，他们正谈判。 When I called, Tom was having dinner. 当我打电话时，汤姆正在吃晚饭。 When I met Jill, she was talking to a young man.当我遇到吉尔时，她正在和一个年轻人说话。 When I entered the room, everyone was laughing loudly. 当我走进房间时，每个人都在大声地笑。 When you walk into the room, the lights turn on by themselves. 每当你走入这房间，电灯自己就打开。 The customer laughed as he spoke. 客户边谈边笑。 Work while you work, and rest while you rest. 工作的时候工作，休息的时候休息。 While she was reading in the room (=While reading in the room), she heard John call her. 当她在房间里看书时，她听见约翰在叫她。 ... before/after ... 结构︰主要子句＋before／after＋子句 说明︰此句型意为“…之前／之后”。<主要子句>的动作发生在<子句>动作之前或之后。before 引导的<子句>不可用否定式。 You must send some sample to the customer before you go abroad. 在你出国之前，应该先寄给客户一些样品。 After you think it over, please let me know by fax. 你仔细考虑过之后，请用传真相告。 What do you want to do after you have concluded this transaction? 这笔生意成交之后你想做什么？ ... because/as/since ... 结构︰主要子句＋because／as／since＋子句 说明︰此句型意为“…因为…”。because 作“因为”解释，是<连接词>，它后面所引导的<子句>，叫做“<从属子句>”。<主要子句>前切不可加 so；<从属子句>可放在<主要子句>后，但为了强调，可放在<主要子句>前。 I didn’t like it because it was noisy. 我不喜欢它因为很吵闹。 His boss looked at him coldly because he made several big mistakes. 他的老板冷漠地看着他因为他犯了几个大错误。 John lives happily because he uses his time well to study. 约翰生活得快乐因为他善用他的时间学习。 As rain has fallen, the goods cannot be shipped. 因为下了雨，货物不能装运了。 Since you insist, I must amend the letter of credit. 既然你坚持，我就只好修改信用证。 ... in that ... 结构︰主要子句＋in that／seeing（that）／considering（that）＋子句 说明︰此句型意为“…因为…”。注意，in that 中的 that 不能省去。 He didn’t attend the negotiation in that he was ill. 他因为有病，没有参加谈判。 I’d like to accept this item, seeing (that) the price is reasonable. 我愿意接受此品种，因为价格合理。 We agree to postpone the shipping date, considering (that) there is no steamer recently. 由于（考虑到）最近无船，我们同意推迟装期。 ..., so ... 结构︰前句，＋so／therefore／thus／hence＋后句 说明︰此句型意为“…所以…”。so 是正式的<连接词>，其它都是<副词>作<连接词>用。 He is ill, so he cannot attend the negotiation. 他病了，所以他不能来参加谈判。 He was very tired, and therefore he didn’t give the market report. 他非常疲倦，所以没能作市场报告。 It was already rather late, thus we decide to urge the customer. 已经相当晚了，所以我们决定催促客户。 ... and/or/or else ... 结构︰祈使句＋and／or／or else… 说明︰and 译成“那么”，用于表一致的概念；or 译成“否则”，用于表相反的概念。“命令句＋ and”等于“If ...”，意为“得…，这么一来才能…”；“命令句＋or”等于“Unless ...”，意为“得…要不然…”；or 也可用 or else 取代。 Study hard, and you’ll pass the exam. 要用功，那么你才会考及格。 Study hard, or you’ll fail (in) the exam. 要用功，否则你会考不及格。 Make haste, and you’ll be in time for class. 动作快一点，你才赶得及上课。 Make haste, or you’ll miss the first train. 快一点，要不然就赶不上第一班火车了。 Stop smoking now, or else your health will be ruined.别再抽烟了，否则你会毁了自己的健康。 one more N, and ... 结构︰数量名词（one，two，three…）＋more＋名词，＋and… 说明︰此句型意为“再…，就…”。and 连接<主要子句>。 One more effort, and you will get to the top. 再加点油，你就可以到达顶端了。 Two more days, and I can finish the work. 再过两天，我就能完成这份工作。 One more step, and you’ll be killed. 再走一步，你就会没命。 A few more days, and the company will be on the verge of bankruptcy. 再过几天，这家公司就将濒临破产的边缘。 There be N and N 结构︰There＋be＋名词＋and＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“有各色各样的…”。<名词>通常用复数。 There’s always weather and weather. 老是有各种各样的天气。 There are men and men. 有各式各样的男人。 There are actors and actors. 有各式各样的演员。 A + be ..., and B ... 结构︰主词1＋be＋…，and＋主词2＋（be）… 说明︰<主词>2之后的 be <动词>往往省略。 There midnight’s all a glimmer and noon (is) a purple glow. 那儿午夜浮光微摇，中午紫光争耀。 His critics are many and his admirers (are) few. 他的批评者多，而赞美者少。 The girls are skating and the boys (are) watching. 这些女孩在溜冰，而这些男孩在观看。 It is true ..., but ... 结构︰It is true that…，but… 说明︰此句型意为“…是事实，但…”。but 前后所连接的部分或<子句>意义相反或成为对比。本<句型>与 though <子句>所表现的意思完全相同。也可用“Indeed (that) ..., but ...”。 It is true that these changes take a long time, but not as long as we might expect. 这些变化需要一些长的时间是事实，但不像我们所可能预期的那样久。 It is true that he stole the bicycle, but he is not so bad as you might think. 他偷脚踏车是事实，但他并不像你所想的那样坏。 It is true that he is rich, but he must know money is not everything. 他有钱是事实，但他必须知道钱不是一切。 It is true that Japan is a beautiful country, but its big cities are lately polluted. 日本的确是个美丽的国家，但最近日本的大都市已被污染。 Indeed he has a solemn face, but he is very humorous at heart. 他的确有一副严肃的脸孔，但内心却是很富幽默感。 no one ... but ... 结构︰no one／every／who／what…＋but… 说明︰用在 no one，none，nobody，nothing，all，every，以及 who，what 等疑问词之后的 but 的含义是“除…而外”，是<连接词>，后接的<代名词>可用主格或受格。 No one replied but me. 除我而外没有人回答。 Nobody was late but you and me. 除了你我而外，没有人迟到。 Nothing but disaster would come from such a plan.此一计划除了导致失败而外将一无所获。 He did nothing but eat and sleep all day. 他整天吃饭、睡觉，什么事都不做。 It is nothing but a joke. 这不过是个笑话而已。 Mother thought of nothing but my coming home. 母亲只想到我要回家的事。 All the boys but one are here. 除了一个而外男孩子全都到了。 Who but he would act such? 除了他还有谁会有这样的行为？ What should I find but an enormous spider! 我居然发现了一只巨大的蜘蛛！ Who should come in but his first wife! 进来的居然是他的第一任太太！ ... all but ... 结构︰... all but ... 说明︰后面跟<名词>，but 相当于 except，表“除了…以外都”。若后面跟<形容词>、<副词>、<动词>，则表“几乎”的意思。 He is the chairman of the committee in all but the name. 除了没挂名以外，实际上他就是委员会的主席。 All but the morning star have disappeared. 除掉金星以外其它的星星全都消失了。 The car all but ran over him. 车子几乎把他撵过去。 He was all but killed by the traffic accident. 他几乎死于车过。 ... not ... but ... 结构︰主词＋动词＋not…but… 说明︰此句型意为“不是…而是…”。“not ... but ...”为对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的<主词>做变化。 They will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. 他们所受到的论断不是他们的肤色，而是他们的品格的内涵。 What I admire is not what you have, but what you are. 我所羡慕的不是你所拥有的东西，而是你的为人。 It is not your fault, but mine. 这不是你的过错，而是我的过错。 Not I but he is responsible for it. 不是我，而是他该负责任。 Not father but mother was present at the ceremony. 不是父亲而是母亲出席此一仪式。 Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. 不是我比较不喜欢西泽，而是我更喜欢罗马。 He regarded me not as his friend, but as the best man for the job. 他并非把我当朋友，而是当最适合这工作者。 ... no other than ... 结构︰主词＋be＋no／none＋other＋than／but… 说明︰此句型意为“…不是别人，正是…”。than 在此处并非连接<比较级>之用，而是当“除…外”解，but与 than 相当，也作“除外”解，后面跟强调的人。 This is no other than my old friend, John. 这位不是别人，正是我的老朋友约翰。 The young man sitting at the desk was none other than our new teacher. 坐在办公桌那儿的那个年轻人正是我们新来的老师。 The tall figure that you saw was none other than our manager. 你所见的那位身材魁梧的先生不是别人正是我们的经理。 As a top manager, he should appoint none but people on their merit. 作为一位总经理，他应该任人为贤。 ... nothing else than ... 结构︰主词＋be＋nothing＋else than／less than／（else）but… 说明︰此句型意为“…不是别的，而是…”。本<句型>强调的是物。 His failure in this transaction was due to nothing else than his own carelessness. 他在这笔交易中的失利完全是由于他自己的粗心大意。 The present market situation is nothing else than fine. 目前市场形势是最好不过的了。 What we expected is nothing less than a timely payment. 及时付款正是我们所盼望的。 This transaction is nothing less than a miracle. 这笔交易完全是一个奇迹。 What I need is nothing but a sample. 我需要的不过是一件样品而已。 His condition is nothing but a little discount. 他的条件不过是一点折让。 ... not so ... but ... 结构︰…not＋so／such＋形容词／副词＋but… 说明︰此句型意为“还没有到不能…的程度”，引申为“尽管…还是”。此处的 but 相当于“that ... not”。 I am not such a fool but I can solve the problem. 我虽不才，还是能解决这一问题。 The quality is not so poor but it is acceptable. 质量虽差，但仍能接受。 He is not so sick but he can attend a class. 他尽管有病，还是可以上课。 not only ... but also ... 结构︰主词＋not merely／not only…but（also）… 说明︰此句型意为“不仅／不但…而且…”。not only…but also 称为“<对等连接词>”，所连接的两个单字，须用相同的词性。如果连接两个<动词>时，前后的时式要一致；如用于连接两个<主词>时，重点在第二个<主词>，因此<动词>须与第二个<主词>一致。若连接对等的<主要子句>，而由 not merely，not only 开头，则要用倒装形式。 Mary not only cleaned the room but (also) washed the window. 玛丽不但清扫房间而且也洗刷窗子。 The hamburger not only smells good but (also) tastes delicious. 这只汉堡包不但气味好闻而且味道好吃。 He is famous not only for his talent but (also) for his kindness. 他不仅以才能出名，而且是出名的好心。 Not only you but (also) I am to blame. 不仅你，连我都要受责难。 Not only did the dog bark at him, but (it) bit him. 这只狗不但对他吠叫，而且咬了他。 Not only is she beautiful, but she is (also) kind. 她不仅漂亮，而且善良。 His job is not only to dispose of problems but (also) to meet unexpected challenges. 他的工作不仅要处理难题而且也要应付突来的挑战。 either ... or ... 结构︰either ... or ... 说明︰此句型意为“要不…就是…”。可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的 <主词>做变化。 Can you speak either English or French? 你会说英语或法语吗？ Either you or he has made the mistake. 不是你，就是他弄错了。 Either he or I am to blame. 不是他就是我该受责备。 Either you are wrong, or I am. 不是你错，就是我错了。 Either your answer or mine is wrong. 不是你的答案错了，就是我的错了。 Either we will find a supply, or we will make the goods.我们或是寻求供货，或者自己制造。 Tom is going to buy either a guitar or a piano.汤母不是要买一把吉他就是要买一架钢琴。 neither ... nor ... 结构︰neither ... nor ... 说明︰此句型意为“既非…也非…”。可连接对等的单字、<词组>或<子句>；连接<主词>时，<动词>要随最近的 <主词>做变化。 Neither he nor I was able to understand her. 既不是我也不是他能够了解她。 Neither you nor I am wrong. 你也好，我也好，都没错。 In my opinion, neither you nor he has met the standard.在我看来，你跟他都没有达到标准。 I neither expressed surprise at the price nor attempted to accept it. 我对于这个价格既没有表示惊异，也没想接受。 We are going to play neither basketball nor volleyball.我们既不将打篮球也不将打排球。 both ... and ... 结构︰both ... and ... 说明︰此句型意为“二者皆；和”。这是对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>和<子句>；若连接<主词>时，<动词>一定为复数形。 I work both on sunny days and on rainy ones. 我风雨无阻地工作。 That actress is both skillful and beautiful. 那位女演员演技精湛又长得漂亮。 He is known both as a painter and as a statesman. 他是知名的画家及政治家。 He succeeded both because he was industrious and because he had many friends to help him. 他的成功是由于勤勉和许多朋友的帮助。 Both he and I are satisfied with the result. 我和他对结果都很满意。 Helen ordered both fried chicken and salad in the fast-food restaurant. 海伦在快餐店里点了炸鸡和色拉。 ... as well as ... 结构︰... as well as ... 说明︰此句型意为“既…又…”。这是对等<连接词词组>，可连接对等的单字、<词组>和<子句>；若连接<主词>时，<动词>要跟着第一个<主词>做变化。 She can speak Japanese as well as English. 她会说日语和英语。 Obviously he is interested in music as well as (in) painting.显然他对音乐和绘画都有兴趣。 He succeeded because he was industrious as well as because he had many friends to help him. 他的成功是由于勤勉和许多朋友的帮助。 He as well as I is satisfied with the result. 他和我都满意这样的结果。 ... as well. 结构︰主词＋动词…as well 说明︰此句型意为“…也是…”。as well 一般置于句尾。 Often life is much slower outside the big cities, as is true in other countries as well. 大都市外面的生活步调往往是缓慢得多，这在其它国家也是真的那样。 She is not only good at mathematics, but she is interested in English as well. 她不但擅长数学，而且对英语也感到兴趣。 Tom is very unfriendly to me as well. 汤姆对我也很不友善。 as soon as ... 结构︰as soon as ... 说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。等于“no sooner ... than ...”或“hardly／scarcely…when／before…”。 As soon as she arrived in the city, she phoned her friend. 她一到这个城市，就给她的朋友打电话。 As soon as I have time, I will call you up. 我一有空，就会打电话给你。 Tell me as soon as you have finished. 你一完成就告诉我。 no sooner ... than ... 结构︰no sooner ... than ... 说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导，<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。no sooner 为<否定副词>，置于句首时，<主词>与<助动词>必须倒装。 He had no sooner come than she left. 他一来，她就离开。 No sooner had I left the shop than a man came to me and asked me if my name was Peter. 我一离开商店，就有一位男士向我走来，问我是不是叫彼得。 No sooner had he arrived than he fell sick. 他刚抵达就病倒了。 I had no sooner gone out than it began to rain. 我刚走到外面就开始下雨了。 hardly ... when ... 结构︰hardly/scarcely ... when/before ... 说明︰此句型意为“一…就…”。为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。hardly，scarcely 为<否定副词>，置于句首时，<主词>与<助动词>必须倒装。 John had hardly opened the door when his guests arrived. 约翰刚打开门他的客人就到了。 Scarcely had I washed the car before the sky rumbled with thunder. 我刚洗车天空就打雷了。 Hardly had I gone out of the hotel when I met my friend.我刚走出饭店就遇见了我的朋友。 Scarcely had she heard the sad story when she burst out crying. 她一听到这悲伤的消息，就失声痛哭。 now that ... V ... 结构︰now that＋主词＋动词 说明︰此句型意为“因为／既然…”。now that 是<副词><连接词>，that 可省略，意思是 since（因为）或 seeing（that）（既然），引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。 Now that I am free, I can enjoy music for a while. 既然有空，我可以享受一下音乐。 I want to work now that I am well again. 我想去工作因为我又健康了。 Now that there is a new tunnel, the road is less dangerous. 既然有了一个新的隧道，这条路就比较不危险了。 Now that you are a college student, you should learn to be independent of your parents’ help. 既然你已是个大学生了，就应当学着独立，不靠父母的帮助。 not ... because ... 结构︰not ... because ... 说明︰此句型意为“并非因为…而…”。使用本<句型>时，because 之前不可有逗点，否则意思完全不同；有时得从 because <子句>的逻辑来判断意思。 You must not despise a man because he is poor. 你不可因一个人贫穷而轻视他。 I do not love him because he is rich. (I love him not because he is rich.) 我不是因为他有钱才爱他的。 I do not respect him because he is playful. 我不尊敬他，因为他贪玩。 I do not respect him because he is knowledgeable. 我并非因为他有学问而尊敬他。 not that ... but that ... 结构︰(It is) not that ... but that ... 说明︰此句型意为“并非…而是…”。It is 通常予以省略。 Not that I dislike the task, but that I am not equal to it. 并非我不喜欢这工作，而是我无法胜任。 Believe it or not, not that I don’t love Mary, but that I love my country (all the) more. 信不信由你，并非我不爱玛丽，而是我更爱我的国家。 Not that I hate the work. I’m not strong enough for it. 并非我讨厌这份工作，而是我不够强壮，无法胜任。 so that ... may ... 结构︰so that/in order that ... may ... 说明︰此句型意为“以便…”。此为表示目的的<副词><连接词> so that，in order that 所引导的<副词子句> <句型>。so that <子句>总是置于<主要子句>之后，而 in order that 置于<主要子句>前后均可，且<语气>较为强调。通常使用<助动词> may，也使用 can（could），shall（should），will（would）等。若<主词>与<主要子句>相同时，可变成<不定词词组>，即“so as to＋原形<动词>”或“in order to＋原形<动词>”。 Read the questions carefully so that you may not make a mistake in the test. 考试时要仔细看清楚题目，以免犯错。 We turned on the light so that we might see (=so as to see) what it was. 我们把灯打开，以便看看它是什么。 I study hard, so that I may not fail in the examinations. 我用功，免得考不及格。 My father works hard in order that he may support us. 我父亲辛苦地工作为了养家。 I’ve decided to learn photography in order that I may better appreciate the beauty of nature. 我决定学摄影以便更能欣赏自然的美。 I came in order that I might/could see May. (=I came in order to see May.) 我来是因为能见到梅。 We must find out the customs of other countries, so that they will not think us ill mannered. 我们必须知道别的国家的习俗，免得他们会认为我们是没有礼貌的。 lest ... (should) ... 结构︰lest ... (should) ... 说明︰此句型意为“以免…”。等于“for fear (that) ... should”。lest 为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，在该<子句>中，只能用<助动词> should，但 should 可省略，直接接原形<动词>。 I got up early lest I (should) miss the train. 我早起以免错过了火车。 We talked in a low voice lest we should wake the baby up. 我们小声说话以免吵醒婴儿。 Hide it lest he (should) see it. 把它藏起来免得他看见。 He took a flashlight lest it should get dark before he returned. 为了预防回来以前天就黑了，所以他带着手电筒。 Be careful for fear (that) you should be misunderstood. 请小心点不要被误会了。 ... in case ... should ... 结构︰... in case ... should ... 说明︰此句型意为“…唯恐…；以防万一…”。in case 是“唯恐（＝lest）；万一（＝if）”之意，做<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，与 should 并用，以修饰<主要子句>。in case 置于句首，也可当 if 使用。 I stopped suddenly in case he should think that I was showing off. 我突然停住，唯恐他会认为我是在炫耀。 They watched him closely in case he should escape. 他们严密监视他，惟恐他会逃脱。 In case (=If) I forget, please remind me. 万一我忘记，请提醒我。 Write the telephone number down in case you forget. 把电话号码写下来以免忘了。 ... so ... that ... 结构︰…so＋形容词／副词＋that… 说明︰此句型意为“如此…以致…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。so 后也可接单数<可数名词>，即“so＋<形容词>＋a＋<名词>＋that…”。so 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构，如例句5和6。该句型与“too ... to ...”句型可以互相改写，如例句1所示。 Kevin is so sick that he can’t come to class. (=Kevin is too sick to come to class.) 克文病得严重以致无法来上课。 The dog is so gentle that I am not afraid of it. 这只狗如此温驯，因此我不感到害怕。 She studied so hard that she passed the exam. 她这么用功，所以通过了考试。 He is so good a boy that we like him. 他是个这么好的男孩，所以我们都喜欢他。 So nice is he that I like him. 他是这么好，因此我喜欢他。 So exciting was the game that I forgot all about the coming finals. 比赛是如此令人兴奋，以致我把即将来临的期末考忘得一乾二净。 so many/few ... that ... 结构︰so many／few＋复数名词＋that… 说明︰此句型意为“如此多／少的…以致…”。若是不可数名词，则用“so much／little＋不可数名词＋that…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。so 可修饰表数量的<形容词> many，much，few，little。so 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构。 I have so much work to do that I can’t go out with you. 我有这么多工作要做，因此不能和你出去。 So many languages can he speak that he should have no problem traveling around the world. 他会说这么多种语言，因此环游世界毫无问题。 There is so little time left that I don’t think I can finish it as scheduled. 剩下这么少的时间，我想我不能按时完成。 He has so few friends that his life is lonely. 他的朋友很少，因此他的生活非常孤单。 such ... that ... 结构︰such＋名词＋that… 说明︰此句型意为“如此…以致…”。此为表示因果关系的<连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>。such 之后可接任何<名词>。such 所引导的词类置于句首时，要采用倒装句构。 Do not think that Americans are in such a hurry that they are unfriendly. 不要认为美国人如此匆忙是不友善的。 He always talks in such a way that everyone dislikes him. 他总是用这样得方式说话，所以每个人都讨厌他。 He was such an impatient driver (=He was so impatient a driver) that he went through the red light. 他是这样没有耐心的司机，所以他闯红灯了。 Such a good article did he write that he won the award.他的这篇文章写得这么好，因此获奖。 They are such good boys that we like them. 他们是这么好的男孩，所以我们都喜欢他们。 It is such good music that I enjoy it. 这么好的音乐我喜欢。 as much so as N 结构︰as much so as＋名词 说明︰此句型意为“…像…一样”。 I am poor － as much so as a church mouse. 我穷得像教堂的老鼠。 She is lovely － as much so as an angel. 她可爱得像个天使。 The price of this gem is expensive － as much so as astronomical figures. 这个宝石的价格十分昂贵－－简直是个天文数字。 so much so that ... 结构︰so much so that＋主词＋动词 说明︰此句型意为“如此…所以…”。第一个 so 是“如此地”，第二个 so 是<代名词>，代表前面提过的某一个观念。 Making something by hand has become the exception in many countries today － so much so that giving a homemade gift is sometimes considered extraordinary. 当今用手做东西，在许多国家已经成为很特殊－－如此地特殊，以致赠送自制礼物有时被认为是不寻常的。 He is rich－so much so that he can buy anything he wants. 他有钱－－如此有钱。所以他可以买任何他要的东西。 Tom is clever－so much so that he can solve most of the problems. 汤姆聪明－－聪明地可以解决大多数这些问题。 though/although ... 结构︰though/although ... 说明︰此句型意为“虽然…但是…”。though 或 although 均为<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>，可置于<主要子句>的前后。若使用 though 或 although，就不可再使用 but，反之亦然，以避免双重连接；但可以用 yet，此时的 yet 做<副词>；though 也可当<副词>用，置于句尾，但前面要加逗点，表“然而”之意。 Although (he was) cheerful in company, he was often sad in private. 虽然和友人在一起是愉快的，但他私下却常常很悲伤。 Though old, he walks as fast as a young man. 虽然年老，他走起路来像年轻人一样快。 Though he often plays hooky, he does well in study. 他经常逃学，然而他的功课却很好。 Although very rich in his youth, he is now as poor as a church mouse. 虽然年轻时很有钱，他现在穷得像教堂的老鼠。 She didn’t put on an overcoat though it was very cold outside.外头虽冷，她却没披件外套。 Though he is nice, (yet) I don’t like him. (=He is nice; I don’t like him, though.) 他很好，然而我不喜欢他。 even if/even though ... 结构︰even if/even though ... 说明︰此句型意为“即使，虽然…”。也是<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，用法与 though，although 相同，也不可与 but 并用。注意：无 even although 的用法。 Even if it will take me six weeks, I am determined to finish the job. 即使这工作要花掉我六个星期的时间，我仍决心要把它完成。 Even if he said so, you need not believe him. 即使他这么说，你大可不必相信他。 Even though you do not like it, you must do it. 即使你不喜欢这工作，你也得做。 Even though he tried, he still lagged behind other runners. 尽管他努力了，仍落在其它赛跑者之后。 Even though I hadn’t seen my classmate for many years, I recognized him immediately. 即使多年没有看见我的同学，我也马上认出了他。 They couldn’t, even if they would, get out of trouble by themselves. 即使他们想（摆脱），也无法独立摆脱困难。 Poor as he is, ... 结构︰形容词＋as＋主词＋be 动词，… 说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋be <动词>＋<形容词>”。 Poor as he is (=Though he is poor), he doesn’t feel inferior.虽然他穷，他并不觉得低人一等。 Tired as she was, she kept doing it. 她虽然累了，仍继续做下去。 Nice as he is, I don’t like him. 虽然他很好，但我不喜欢他。 Stern as he is, he is full of sympathy. 虽然他严格，却富有同情心。 Young as he was, he was prudent. 他虽然如此年轻，却很慎重。 Surprised as he was at the news, he kept it secret all the week. 这消息虽然令他吃惊，但他却整个礼拜都没说出来。 Hard as he worked, ... 结构︰副词（动词）＋as＋主词＋动词，（yet）… 说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋<动词>（＋<副词>）”。 Hard as he worked (=Though he worked hard), he failed in the exam. 虽然他很用功，考试仍失败了。 Much as she loved him (=Though she loved him very much), he deserted her in the long run. 虽然她很爱他，但最后他仍抛弃了她。 Much as the sheep look alike, the old man can tell one from another. 虽然绵羊看起来很相像，但那位老人仍能一一区别。 Much as I like her, I won’t marry her. 我虽然很喜欢她，却不打算娶她。 Well as he does in study, he is not arrogant. 虽然他功课很好，却一点都不傲慢。 Much as we may take pride on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose things (that) we want.虽然我们对我们高尚的品味感到非常得意，我们却不再能自由地去选择我们所要的东西。 Much as I hope I may gain weight, (yet) I am still as thin as before. 虽然我非常希望增加体重，但我仍然像以前一样的瘦。 Fast as you do, you can’t finish the assignment in two hours. 尽管你做得快，总也不能在两小时内将功课做完。 Search as I would, I could not find the book. 无论我怎么找，也没有找到书。 Try as you might, you can’t keep the lost time. 不管你怎么努力，失去的时间无法赶上。 Munching the apple as he was, he had an eye for all her movements. 他虽然啃着苹果，但却很留神地监视着她的每一个动作。 Good student as he is, ... 结构︰名词＋as＋主词＋be 动词，… 说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋be <动词>＋<名词>”。若 be <动词>之后的<名词>是单数，移至句首后<冠词>要省略。 Good students as they were (=Though they were good students), they sometimes erred. 虽然他们是好学生，偶而也会犯错。 Good student as he is (=Though he is a good student), he sometimes makes mistakes. 虽然他是好学生，偶而也会犯错。 Coward as he is (=Though he is a coward), he can’t bear such an insult. 虽然他是懦夫，却无法忍受这样的侮辱。 Try as you may, ... 结构︰原形动词＋as／though＋主词＋may，… 说明︰此句型意为“虽然…，但是…”。等于“though＋<主词>＋may＋原形<动词>”；此类变化仅限于句中有<助动词> may 时。 Try as he may (=Though he may try), he will definitely fail. 虽然他会尝试去做，但无疑他必失败。 Try as she may, she is not necessarily able to talk him out of smoking. 虽然她会尝试，却未必能说服他戒烟。 Try as you may, you will find it impossible to solve the problem. 虽然你会尝试，但你会发现要解决这个问题是不可能的。 whether ... or ... 结构︰whether ... or ... 说明︰此句型意为“不论是…还是…”。whether 引导的<子句>句尾可用<对等连接词> or，以连接对等的单字、<词组>。whether <子句>中的<主词>若与<主要子句>相同时，则该<主词>可省略；whether <子句>的句构若为“<主词>＋be <动词>＋<补语>”，而<补语>又对称时，则可保留“<补语>＋or＋<补语>”，其余部分则省略。 Whether he will stay or leave, I really don’t care. 我真的不在意他要留下来还是要走。 Whether the news is true or false, I won’t change my plan. 不管消息是真是假，我是不会改变计划的。 Whether (she is) sick or fine, she is always cheerful. 不管她生不生病，她总是开开心心的。 (Whether we are) Rich or poor, we are all equal. 人不分贫富一律平等。 Rain or shine, the game will be held as scheduled. 不论下不下雨，比赛照常举行。 Waking or sleeping, the matter is always in my mind. 不论是醒着还是睡着，这件事时常浮在我的脑中。 whether ... or not 结构︰whether＋主词＋动词＋or not 说明︰此句型意为“不论…还是不…”。“whether ... or not”称为<从属连接词>，连接词性相同的单字，<词组>或<子句>，当“whether ... or ...”<句型>中的 or 之后对等的单字或<词组>若相同时，该单字或<词组>可省略，而以 not 代替；or not 也可省略；也可写成 whether or not。 There’s always weather, weather, whether we like it or not. 老是有各种各样的天气，不论我们喜欢不喜欢。 Whether you will go (or not), please call me up. 不论你去不去，请打电话给我。 Whether he will come (or not), we will go on with our plan. 不管他来不来，我们仍按原计划进行。 I have decided to buy a bicycle, whether it is expensive or not. 我已经决定买一部脚踏车，不论贵不贵。 Whether you believe it or not, I passed the exam. 不管你信不信，反正我通过了考试。 Whether he wanted it or not, he had to attend the lecture. 不管他愿意与否，他非得去参加讲座。 Whether or not he will stay, I really don’t care. 他要留下来还是要走，我真的不在意。 He is always happy whether rich or not. 不管穷还是富，他都快活。 ... or otherwise 结构︰形容词＋or otherwise 说明︰此句型意为“（不论）…或不…”。otherwise 表示和<形容词>相反的意义。 Two characters are in disagreement, serious or otherwise, over some matter. 两个人物为某件事情发生了严重或不严重的冲突。 You must accept the result, satisfactory or otherwise. 你必须接受这个令人满意或不满意的结果。 The task assigned, dangerous or otherwise, must be finished as scheduled. 所指派的工作，危险或不危险，必须如期完成。 as ... V ... 结构︰as＋主词＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“按照…；如…”。as 是<副词><连接词>，等于“in the same way that”。 When in Rome, do as the Romans do. 入境随俗。 Do as you are told. (=Do as I tell you.) 照我吩咐的做！ She cooks omelets in butter as they do in France. 她用奶油做法国式的蛋卷。 As it is ... 结构︰As it is ... 说明︰此句型意为“事实上…”。As it is ... 作<副词子句>，置于句首，修饰后面的<主要子句>。等于 In fact 或 As a matter of fact。 I thought he would get better. As it is, he is getting worse. 我以为他会变好。但事实上，他愈变愈糟。 He isn’t nice. As it is, he is bad. 他不好。事实上，他很坏。 I don’t like him. As it is, I hate him. 我不喜欢他。事实上，我恨他。 as/so long as ... 结构︰as/so long as ... 说明︰此句型意为“只要…”。as／so long as 当“只要”解，是表条件及时间范围的<连接词词组>，引导 <副词子句>，修饰<主要子句>。它所引导的<子句>中，<动词>常用现在式，<主要子句>则用未来式。 You will never be good students so long as you goof around. 如果你们成天游手好闲，就永远也成不了好学生。 As long as you drive carefully, you will be very safe. 只要你开车小心，你就会很安全。 You may eat anything, so long as you don’t eat too much. 只要不吃得太多，你可以吃任何东西。 As long as live, I will help you. 只要我活着，我都会帮助你。 As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to (do). 只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。 We’ll ship the goods at an early time as long as there is a steamer.只要有船，我们就尽早装货。 So far as I am concerned 结构︰so／as far as＋主词＋be＋concerned… 说明︰此句型意为“就…而言，…”。为<副词><连接词词组>，引导<副词子句>，通常置于<主要子句>之前。 So far as English is concerned, it is not so difficult as you might think. 就英文而言，它并不像你所认为的那样难。 As far as I am concerned, I’m not against your plan. 就我而言，我并不反对你的计划。 So far as English composition is concerned, practice is the best way. 就英语作文而言，练习是最好的方法。 As far as defense is concerned, we need to buy more sophisticated weapons. 就防御的观点来说，我们需要购买更多精密的武器。 As far as I know, he is kind. 就我所知，他人不错。 As far as oil energy is concerned, we cannot be too frugal.就石油能源而言，我们愈节省愈好。 whatever may happen, ... 结构︰whatever＋（名词）＋主词＋may＋原形动词… 说明︰此句型意为“不论什么…”。whatever 在此做<副词><连接词>，引导<副词子句>，后面一定要有逗点，再接<主要子句>。“whatever＋<主词>＋may be”的 may be 可以省略。 You must do whatever is best for you. 什么对你最有利你就得做什么。 He’ll push on with his project whatever the difficulties may be. 不管有什么困难，他都要继续推行他的计划。 Whatever may happen, you must keep calm. 不论什么事发生，你必须保持冷静。 I will be on your side, whatever the situation (may be). 我会在你这一边，不论情况如何。 We are still optimistic, whatever the result (may be). 我们仍然乐观，不论结果如何。 No matter what ... 结构︰No matter what ... 说明︰此句型意为“不论什么…，…”。 No matter what the results of the homemade gift look like, remember it’s the thought that counts. 不论自制礼物的结果看起来像什么，心意才是重要。 No matter what you may do, do it well. 不论你做什么，好好地做。 No matter what he is, he must obey the law. 不论他是什么人，他必须遵守法律。 wherever ... 结构︰wherever＋主词＋动词… 说明︰此句型意为“无论在哪里…；无论到哪里…；无论什么情况下…”。等于 no matter where。 The language is almost the same wherever one goes. 不论你到哪里，语言几乎是相同的。 Wherever you are, I will miss you. 不论你在哪里，我都会想念你。 Remember you are a Chinese wherever you go. 记住你是中国人，不论你到哪里。 We’ll go wherever you like. 你爱去哪儿我们就去哪儿。 Wherever it is possible, he tries to help. 只要有可能，他总是设法帮忙。 not ... until/till ... 结构︰not…until／till＋某一点时间 说明︰此句型意为“直到…才…”。等于“not ... before”。句子若由 not until 开头，则要用倒装<句型>。 Cotton material was not known in Europe until much later. 直到很晚之后，欧洲才知道棉花布料。 We did not start until the sun rose in the east. 直到太阳从东方升起，我们才出发。 He did not have a house of his own until he was thirty.直到三十岁，他才有属于自己的家。 Not until eleven o’clock did he come home. 他到十一点才回家。 We do not know the value of health till we lose it. 失去健康才知道健康的可贵。 We had not waited long before she came. 我们没等多久她就来了。 Not until last night did I get the news. 直到昨晚我才听到这消息。 It had not been done before he came. 这还没做完之前他就回来了。 ... rather than ... 结构︰主词＋动词…rather than… 说明︰此句型意为“与其说…，不如说…；…而不是…”。rather than 后所跟的部分可以有多种词性和<时态>，关键是要和前半部分保持一致。 Older people may seek their own friends rather than become too emotionally dependent on their children. 老年人可以找自己的朋友而不会在情感上太依赖他们的子女。 She is a career woman rather than a housewife. 她是职业妇女而不是家庭主妇。 I tried to stand on my own two feet rather than turned to my parents. 我设法自立而不求助于我的父母。 He will give in to his opponent’s claim rather than wrangle over a disputed point. 他会向对手的要求让步，而不会因争议点而大声争论。 She is pretty rather than attractive. 她是漂亮，而不吸引人。 I reasoned rather than quarreled with him. 我理论，而不是和他吵架。 It is a telex rather than a letter. 与其说它是一封信，不如说它是一封电传。 This businessman is rather diligent than clever. 与其说这位业务员聪明，不如说他勤勉。 The present market is worse rather than better. 目前的市场不见好转，反而进一步恶化了。 He should have given priority to his safety rather than to the loss of money. 他本来应该优先考虑他的安全，而不是金钱的损失。 He always give priority to others rather than to himself.他总是优先考虑别人而不是自己本身。 On one hand, ... 结构︰On (the) one hand, ..., and on the other (hand), ... 说明︰此句型意为“一方面…，另一方面…”。本<句型>指同一事物的两个方面。on the one hand 和 and on the other，一般是作<插入语>，前后要用逗点隔开，on the other hand 如在句末，则不必在前加逗点。注意，如第一部分里没有<定冠词> the，就不作<插入语>。 On the one hand, you shouldn’t be shy; on the other hand, you mustn’t forget your manners. 一方面你不应当拘束，另一方面也不要放肆无礼。 On the one hand, I am your manager, and on the other, I am also your friend. 一方面我是你的经理，另一方面，我也是你的朋友。 He has been criticized on one hand and encouraged on the other. 他一方面受到批评，另一方面却受到鼓励。 因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容